Saying it without words: a qualitative study of employee voice in the Iranian building sector

References

• Ackers, P., & Wilkinson, A. (Eds.). (2003). Understanding work and employment: Industrial relations in transition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Adams, R. J. (2005). Efficiency, equity, and voice as moral imperatives. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 17, 111, 117.10.1007/s10672-005-3890-4
   Google Scholar
• Aguzzoli, R., & Geary, J. (2014). An ‘emerging challenge’: The employment practices of a Brazilian multinational company in Canada. Human Relations, 67, 587–609.10.1177/0018726713497523
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, M. M. C. (2014). Hirschman and voice. In A. Wilkinson, J. Donaghey, T. Dundon, & R. Freeman (Eds.), The handbook of research on employee voice (pp. 36–51). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Press.
   Google Scholar
• Aristotle. (2011). Politics, Book 8, Part II. Retrieved May 12, 2017, from http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.8.eight.html
   Google Scholar
• Avery, D. R., McKay, P. F., Wilson, D. C., Volpone, S. D., & Killham, E. A. (2011). Does voice go flat? How tenure diminishes the impact of voice. Human Resource Management, 50, 147–158.10.1002/hrm.v50.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae, J., Chen, S.-J., & Rowley, C. (2011). From a paternalistic model towards what? HRM trends in Korea and Taiwan. Personnel Review, 40, 700–722.10.1108/00483481111169643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, M. P., Özbilgin, M. F., Beauregard, T. A., & Sürgevil, O. (2011). Voice, silence, and diversity in 21st century organizations: Strategies for inclusion of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender employees. Human Resource Management, 50, 131–146.10.1002/hrm.v50.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgeois, L. J. (1981). On the measurement of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 6, 29–39.
   Google Scholar
• Brewster, C., Croucher, R., Wood, G., & Brookes, M. (2007). Collective and individual voice: Convergence in Europe? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18, 1246–1262.10.1080/09585190701393582
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broschak, J. P., & Davis-Blake, A. (2006). Mixing standard work and nonstandard deals: The consequences of heterogeneity in employment arrangements. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 371–393.10.5465/AMJ.2006.20786085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, K., & Nyland, C. (2011). Elton Mayo and the deification of human relations. Organization Studies, 32, 383–405.10.1177/0170840610397478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryson, A. (2004). Managerial responsiveness to union and non-union voice in Britain. Industrial Relations, 43, 213–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryson, J., Pajo, K., Ward, R., & Mallon, M. (2006). Learning at work: Organisational affordances and individual engagement. Journal of Workplace Learning, 18, 279–297.
   Google Scholar
• Bryson, A., Gomez, R., Kretschmer, T., & Willman, P. (2007). The diffusion of workplace voice and high-commitment human resource management practices in Britain, 1984–1998. Industrial and Corporate Change, 16, 395–426.10.1093/icc/dtm009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budd, J. W. (2004). Employment with a human face: Balancing efficiency, equity, and voice. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Budd, J. W. (2014). The future of employee voice. In A. Wilkinson, J. Donaghey, T. Dundon, & R. Freeman (Eds.), Handbook of research on employee voice (pp. 477–488). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Budd, J. W., Gollan, P. J., & Wilkinson, A. (2010). New approaches to employee voice and participation in organizations. Human Relations, 63, 303–310.10.1177/0018726709348938
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budhwar, P., & Mellahi, K. (2007). Introduction: Human resource management in the Middle East. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18, 2–10.10.1080/09585190601068227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess, J., Connell, J., & Winterton, J. (2013). Vulnerable workers, precarious work and the role of trade unions and HRM. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24, 4083–4093.10.1080/09585192.2013.845420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Business Monitor International. (2017). Iran infrastructure. Retrieved April 28, 2017, from http://store.bmiresearch.com/iran-infrastructure-report.html
   Google Scholar
• Chen, W., Duan, J., & Tian, X. (2013). Why do not employees voice: A Chinese culture perspective. Advances in Psychological Science, 21, 905–913.10.3724/SP.J.1042.2013.00905
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, J., & Kesner, I. (1997). Organizational slack and response to environmental shifts: The impact of resource allocation patterns. Journal of Management, 23, 1–18.10.1177/014920639702300101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CIA World Factbook. (2017). Iran. Retrieved April 5, 2017, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html
   Google Scholar
• CIPD. (2010). Voice and engagement: How does collective consultation contribute? 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, J. (1993). Kitanai, kitsui and kiken: The rise of labour migration to Japan. Sidney: University of Sydney, Economic and Regional Restructuring Research Unit.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, J. & Burgess, J. (2013). Vulnerable workers in an emerging Middle Eastern economy: What are the implications for HRM? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(22), 4166–4184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2015). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (4th ed.). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Donaghey, J., Cullinane, N., Dundon, T., & Wilkinson, A. (2011). Re-conceptualizing employee silence: Problems and prognosis. Work, Employment and Society, 25, 51–67.10.1177/0950017010389239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuBrin, A. J. (2007). Human relations interpersonal job-oriented skills (9th ed., p. 2). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Dundon, T., Wilkinson, A., Marchington, M., & Ackers, P. (2004). The meanings and purpose of employee voice. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15, 1150–1171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dundon, T., González-Pérez, M. A., & McDonough, T. (2007). Bitten by the Celtic Tiger. Immigrant workers and industrial relations in the new ‘glocolized’ Ireland. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 28, 501–522.10.1177/0143831X07082122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dusek, M. (2015). What next for Iran’s economy? World Economic Forum. Retrieved from May 1, 2017, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/07/what-next-for-irans-economy/
   Google Scholar
• Eisenhardt, K. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14, 532–550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from case studies: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 25–32.10.5465/AMJ.2007.24160888
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Encyclopedia Britannica. (2017). Iran. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 14, 2017, from https://global.britannica.com/place/Iran
   Google Scholar
• FIDH & LDDHI. (2013). Right to work, labour rights & trade unions in Iran. Retrieved March 2, 2017, from http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CESCR/Shared%20Documents/IRN/INT_CESCR_NGO_IRN_13463_E.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, R. B., Boxall, P., & Haynes, P. (2007). What workers say: Employee voice in the Anglo-American workplace. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frye, R. N. (2005). Greater Iran: A 20th-century Odyssey. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Gomez, R., Bryson, A., & Willman, P. (2010). Voice in the wilderness? The shift from union to non-union voice in Britain. In A. Wilkinson, P. J. Gollan, M. Marchington, & D. Lewin (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of participation in organizations (pp. 383–406). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guardian. (2015). Post-sanctions Iran ‘could be the best emerging market for years to come’. Retrieved September 13, 2017 from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/iran-sanctions-emerging-market-business-free-market
   Google Scholar
• Harris, L. C., & Ogbonna, E. O. (2002). The unintended consequences of culture interventions: A study of unexpected outcomes. British Journal of Management, 13, 31–49.10.1111/bjom.2002.13.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartley, J. (2004). Case study research. In C. Cassell & G. Symon (Eds.), Essential guide to qualitative methods in organizational research (pp. 323–333). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Haun, L. (2011). Why employees don’t complain? HR Daily. Retrieved September 13, from https://www.hrdaily.com.au/nl06_news_selected.php?selkey=1776
   Google Scholar
• Hennink, M. M. (2014). Focus group discussions (understanding qualitative research). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschman, A. (1970). Exit, Voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviours, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• ILO. (2001). The construction industry in the twenty first century: Its image, employment prospects and skill requirements. TMCIT-R-2001-07-0141-4.Doc/v1: Geneva. Retrieved September 14, 2017 from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/gb/docs/gb283/pdf/tmcitr.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ILO (2005). Economic security for a better world. Geneva: International Labour Office. Socio-Economic Security Programme. Second impression.
   Google Scholar
• ILO (2015). World employment and social outlook 2015: The changing nature of jobs. International Labour Office. Geneva: ILO.
   Google Scholar
• Javidan, M., & Dastmalchian, A. (2003). Culture and leadership in Iran: The land of individual achievers, strong family ties, and powerful elite. Academy of Management Executive, 17, 127–142.10.5465/AME.2003.11851896
   Google Scholar
• Kalb, Z. (2014). Wheat policy looks set to change. Retrieved September 14, 2017, from http://financialtribune.com/articles/economydomestic-economy/2822/wheat-policy-looks-set-change.htm
   Google Scholar
• Kalleberg, A. L. (2009). Precarious work, insecure workers: Employment relations in transition. American Sociological Review, 74(February), 1–22.10.1177/000312240907400101
   Google Scholar
• Karimi Moughari, Z. (2007). The effects of Afghan immigrants on the Iranian labour market. Iranian Economic Review, 13, 57–84.
   Google Scholar
• Kochan, T. A. (2007). What should governments do? In R. B. Freeman, P. Boxall, & P. Haynes (Eds.), What workers say: Employee voice in the Anglo-American workplace (pp. 198–205). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kochan, T. A. (2012). Collective bargaining: crisis and its consequences for American society. Industrial Relations Journal, 43, 302–316.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, R. A. (1994). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (9th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald, D. (1997). Industrial Relations and Globalization: Challenges for Employers and their Organizations. Paper presented at the ILO Workshop on Employers' Organizations in Asia-Pacific in the Twenty-First Century (5-13 May). Turin, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370–396.10.1037/h0054346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mays, W. (1968). Introduction. In Gobar, philosophic foundations of genetic psychology and Gestalt psychology. The Hague: Nijhoff Martinus.
   Google Scholar
• Mellahi, K., Budhwar, P. S., & Li, B. (2010). A study of the relationship between exit, voice, loyalty and neglect and commitment in India. Human Relations, 63, 349–369.10.1177/0018726709348932
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menendez, M. G., & Lucio, M. M. (2014). Voice across borders: Comparing and explaining the dynamics of participations in a context of change. In A. Wilkinson, J. Donaghey, T. Dundon, & R. B. Freeman (Eds.), The handbook on employee voice (pp. 381–397). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Milliken, F. J., Morrison, E. W., & Hewlin, P. F. (2003). An exploratory study of employee silence: Issues that employees don’t communicate upward and why. Journal of Management Studies, 40, 1453–1476.10.1111/joms.2003.40.issue-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namazie, P., & Tayeb, M. (2006). Human resource management in Iran. In P. S. Budhwar & K. Mellahi (Eds.), Managing human resources in the Middle East (1st ed., pp. 20–39). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Perlow, L. A., & Williams, S. (2003). Is silence killing your company? Harvard Business Review, 81, 52–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piasna, A., Smith, M., Rose, J., Rubery, J., Burchell, B., & Rafferty, A. (2013). Participatory HRM practices and job quality of vulnerable workers’. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24, 4094–4115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PR Newswire (2015). Global construction market worth $10.3 trillion in 2020 (50 largest, most influential markets). Retrieved September 14, 2017 from http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-construction-market-worth-103-trillion-in-2020-50-largest-most-influential-markets-292235961.html
   Google Scholar
• Price, M. (2001). Culture of Iran: Codes of behavior, Iranian experience. Retrieved September 14, 2017, from http://www.iranchamber.com/culture/articles/codes_behavior.php
   Google Scholar
• Przeworski, A., Alvarez, M., Chelbub, J., & Limongi, F. (2001). Democracy and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pyman, A., Cooper, B., Teicher, J., & Holland, P. (2006). A comparison of the effectiveness of employee voice arrangements in Australia. Industrial Relations Journal, 37, 543–559.10.1111/irj.2006.37.issue-5
   Google Scholar
• Pyman, A., Gollan, P. J., Wilkinson, A., Xu, C., & Kalfa, S. (2017). Introduction employee voice in emerging economies: Charting new territory. Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations, 23, ix–xiv. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Rodgers, G. & Rodgers, J. (Eds.). (1989). Precarious jobs in labour market regulation: The growth of atypical employment in Western Europe (p. 3). International Labour Organisation (International Institute for Labour Studies). Switzerland: Free University of Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• Salehi-Isfahani, H., & Pesaran, M. H. (2009). The Iranian economy in the twentieth century: A global perspective. Iranian Studies, 42, 177–211.10.1080/00210860902764896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman, D. (2011). Interpreting qualitative data. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Soltani, E. (2010). The overlooked variable in managing human resources of Iranian organisations: Workforce diversity – Some evidence. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 84–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soltani, E. & Liao, Y. Y. (2010). Training interventions: Fulfilling managerial ends or proliferating invaluable means for employees? Some evidence from Iran. European Business Review, 22, 128–152.
   Google Scholar
• Soltani, E., Scullion, H., & Collings, D. G. (2010). Workforce diversity in Iran: Some case study evidence of private sector organisations. In Mustafa F. Ozbilgin & Jawad Syed (Eds.), Managing gender diversity in Asia: A research companion (pp. 352–372). Cheltenham & New York: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Soltani, E., Liao, Y. Y., & Syed, J. (2012). Tackling one-sidedness in equality and diversity research: Characteristics of the current dominant approach to equality and diversity polices in Iran. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29, 9–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soltani, E., Syed, J., Liao, Y. Y., & Iqbal, A. (2015). Managerial mindsets toward corporate social responsibility: The case of auto industry in Iran. Journal of Business Ethics, 129, 795–810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soltani, E., Liao, Y. Y., & Iqbal, A. (2017). Employee participation under ISO/TQM factory regimes: The case of ISO certified organizations in the Middle East region. 14th International Conference on Business and Information (BAI 2017). International Conference Center (July 04-06), Hiroshima, Japan. Retrieved from http://ibac-conference.org/bai/
   Google Scholar
• Souza de, U. (2000). Managing workers in production: Overview of labour in the building industry. Translation of a presentation (TG-007), University of São Paulo.
   Google Scholar
• Standing, G. (2008). Economic insecurity and global casualization. Social Indicators Research, 88, 15–30.10.1007/s11205-007-9202-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storey, J. (1992). Developments in the management of human resources: An analytical review. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Syed, J. (2014). Diversity management and missing voices. In A. Wilkinson, J. Donaghey, T. Dundon, & R. Freeman (Eds.), The handbook of research on employee voice: Participation and involvement in the workplace (pp. 421–438). London: Elgar Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tayeb, M. H. (1999). Management in Iran. In M. Warner (Ed.), Management in emerging countries (pp. 316–323). London: International Thomson business Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, P., & Bain, P. (2005). ‘India calling to the far away towns’: The call centre labour process and globalization. Work, employment and society, 19, 261–282.10.1177/0950017005053170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wanrooy, B., Bewley, H., Bryson, A., Forth, J., Freeth, S., Stokes, L., & Wood, S. (2011). The 2011 workplace employment relations survey first findings, pp. 1–42.
   Google Scholar
• Vorhauser-Smith, S. (2013). How the best places to work are nailing employee engagement. Forbes. Retrieved April 28, 2017, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/sylviavorhausersmith/2013/08/14/how-the-best-places-to-work-are-nailing-employee-engagement/#3d90886d5cc7
   Google Scholar
• Waldman, D. A., Lituchy, T., Gopalakrishnan, M., Laframboise, K., Galperin, B., & Kaltsounakis, Z. (1998). A qualitative analysis of leadership and quality improvement. Leadership Quarterly, 9, 177–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, A., & Fay, C. (2011). New times for employee voice? Human Resource Management, 50, 65–74.10.1002/hrm.v50.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, A., Dundon, T., Marchington, M., & Ackers, P. (2004). The changing patterns of employee voice: Case studies from the UK and Republic of Ireland. Journal of Industrial Relations, 46, 298–322.10.1111/j.0022-1856.2004.00143.x
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, A., Gollan, P. J., Marchington, M., & Lewin, D. (Eds.). (2010). The Oxford handbook of participation in organizations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, A., Dundon, T., & Marchington, M. (2013). Employee involvement and voice. In S. Bach & M. R. Edwards (Eds.), Managing human resources: Human resource management in transition (pp. 268–288). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, A., Donaghey, J., Dundon, T., Freeman, R., Wilkinson, A., Donaghey, J., … Freeman, R. (Eds.). (2014). Employee voice: Charting new terrain. The handbook of research on employee voice: Participation and Involvement in the workplace (pp. 3–16). London: Edward Elgar Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, A., Donaghey, J., & Dundon, T. (Eds.). (2015). Handbook of Research on Employee Voice. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, G. (2010). Employee participation in developing and emerging countries. In A. Wilkinson, P. J. Gollan, D. Lewin, & M. Marchington (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of participation in organizations (pp. 552–569). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, S. & de Menezes, L. (2008). Comparing perspectives on high-involvement management and organizational performance across the British economy. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 639–683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, G., & Frynas, J. G. (2006). The institutional basis of economic failure: Anatomy of the segmented business system. Socio-Economic Review, 4, 239–277.10.1093/SER/mwj034
   Google Scholar
• Wood, S. J., & Wall, T. (2007). Work enrichment and employee voice in human resource management-performance studies. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18, 1335–1372.10.1080/09585190701394150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank (2015). Iran: Country at a glance. Retrieved September 14, 2017, from http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran.
   Google Scholar
• Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar