References
- Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
- Alutto, J. A., & Belasco, J. A. (1974). Determinants of attitudinal militancy among nurses and teachers. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 27(2), 216–227. https://doi.org/10.2307/2521938
- Avgar, A. (2020). Integrating conflict: A proposed framework for the interdisciplinary study of workplace conflict and its management. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 73(2), 281–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793919885819
- Bacharach, S., Bamberger, P., & Conley, S. (1990). Professionals and workplace control: Organizational and demographic models of teacher militancy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 43(5), 570–586. https://doi.org/10.2307/2523329
- Bamberger, P. A., Kluger, A. N., & Suchard, R. (1999). The antecedents and consequences of union commitment: A meta–analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 42(3), 304–318. https://doi.org/10.2307/256921
- Barclay, L. J., Whiteside, D. B., & Aquino, K. (2014). To avenge or not to avenge? Exploring the interactive effects of moral identity and the negative reciprocity norm. Journal of Business Ethics, 121(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1674-6
- Barling, J., Fullagar, C., Kelloway, E. K., & McElvie, L. (1992). Union loyalty and strike propensity. The Journal of Social Psychology, 132(5), 581–590. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1992.9713897
- Bartko, J. J. (1976). On various intraclass correlation reliability coefficients. Psychological Bulletin, 83(5), 762–765. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.83.5.762
- Bartram, T., Boyle, B., Stanton, P., Burgess, J., & McDonnell, A. (2015). Multinational enterprises and industrial relations: A research agenda for the 21st century. Journal of Industrial Relations, 57(2), 127–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185614564379
- Bergkvist, L., & Rossiter, J. R. (2007). The predictive validity of multiple-item versus single-item measures of the same constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 44(2), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.44.2.175
- Beutell, N. J., & Biggs, D. L. (1984). Behavioral intentions to join a union: Instrumentality X valence, locus of control, and strike attitudes. Psychological Reports, 55(1), 215–222. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1984.55.1.215
- Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. Wiley.
- Blecher, M. (2010). Globalization, structural reform, and labour politics in China. Global Labour Journal, 1(1), 92–111. https://doi.org/10.15173/glj.v1i1.1066
- Blyton, P., Dastmalchian, A., & Adamson, R. (1987). Developing the concept of industrial relations climate. Journal of Industrial Relations, 29(2), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/002218568702900205
- Brislin, R. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written material. In H. C. Triandis & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross–cultural psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 389–444). Allyn and Bacon.
- Burawoy, M. (1979). Manufacturing consent: Changes in the labor process under monopoly capitalism. University of Chicago Press.
- Butollo, F., & ten Brink, T. (2012). Challenging the atomization of discontent: Patterns of migrant-worker protest in China during the series of strikes in 2010. Critical Asian Studies, 44(3), 419–440. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2012.711978
- Buttigieg, D. M., Deery, S. J., & Iverson, R. D. (2008). Union mobilization: A consideration of the factors affecting the willingness of union members to take industrial action. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 46(2), 248–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2008.00675.x
- Campbell, D. T. (1960). Recommendations for APA test standards regarding construct, trait, or discriminant validity. American Psychologist, 15(8), 546–553. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0048255
- Cardon, P. W. (2009). A model of face practices in Chinese business culture: Implications for Western businesspersons. Thunderbird International Business Review, 51(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20242
- Chan, A. (1995). The emerging patterns of industrial relations in China and the rise of two new labor movements. China Information, 9(4), 36–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0920203X9500900402
- Chan, A. (2001). China’s workers under assault: The exploitation of labor in a globalizing economy. M.E. Sharpe.
- Chan, C. K. C. (2009). Strike and changing workplace relations in a Chinese global factory. Industrial Relations Journal, 40(1), 60–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.2008.00513.x
- Chan, C. K. C. (2014). Constrained labour agency and the changing regulatory regime in China. Development and Change, 45(4), 685–709. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12104
- Chang, C., & Cooke, F. L. (2018). Layers of union organisation and representation: A case study of a strike in a Japanese-funded auto plant in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 56(4), 492–517. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12181
- Chang, K., & Cooke, F. L. (2015). Legislating the right to strike in China: Historical development and prospects. Journal of Industrial Relations, 57(3), 440–455. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185615573009
- Chan, C. K. C., & Hui, E. S. I. (2012). The dynamics and dilemma of workplace trade union reform in China: The case of the Honda workers’ strike. Journal of Industrial Relations, 54(5), 653–668. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41369-8_13
- Chan, C. K. C., & Hui, E. S. I. (2014). The development of collective bargaining in China: From “collective bargaining by riot” to “party state-led wage bargaining”. The China Quarterly, 217, 221–242. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741013001409
- Chan, C. K. C., & Ngai, P. (2009). The making of a new working class? A study of collective actions of migrant workers in South China. The China Quarterly, 198, 287–303. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741009000319
- Chen, F. (2000). Subsistence crises, managerial corruption, and labour protests in China. The China Journal, 44, 41–63. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667476
- Chen, F. (2003). Industrial restructuring and workers’ resistance in China. Modern China, 29(2), 237–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0097700402250742
- Chen, F. (2007). Individual rights and collective rights: Labor’s predicament in China. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 40(1), 59–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2006.12.006
- Chen, F. (2010). Trade Unions and the Quadripartite Interactions in Strike Settlement in China. The China Quarterly, 201, 104–124. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741009991093
- Chen, M., Aebi, C., & Grewal, T. (2011). Case study: A strike in Shanghai. Thunderbird International Business Review, 53(4), 517–528. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20427
- Chen, Y., Friedman, R., Yu, E., Fang, W., & Lu, X. (2009). Supervisor–Subordinate Guanxi: Developing a three–dimensional model and scale. Management and Organization Review, 5(3), 375–399. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2009.00153.x
- Chen, C., & Sil, R. (2006). Communist legacies, postcommunist transformations, and the fate of organized labor in Russia and China. Studies in Comparative International Development, 41(2), 62–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686311
- Chen, N. Y. F., & Tjosvold, D. (2007). Guanxi and leader member relationships between American managers and Chinese employees: Open–minded dialogue as mediator. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 24(2), 171–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-006-9029-9
- Cheung, F. M., Leung, K., Zhang, J. X., Sun, H. F., Gan, Y. Q., Song, W. Z., & Xie, D. (2001). Indigenous Chinese personality constructs: Is the five-factor model complete? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(4), 407–433. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032004003
- Cheung, M. F., & Wu, W. P. (2014). Leader–member exchange and industrial relations climate: Mediating of participatory management in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 52(2), 255–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7941.2012.00050.x
- China Labour Bulletin. (2021). China Labour Bulletin strike map. https://maps.clb.org.hk/strikes/en
- Chung, S. W. (2016). Industrial relations (IR) changes in China: A foreign employer’s perspective. Employee Relations, 38(6), 826–840. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-06-2015-0120
- Chung, S., & Hwang, K. (2013). 중국 파업에 대한 최근 논의 분석 및 파업 사례 연구[A literature review and a case study of collective labor disputes in China]. 산업관계연구, 23(4), 67–93.
- Cohen, A. (1992). Attitudinal militancy and propensity to strike among unionized engineers and x–ray technicians. Human Relations, 45(12), 1333–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679204501205
- Cooke, F. L. (2008). The changing dynamics of employment relations in China: An evaluation of the rising level of labour disputes. Journal of Industrial Relations, 50(1), 111–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185607085697
- Cooke, F. L. (2013). New dynamics of industrial conflicts in China: Causes, expressions and resolution alternatives. In G. Gall (Ed.), New forms and expressions of conflict at work (pp. 108–129). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137304483_7.
- Cooke, F. L. (2014). Chinese industrial relations research: In search of a broader analytical framework and representation. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 31(3), 875–898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-014-9386-8
- Cooke, W. N. (1990). Labor–management cooperation: New partnership for going in circles? W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. https://doi.org/10.17848/9780585298719
- Cooke, F. L., Liu, M., Liu, L. A., & Chen, C. C. (2019). Human resource management and industrial relations in multinational corporations in and from China: Challenges and new insights. Human Resource Management, 58(5), 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21986
- Coyle-Shapiro, J. A., & Conway, N. (2004). The employment relationship through the lens of social exchange. In J. A. M. Coyle–Shapiro, L. M. Shore, M. S. Taylor, & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), The employment relationship: Examining psychological and contextual perspectives (pp. 5–28). Oxford University Press.
- Coyle-Shapiro, J. A. M., & Kessler, I. (2002). Exploring reciprocity through the lens of the psychological contract: Employee and employer perspectives. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11(1), 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320143000852
- Coyle-Shapiro, J. A., & Shore, L. M. (2007). The employee–organization relationship: Where do we go from here? Human Resource Management Review, 17(2), 166–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.03.008
- Cropanzano, R., Anthony, E. L., Daniels, S. R., & Hall, A. V. (2017). Social exchange theory: A critical review with theoretical remedies. Academy of Management Annals, 11(1), 479–516. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0099
- Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874–900. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602
- Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D. E., Mohler, C. J., & Schminke, M. (2001). Three roads to organizational justice. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 20, 1–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0742-7301(01)20001-2
- Dabos, G. E., & Rousseau, D. M. (2004). Mutuality and reciprocity in the psychological contracts of employees and employers. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(1), 52–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.1.52
- Dansereau, F., Graen, G., & Haga, W. J. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13(1), 46–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(75)90005-7
- Dastmalchian, A. (2008). Industrial relations climate. In P. Blyton, N. Bacon, J. Fiorito, & E. Heery (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of industrial relations (pp. 548–572). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849200431.n29
- Dastmalchian, A., Blyton, R., & Adamson, R. (1989). Industrial relations climate: Testing a construct. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1989.tb00474.x
- Dastmalchian, A., & Ng, I. (1990). Examining the relationship between industrial relations climate and grievance outcomes. Relations Industrielles, 45(2), 311–325. https://doi.org/10.7202/050585ar
- Davidson, W. N., Worrell, D. L., & Garrison, S. H. (1988). Effect of strike activity on firm value. Academy of Management Journal, 31(2), 387–394. https://doi.org/10.5465/256554
- Demerouti, E., & Rispens, S. (2014). Improving the image of student-recruited samples: A commentary. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(1), 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12048
- Dienesch, R. M., & Liden, R. C. (1986). Leader–member exchange model of leadership: A critique and further development. The Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 618–634. https://doi.org/10.2307/258314
- Dixon, M. A., & Cunningham, G. B. (2006). Data aggregation in multilevel analysis: A review of conceptual and statistical issues. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 10(2), 85–107. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327841mpee1002_2
- Dixon, M., & Roscigno, V. J. (2003). Status, networks, and social movement participation: The case of striking workers. American Journal of Sociology, 108(6), 1292–1327. https://doi.org/10.1086/375198
- Dulebohn, J. H., Bommer, W. H., Liden, R. C., Brouer, R. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2012). A meta-analysis of antecedents and consequences of leader–member exchange: Integrating the past with an eye toward the future. Journal of Management, 38(6), 1715–1759. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311415280
- Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500
- Eisenberger, R., Lynch, P., Aselage, J., & Rohdieck, S. (2004). Who takes the most revenge? Individual differences in negative reciprocity norm endorsement. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(6), 787–799. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264047
- Elfstrom, M. (2019). A tale of two deltas: Labour politics in Jiangsu and Guangdong. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 57(2), 247–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12467
- Elfstrom, M., & Kuruvilla, S. (2014). The changing nature of labor unrest in China. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 67(2), 453–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979391406700207
- Fang, T., Ge, Y., & Fan, Y. (2016, March 16–18). The cooperative roles of Chinese unions in multinational corporations [Paper presentation]. Paper Presented at the Global Transformation of Work: Market Integration, China’s Rise, and Labor Adaptation Conference, New Brunswick, NJ.
- Fiorito, J., Gallagher, D. G., & Greer, C. R. (1986). Determinants of unionism: A review of the literature. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 4, 269–306.
- Fiske, A. P. (1991). Structures of social life: The four elementary forms of human relations: Communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching, market pricing. Free Press.
- Fox, W. S., & Wince, M. H. (1976). The structure and determinants of occupational militancy among public school teachers. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 30(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.2307/2522751
- Franceschini, I., & Lin, K. (2019). Labour NGOs in China: From legal mobilisation to collective struggle (and back?). China Perspectives, 2019(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.8826
- Franceschini, I., & Nesossi, E. (2018). State repression of Chinese labor NGOs: A chilling effect? The China Journal, 80(1), 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1086/696986
- Friedman, E. (2012, August 1). China in revolt [Web log post]. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2012/08/china-in-revolt/
- Gallagher, M. E. (2011). Contagious capitalism: Globalization and the politics of labor in China. Princeton University Press.
- Gerstner, C. R., & Day, D. V. (1997). Meta–analytic review of leader– member exchange theory: Correlates and construct issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), 827–844. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.6.827
- Glick, W. H. (1985). Conceptualizing and measuring organizational and psychological climate: Pitfalls in multilevel research. The Academy of Management Review, 10(3), 601–616. https://doi.org/10.2307/258140
- Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161–178. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092623
- Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship–based approach to leadership: Development of leader–member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi–level multi–domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5
- Hammer, T. H., Currall, S. C., & Stern, R. N. (1991). Worker representation on boards of directors: A study of competing roles. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 44(4), 661–680. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979399104400404
- Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
- Hetland, J., Hetland, H., Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2018). Daily transformational leadership and employee job crafting: The role of promotion focus. European Management Journal, 36(6), 746–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2018.01.002
- Hofmann, D. A., & Gavin, M. B. (1998). Centering decisions in hierarchical linear models: Implications for research in organizations. Journal of Management, 24(5), 623–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(99)80077-4
- Howell, J. A. (2008). All-China Federation of Trades Unions beyond reform? The slow march of direct elections. The China Quarterly, 196, 845–863. https://doi.org/10.1017/S030574100800115X
- Huang, X., Zhang, L., Huang, W., Zhu, J., Van Wart, M., & Qin, G. (2019). The emerging approaches to settle strikes in China. Labour & Industry: A Journal of the Social and Economic Relations of Work, 29(4), 370–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/10301763.2019.1692440
- Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
- Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
- Hu, X., Gilmore, P. L., Tetrick, L. E., Wei, F., & White, A. (2016). On the functioning of reciprocity in organizations: The moderating effects of relationship orientation and power distance. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 19(3–4), 123–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/mgr0000040
- Hurst, W. (2009). The Chinese worker after socialism. Cambridge University Press.
- Hwang, K. K. (1987). Face and favor: The Chinese power game. American Journal of Sociology, 92(4), 944–974. https://doi.org/10.1086/228588
- Ilies, R., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Leader–member exchange and citizenship behaviors: A meta–analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 269– 277. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.269
- James, L. R. (1982). Aggregation bias in estimates of perceptual agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(2), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.67.2.219
- Johnson, N. B., & Jarley, P. (2004). Justice and union participation: An extension and test of mobilization theory. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 42(3), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2004.00329.x
- Katz, H. C., Kochan, T. A., & Gobeille, K. R. (1983). Industrial relations performance, economic performance, and QWL programs: An interplant analysis. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 37(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.2307/2522720
- Kaufman, B. E. (1983). The determinants of strikes over time and across industries. Journal of Labor Research, 4(2), 159–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02685174
- Ke, Z. (2013). Chinese workers’ attitudes toward strike [Unpublished thesis]. Iowa State University.
- Kelly, J. (1998). Rethinking industrial relations: Mobilization, collectivism and long waves. Routledge.
- Kim, S., Han, J., & Zhao, L. (2014). Union recognition by multinational companies in China: A dual institutional pressure perspective. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 67(1), 34–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979391406700102
- Klein, K. J., & Kozlowski, S. W. (2000). From micro to meso: Critical steps in conceptualizing and conducting multilevel research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(3), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810033001
- Kuruvilla, S., & Zhang, H. (2016). Labor unrest and incipient collective bargaining in China. Management and Organization Review, 12(01), 159–187. https://doi.org/10.1017/mor.2016.2
- Lai, X., Li, F., & Leung, K. (2013). A Monte Carlo study of the effects of common method variance on significance testing and parameter bias in hierarchical linear modeling. Organizational Research Methods, 16(2), 243–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112469667
- Lee, C. K. (1998). Gender and the South China miracle: Two worlds of factory women. University of California Press.
- Lee, C. K. (2000). The revenge of history’ collective memories and labor protests in North-Eastern China. Ethnography, 1(2), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/14661380022230741
- Lee, C. K. (2007). Against the law: Labor protests in China’s Rustbelt and Sunbelt. University of California Press.
- Lee, C. K. (2016). Precarization or empowerment? Reflections on recent labor unrest in China. The Journal of Asian Studies, 75(2), 317–333. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911815002132
- Lee, C. K., & Zhang, Y. (2013). The power of instability: Unraveling the microfoundations of bargained authoritarianism in China. American Journal of Sociology, 118(6), 1475–1508. https://doi.org/10.1086/670802
- Leung, P. (2015). Labor activists and the new working class in China: Strike leaders’ struggles. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Leung, K., Chen, Z., Zhou, F., & Lim, K. (2014). The role of relational orientation as measured by face and renqing in innovative behavior in China: An indigenous analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 31(1), 105–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-011-9277-1
- Li, C. (2009). An analysis of factors affecting rural migrant workers’ collective action—Based on a survey of migrant workers in the Pearl River Delta Region. China Rural Survey, 6, 1–15.
- Liao, H. (2007). Do it right this time: The role of employee service recovery performance in customer-perceived justice and customer loyalty after service failures. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 475–489. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.475
- Liden, R. C., Sparrowe, R. T., & Wayne, S. J. (1997). Leader–member exchange theory: The past and potential for the future. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 15, 47–120.
- Li, C., & Liu, M. (2018). Overcoming collective action problems facing Chinese workers: Lessons from four protests against Walmart. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 71(5), 1078–1105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793918784516
- Lin, J. (2017). Do more strikes mean a stronger working class’s agency: A comparative study in post-socialist. Journal of Labor and Society, 20(1), 85–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/wusa.12270
- Liu, M. (2010). Union organizing in china: Still a monolithic labor movement? Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 64(1), 30–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979391006400102
- Liu, M. (2011). Where there are workers, there should be trade unions’: Union organizing in the era of growing informal employment. In S. Kuruvilla, C. K. Lee, & M. E. Gallagher (Eds.), From iron rice bowl to informalization: Markets, workers and the state in a changing China (pp. 157–172). Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9780801462931-008.
- Liu, M., Li, C., & Kim, S. (2011). Chinese trade unions in transition: A three–level analysis. In P. Sheldon, S. Kim, Y. Li, & M. Warner (Eds.), China’s changing workplace: Dynamism, diversity and disparity (pp. 277–300). Routledge.
- Liu, S., & Shi, W. (2017). Worker struggles and factory occupation in China during the current economic crisis. Social Movement Studies, 16(3), 355–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2016.1259106
- Luo, Y. (2007). Guanxi and business (Vol. 5). World Scientific.
- Maki, D., & Strand, K. (1984). The determinants of strike activity: An interindustry analysis. Relations Industrielles, 39(1), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.7202/050004ar
- Marshall, T. H. (1949/1992). Citizenship and social class. In T. H. Marshall, & T. Bottomore (Eds.), Citizenship and Social class (pp. 8–17).Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt18mvns1.5
- Martin, J. E. (1986). Predictors of individual propensity to strike. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 39(2), 214–227. https://doi.org/10.2307/2523460
- Martin, R., Guillaume, Y., Thomas, G., Lee, A., & Epitropaki, O. (2016). Leader–member exchange (LMX) and performance: A meta-analytic review. Personnel Psychology, 69(1), 67–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12100
- Martin, J. E., & Sinclair, R. R. (2001). A multiple motive perspective on strike propensities. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(4), 387–407. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.93
- McAdam, D. (1988). Micromobilization contexts and recruitment to activism. International Social Movement Research, 1(1), 125–154.
- McAdam, D. (1999). Political process and the development of Black insurgency, 1930-1970. University of Chicago Press.
- McClendon, J. A., & Klaas, B. (1993). Determinants of strike–related militancy: An analysis of a university faculty strike. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 46(3), 560–573. https://doi.org/10.2307/2524553
- McShane, S. (1985). Sources of attitudinal union militancy. Relations Industrielles, 40(2), 284–302. https://doi.org/10.7202/050134ar
- Molm, L. D., Collett, J. L., & Schaefer, D. R. (2007). Building solidarity through generalized exchange: A theory of reciprocity. American Journal of Sociology, 113(1), 205–242. https://doi.org/10.1086/517900
- Monnot, M. J., Wagner, S., & Beehr, T. A. (2011). A contingency model of union commitment and participation: Meta-analysis of the antecedents of militant and nonmilitant activities. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(8), 1127–1146. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.736
- Mossholder, K. W., & Bedeian, A. G. (1983). Cross-level inference and organizational research: Perspectives on interpretation and application. The Academy of Management Review, 8(4), 547–558. https://doi.org/10.2307/258256
- Ng, I. (1991). Predictors of strike voting behavior: The case of university faculty. Journal of Labor Research, 12(2), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02685377
- Ngai, M. M. (2005). On the Proletarian Identity of “A Woman Dressed as an Enormous Beetle”. International Labor and Working-Class History, 67, 22–25. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0147547905000025
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
- Pringle, T. (2011). Trade unions in China: The challenge of labour unrest. London.
- Quratulain, S., Khan, A. K., Crawshaw, J. R., Arain, G. A., & Hameed, I. (2016). A study of employee affective organizational commitment and retention in Pakistan: The roles of psychological contract breach and norms of reciprocity. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(17), 2552–2579. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1254099
- Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A., Cheong, Y. F., Congdon, R., & Du Toit, M. (2011). HLM7: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling. Scientific Software International.
- Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2(2), 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01384942
- Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Sage Publications.
- Sahlins, M. (1974). Stone age economics. Tavistock Publications.
- Scandura, T. A., & Graen, G. B. (1984). Moderating effects of initial leader–member exchange status on the effects of a leadership intervention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(3), 428–436. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.69.3.428
- Schutt, R. K. (1982). Models of militancy: Support for strikes and work actions among public employees. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 35(3), 406–422. https://doi.org/10.2307/2522819
- Selden, M. (1995). Labor Unrest in China, 1831–1990. Review, 18(1), 69–86.
- Shore, L. M., & Tetrick, L. E. (1994). The psychological contract as an explanatory framework in the employment relationship. In C. L. Cooper & D. M. Rousseau (Eds.), Trends in organizational behavior (Vol. 1, pp. 91–109). Wiley.
- Shore, L. M., Tetrick, L. E., Taylor, M. S., Coyle-Shapiro, J., Liden, R., McLean Parks, J., Morrison, E. W., Porter, L. W., Robinson, S., Roehling, M., Rousseau, D., Schalk, R., Tsui, A., & Van Dyne, L. (2004). The employee– organization relationship: A timely concept in a period of transition. In J. Martocchio (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management (Vol. 23, pp. 291–370). JAI Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0742-7301(04)23007-9.
- Snape, E. D., & Redman, T. (2012). Industrial relations climate and union commitment: An evaluation of workplace-level effects. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 51(1), 11–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2011.00662.x
- Snarr, D. N. (1975). Strikers and nonstrikers: A social comparison. Industrial Relations, 14(3), 371–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1975.tb00617.x
- Solinger, D. J. (2007). Labor discontent in China in comparative perspective. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 48(4), 413–438. https://doi.org/10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.413
- Sverke, M., & Kuruvilla, S. (1995). A new conceptualization of union commitment: Development and test of an integrated theory. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(6), 505–532. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030160603
- Taylor, B., & Li, Q. (2007). Is the ACFTU a union and does it matter? Journal of Industrial Relations, 49(5), 701–715. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185607082217
- Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Westview Press.
- Tsui, A. S., Pearce, J. L., Porter, L. W., & Tripoli, A. M. (1997). Alternative approaches to the employee–organization relationship: Does investment in employees pay off? Academy of Management Journal, 40(5), 1089–1121. https://doi.org/10.5465/256928
- U.S. Department of State. (2020). 2020 Investment Climate Statements: China. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-investment-climate-statements/china/
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2015). World investment report 2015: Reforming international investment governance. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2015_en.pdf
- Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810031002
- Wang, L. (2011). Perceived equity and unionization propensity in China. Management Research Review, 34(6), 678–686. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171111136202
- Wang, T., & Cooke, F. L. (2017). Striking the balance in industrial relations in China? An analysis of court decisions of 897 strike cases (2008–2015). Journal of Industrial Relations, 59(1), 22–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185616658496
- Wu, P. C., & Chaturvedi, S. (2009). The role of procedural justice and power distance in the relationship between high performance work systems and employee attitudes: A multilevel perspective. Journal of Management, 35(5), 1228–1247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308331097
- Wu, J. B., Hom, P. W., Tetrick, L. E., Shore, L. M., Jia, L., Li, C., & Song, L. J. (2006). The norm of reciprocity: Scale development and validation in the Chinese context. Management and Organization Review, 2(3), 377–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00047.x
- Xie, Y., & Cooke, F. L. (2019). Quality and cost? The evolution of Walmart’s business strategy and human resource policies and practices in China and their impact (1996–2017). Human Resource Management, 58(5), 521–541. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21931
- Xu, R. (2003). Measuring explained variation in linear mixed effects models. Statistics in Medicine, 22(22), 3527–3541. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1572
- Xu, Y. (2013). Labor non-governmental organizations in China: Mobilizing rural migrant workers. Journal of Industrial Relations, 55(2), 243–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185612473222
- Zhang, Y., & Frenkel, S. J. (2018). Chinese workers’ responses to justice: Quitting, collective action or both? Journal of Chinese Human Resource Management, 9(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHRM-07-2017-0014
- Zhang, X., Wang, X., & Zhu, X. (2011). The economic analysis of current strikes in China. World Review of Political Economy, 2(3), 371–384. https://doi.org/10.2307/41931931
- Zhang, Z., & Yang, C. F. (1998). Beyond distributive justice: The reasonableness norm in Chinese reward allocation. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 1(3), 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00017