676
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Antecedents and consequences of host nationals’ attitudes towards hybrid language in MNCs: the case of MNC-tone

ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 4074-4109 | Received 30 Apr 2021, Accepted 10 Jan 2023, Published online: 25 Jan 2023

References

  • Ahmad, F., & Barner-Rasmussen, W. (2019). False foe? When and how code switching practices can support knowledge sharing in multinational corporations. Journal of International Management, 25(3), 100671.
  • Ahmad, F., & Widen, G. (2018). Knowledge sharing and language diversity in organizations: Influence of code switching and convergence. European Journal of International Management, 12(4), 351–373.
  • Aiman-Smith, L., Bauer, T. N., & Cable, D. M. (2001). Are you attracted? Do you intend to pursue? A recruitment policy-capturing study. Journal of Business and Psychology, 16(2), 219–237.
  • Ajzen, I., Fishbein, M., Lohmann, S., & Albarracín, D. (2018). The influence of attitudes on behavior. In D. Albarracín & B. T. Johnson (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 197–255). Routledge.
  • Albarracín, D., Zanna, M. P., Johnson, B. T., & Kumkale, G. T. (2005). Attitudes: Introduction and scope. In D. Albarracín, B. T. Johnson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 3–19). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Albury, N. J. (2021). Linguistic landscape and metalinguistic talk about societal multilingualism. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 24(2), 207–223.
  • Allard, R., & Landry, R. (1986). Subjective ethnolinguistic vitality viewed as a belief system. Journal of Multilingual & Multicultural Development, 7(1), 1–12.
  • Allard, R., & Landry, R. (1994). Subjective ethnolinguistic vitality: A comparison of two measures. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 108(1), 117–144.
  • Allport, G. W. (1949). The Nature of prejudice. American Quarterly, 1, 58–82.
  • Almeida, S., & Fernando, M. (2017). Making the cut: Occupation-specific factors influencing employers in their recruitment and selection of immigrant professionals in the information technology and accounting occupations in regional Australia. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(6), 880–912.
  • Auer, P. (1999). From codeswitching via language mixing to fused lects: Toward a dynamic typology of bilingual speech. International Journal of Bilingualism, 3(4), 309–332.
  • Auer, P. (2020). The pragmatics of code-switching: A sequential approach. In W. Li (Ed.), The bilingualism reader (pp. 123–138). Routledge.
  • Avery, D. R. (2003). Reactions to diversity in recruitment advertising—are differences black and white? The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 672–679. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.672
  • Backhaus, P. (2006). Multilingualism in Tokyo: A look into the linguistic landscape. International Journal of Multilingualism, 3(1), 52–66.
  • Bacon, S. M., & Finnemann, M. D. (1992). Sex differences in self‐reported beliefs about foreign‐language learning and authentic oral and written input. Language Learning, 42(4), 471–495.
  • Barner-Rasmussen, W., & Aarnio, C. (2011). Shifting the faultlines of language: A quantitative functional-level exploration of language use in MNC subsidiaries. Journal of World Business, 46(3), 288–295.
  • Belderbos, R., Du, H. S., & Goerzen, A. (2017). Global cities, conectivity, and the location choice of MNC regional headquarters. Journal of Management Studies, 54(8), 1271–1302.
  • Bolton, K., & Graddol, D. (2012). English in China today: The current popularity of English in China is unprecedented, and has been fuelled by the recent political and social development of Chinese society. English Today, 28(3), 3–9.
  • Bordia, S., & Bordia, P. (2015). Employees’ willingness to adopt a foreign functional language in multilingual organizations: The role of linguistic identity. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(4), 415–428.
  • Bourhis, R., Giles, H., & Rosenthal, D. (1981). Notes on the construction of a “Subjective Vitality Questionnaire” for ethnolinguistic groups. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 2(2), 145–155.
  • Brislin, R. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written material. In H. C. Triandis & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Methodology (pp. 389–444). Allyn and Bacon.
  • Budhwar, P. S., & Sparrow, P. R. (1997). Evaluating levels of strategic integration and devolvement of human resource management in India. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(4), 476–494.
  • Busse, V. (2017). Plurilingualism in Europe: Exploring attitudes toward English and other European languages among adolescents in Bulgaria, Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain. Modern Language Journal, 101(3), 566–582.
  • Caligiuri, P., Phillips, J., Lazarova, M., Tarique, I., & Burgi, P. (2001). The theory of met expectations applied to expatriate adjustment: The role of crosscultural training. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(3), 357–372.
  • Carter, R. & Nunan, D. (Eds.) (2001). The Cambridge guide to teaching English to speakers of other Languages. Cambridge University Press.
  • CBNweekly. (2018). Ranking of China cities’ business attractiveness 2018. https://www.cbnweek.com/articles/normal/21050
  • Cenoz, J., & Gorter, D. (2006). Linguistic landscape and minority languages. International Journal of Multilingualism, 3(1), 67–80.
  • Chen, X. P., & Peng, S. (2008). Guanxi dynamics: Shifts in the closeness of ties between Chinese co-workers. Management and Organization Review, 4(1), 63–80.
  • Collins, K. A., & Clément, R. (2012). Language and prejudice: Direct and moderated effects. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 31(4), 376–396.
  • Collins, N., Chou, Y.-M., Warner, M., & Rowley, C. (2017). Human factors in East Asian virtual teamwork: A comparative study of Indonesia, Taiwan and Vietnam. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(10), 1475–1498.
  • Cooke, F. L., Wood, G., & Saunders, S. (2021). Migrants working for migrants: Dependence and discourse in Chinese-owned small commercial businesses in South Africa. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(21), 4308–4333.
  • Corbin, S. S., & Chiachiere, F. J. (1995). Validity and reliability of a scale measuring attitudes toward foreign language. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55(2), 258.
  • Czarniawska, B., & Wolff, R. (1998). Constructing new identities in established organization fields: Young universities in old Europe. International Studies of Management & Organization, 28(3), 32–56.
  • Day, R. (1982). Children’s attitude towards language. In E. B. Ryan & H. Giles (Eds.), Attitude towards language variation (pp. 116–131). Arnold.
  • De Eccher, U., & Duarte, H. (2018). How images about emerging economies influence the willingness to accept expatriate assignments. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(4), 637–663.
  • Eyal, K., & Cohen, J. (2006). When good friends say goodbye: A parasocial breakup study. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50(3), 502–523.
  • Francis, H., Parkes, C., & Reddington, M. (2014). I and international HRM: A critical perspective on the discursive framing of e-HR. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(10), 1327–1350.
  • Froese, F. J., & Peltokorpi, V. (2013). Organizational expatriates and self-initiated expatriates: Differences in cross-cultural adjustment and job satisfaction. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(10), 1953–1967.
  • Fujioka, Y. (1999). Television portrayals and African-American stereotypes: Examination of television effects when direct contact is lacking. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 76(1), 52–75.
  • Gaibrois, C. (2018). ‘It crosses all the boundaries’: Hybrid language use as empowering resource. European Journal of International Management, 12(1–2), 82–110.
  • García, O. (2009). Education, multilingualism and translanguaging in the 21st century. In T. Skutnabb-Kangas, R. Phillipson, A. K. Mohanty, & M. Panda (Eds.), Social justice through multilingual education (pp. 140–158). Multilingual Matters.
  • Garret, P. (2007). Language attitudes. In C. Llamas, L. Mullany, & P. Stockwell (Eds.), The Routledge companion to sociolinguistics (pp. 116–121). Routledge.
  • Glynn, M. A., & Abzug, R. (2002). Institutionalizing identity: Symbolic isomorphism and organizational names. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 267–280.
  • Goerzen, A., Asmussen, C. G., & Nielsen, B. B. (2013). Global cities and multinational enterprise location strategy. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(5), 427–450.
  • Groutsis, D., O’Leary, J., & Russell, G. (2018). Capitalizing on the cultural and linguistic diversity of mobile talent: Lessons from an Australian study. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(15), 2231–2252.
  • Han, J., & Han, J. (2009). Network-based recruiting and applicant attraction in China: Insights from both organizational and individual perspectives. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(11), 2228–2249.
  • Hartmann, E., Feisel, E., & Schober, H. (2010). Talent management of western MNCs in China. Journal of World Business, 45(2), 169–178.
  • Harzing, A. W., & Pudelko, M. (2014). Hablas vielleicht un peu la mia language? A comprehensive overview of the role of language differences in headquarters – subsidiary communication. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(5), 696–717.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.
  • He, S. (2021). Campus vitality of languages in a Chinese university: Evaluation, comparison and reflection. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2021.1971238
  • Heng, W., & Caleon, I. (2008). The language attitudes of bilingual youth in multilingual Singapore. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 30(3), 235–251.
  • Held, K., & Bader, B. (2018). The influence of images on organizational attractiveness: Comparing Chinese, Russian and US companies in Germany. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(3), 510–548.
  • Highhouse, S., Lievens, F., & Sinar, E. F. (2003). Measuring attraction to organizations. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(6), 986–1001.
  • Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. J. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 121–140.
  • Hollebeke, I., Struys, E., & Agirdag, O. (2020). Can family language policy predict linguistic, socio-emotional and cognitive child and family outcomes? A systematic review. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2020.1858302
  • Hoxhaj, R., & Zuccotti, C. V. (2021). The complex relationship between immigrants’ concentration, socioeconomic environment and attitudes towards immigrants in Europe. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 44(2), 272–292.
  • Hsu, Y. R., & Leat, M. (2000). A study of HRM and recruitment and selection policies and practices in Taiwan. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(2), 413–435.
  • Huebner, T. (2006). Bangkok’s linguistic landscapes: Environmental print, codemixing and language change. International Journal of Multilingualism, 3(1), 31–51.
  • Ishii, K. (2012). Dual organizational identification among Japanese expatriates: The role of communication in cultivating subsidiary identification and outcomes. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(6), 1113–1128.
  • Iwashita, H. (2021). Multilingual mediators in the shadows: A case study of a Japanese multinational corporation. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1965008
  • Jepsen, D. M., Sun, J. J.-M., Budhwar, P. S., Klehe, U.-C., Krausert, A., Raghuram, S., & Valcour, M. (2014). International academic careers: Personal reflections. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(10), 1309–1326.
  • Kahancová, M., & Meer, M. V. D. (2006). Coordination, employment flexibility, and industrial relations in Western European multinationals: Evidence from Poland. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(8), 1379–1395.
  • Kim, J., & Froese, F. J. (2012). Expatriation willingness in Asia: The importance of host-country characteristics and employees’ role commitments. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(16), 3414–3433.
  • Kormos, J., & Csizér, K. (2008). Age-related differences in the motivation of learning English as a foreign language: Attitudes, selves, and motivated learning behavior. Language Learning, 58(2), 327–355.
  • Kumar, S., Rauf, F. H. A., & Rathnasekara, H. (2021). Working to help or helping to work? Work-overload and allocentrism as predictors of organizational citizenship behaviours. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(13), 2807–2828.
  • Labov, W. (1972). Language in the inner-cities: Studies in the Black English vernacular. The University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Lado, A. A., & Wilson, M. C. (1994). Human resource systems and sustained competitive advantage: A competency-based perspective. Academy of Management Review, 19(4), 699–727.
  • Lambert, J. R., Basuil, D. A., Bell, M. P., & Marquardt, D. J. (2019). Coming to America: Work visas, international diversity, and organizational attractiveness among highly skilled Asian immigrants. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(15), 2293–2319.
  • Landry, R., & Bourhis, R. (1997). Linguistic landscape and ethnolinguistic vitality: An empirical study. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16(1), 23–49.
  • Lauring, J., & Nygaard, K. (2022). Can achievement compensate for low inclusiveness in multilingual work groups? A multilevel model. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(4), 808–833.
  • Lauring, J., & Selmer, J. (2013). Linguistic diversity and English language use in multicultural organizations: Is there a moderating effect of the age of organizational members? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(10), 1985–1996.
  • Liang, S. (2014). Language attitudes and identities in multilingual China: A linguistic ethnography. Springer.
  • Liu, X. Y., & Wang, J. (2013). Abusive supervision and organizational citizenship behaviour: Is supervisor–subordinate guanxi a mediator? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(7), 1471–1489.
  • Lou, N. M., & Noels, K. A. (2020). Mindsets about language learning and support for immigrants’ integration. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 79, 46–57.
  • MacIntosh, E. W., & Doherty, A. (2010). The influence of organizational culture on job satisfaction and intention to leave. Sport Management Review, 13(2), 106–117.
  • Malul, M., Shoham, A., & Uddin, M. (2016). Linguistic gender marking gap and female staffing at MNC’s. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(20), 2531–2549.
  • McCombs, M., & Valenzuela, S. (2020). Setting the agenda: Mass media and public opinion. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Min, C., & Kim, H. (2013). Relationship between cross-cultural attitudes and attitudes toward the foreign language study of tourism majors: The South Korean case. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 11(1-2), 109–125.
  • Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China. (2020). Statistical Bulletin of FDI in China 2020.
  • Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China. (2021). Statistical Bulletin of FDI in China 2021.
  • Mohamed, N. (2020). First language loss and negative attitudes towards Dhivehi among young Maldivians: Is the English‐first educational policy to blame? TESOL Quarterly, 54(3), 743–772.
  • Myers-Scotton, C. (1988). Code switching as indexical of social negotiations. In M. Heller (Ed.), Code-switching (pp. 151–186). Mouton de Gruyter.
  • National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2021). China statistical yearbook. China Statistical press.
  • Ó Hlfearnáin, T. (2015). Sociolinguistic vitality of Manx after extreme language shift: Authenticity without traditional native speakers. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2015(231), 45–62.
  • Ortiz, M., & Harwood, J. (2007). A social cognitive theory approach to the effects of mediated intergroup contact on intergroup attitudes. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 51(4), 615–631.
  • O’Toole, M. (2002). The relationship between employees’ perceptions of safety and organizational culture. Journal of Safety Research, 33(2), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4375(02)00014-2
  • Peltokorpi, V. (2008). Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates in Japan. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(9), 1588–1606.
  • Peltokorpi, V., & Vaara, E. (2014). Knowledge transfer in multinational corporations: Productive and counterproductive effects of language-sensitive recruitment. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(5), 600–622.
  • Pennycook, A. (2017). Translanguaging and semiotic assemblages. International Journal of Multilingualism, 14(3), 269–282.
  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
  • Phillips, J. M., Griswold, K. R., Shiverdecker, L. K., & Castellano, W. (2021). Wilkommen, bienvenue, welcome: Language and national culture diversity messages as strategic recruiting tools for diverse organizations. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1961163
  • Piekkari, R., Vaara, E., Tienari, J., & Säntti, R. (2005). Integration or disintegration? Human resource implications of a common corporate language decision in a cross-border merger. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(3), 330–344.
  • Presbitero, A. (2017). Its not all about language ability: Motivational cultural intelligence matters in call center performance. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(11), 1547–1562.
  • Puck, J. F., Kittler, M. G., & Wright, C. (2008). Does it really work? Re-assessing the impact of pre-departure cross-cultural training on expatriate adjustment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(12), 2182–2197.
  • Ravasi, C., Salamin, X., & Davoine, E. (2015). Cross-cultural adjustment of skilled migrants in a multicultural and multilingual environment: An explorative study of foreign employees and their spouses in the Swiss context. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(10), 1335–1359.
  • Richter, A. W., West, M. A., Van Dick, R., & Dawson, J. F. (2006). Boundary spanners’ identification, intergroup contact, and effective intergroup relations. Academy of Management Journal, 49(6), 1252–1269.
  • Schiappa, E., Gregg, P. B., & Hewes, D. E. (2005). The parasocial contact hypothesis. Communication Monographs, 72(1), 92–115.
  • Schmid, M. S., & Karayayla, T. (2020). The roles of age, attitude, and use in first language development and attrition of Turkish–English bilinguals. Language Learning, 70(S1), 54–84.
  • Scholar, R. (2022). Émigrés: French words that turned English. Princeton University Press.
  • Scollon, R., & Scollon, S. W. (2003). Discourses in place: Language in the material world. Routledge.
  • Scott, K., Bell, S., & McCallum, R. (2009). Relation of native-language and spelling abilities to attitudes toward learning a second language. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 54(1), 30–40.
  • Selmer, J. (2005). Is bigger better? Size of the location and expatriate adjustment in China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(7), 1228–1242.
  • Selmer, J., & Lauring, J. (2011). Acquired demographics and reasons to relocate among self-initiated expatriates. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(10), 2055–2070.
  • Selmer, J., & Lauring, J. (2015). Host country language ability and expatriate adjustment: The moderating effect of language difficulty. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(3), 401–420.
  • Shohamy, E., & Gorter, D. (2009). Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery. Routledge.
  • Singh, S. K., Pereira, V. E., Mellahi, K., & Collings, D. G. (2021). Host country nationals characteristics and willingness to help self-initiated expatriates in the UAE. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(8), 1707–1730.
  • Takeuchi, R., Yun, S., & Russell, J. E. (2002). Antecedents and consequences of the perceived adjustment of Japanese expatriates in the USA. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(8), 1224–1244.
  • Taormina, R. J., & Gao, J. H. (2010). A research model for Guanxi behavior: Antecedents, measures, and outcomes of Chinese social networking. Social Science Research, 39(6), 1195–1212.
  • Taras, V., Rowney, J., & Steel, P. (2013). Work-related acculturation: Change in individual work-related cultural values following immigration. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(1), 130–151.
  • Taskin, L., & Bridoux, F. (2010). Telework: A challenge to knowledge transfer in organizations. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(13), 2503–2520.
  • Tenzer, H., Pudelko, M., & Harzing, A. W. (2014). The impact of language barrier on trust formation in multinational teams. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(5), 508–535.
  • Traavik, L. E. M., & Richardsen, A. M. (2010). Career success for international professional women in the land of the equal? Evidence from Norway, the International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(15), 2798–2812.
  • Tropp, L. R., Uluğ, Ö. M., & Uysal, M. S. (2021). How intergroup contact and communication about group differences predict collective action intentions among advantaged groups. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 80, 7–16.
  • Tse, L. (2001). Why don’t they learn English? Separating fact from fallacy in the U.S. language debate. Teacher’s College Press.
  • UNCTAD. (2021). Investment trends monitor. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/diaeiainf2021d1_en.pdf
  • Vigier, M., & Spencer-Oatey, H. (2017). Code-switching in newly formed multinational project teams: Challenges, strategies and effects. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 17(1), 23–37.
  • Wang, H., Wu, W., Liu, Y., Hao, S., & Wu, S. (2019). In what ways do Chinese employees speak up? An exchange approach to supervisor-subordinate guanxi and voice behavior. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(3), 479–501.
  • Wang, L., & Zhu, J. (2013). A study of the language situation within multinational companies in China. Applied Linguistics, 01, 80–88.
  • Wang, S., Hung, K., & Li, M. (2018). Development of measurement scale for functional congruity in guest houses. Tourism Management, 68, 23–31.
  • Wanta, W., Golan, G., & Lee, C. (2004). Agenda setting and international news: Media influence on public perceptions of foreign nations. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(2), 364–377.
  • Warner, M. (2010). In search of Confucian HRM: Theory and practice in Greater China and beyond. The international Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(12), 2053–2078.
  • Wei, L. (2018). Translanguaging as a practical theory of language. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 9–30.
  • Wong, Y.-T., Wong, S.-H., & Wong, Y.-W. (2010). A study of subordinate-supervisor Guanxi in Chinese joint ventures. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(12), 2142–2155.
  • Wu, Y., Silver, R. E., & Zhang, H. (2021). Linguistic schoolscapes of an ethnic minority region in the PRC: A university case study. International Journal of Multilingualism, ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2021.1962326
  • Xian, H., Atkinson, C., & Meng-Lewis, Y. (2019). Guanxi and high performance work systems in China: Evidence from a state-owned enterprise. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(19), 2685–2704.
  • Yao, J., Yan, X., & Liu, S. (2020). Linguistic landscape in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture: The Case of an ethnic minority region in China. International Journal of Multilingualism, ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2020.1800018
  • Zhai, Q., Wang, S., & Weadon, H. (2017). Thriving at work as a mediator of the relationship between workplace support and life satisfaction. Journal of Management & Organization, 26(2), 168–184.
  • Zhang, L. (2015, May 18). Will "mixing" affect Chinese language norms? People’ Daily. http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/html/2015-05/18/content_1565901.htm
  • Zhang, L. E., & Peltokorpi, V. (2016). Multifaceted effects of host country language proficiency in expatriate cross-cultural adjustments: A qualitative study in China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(13), 1448–1469.
  • Ziller, C. (2022). Established and excluded? Immigrants’ economic progress, attitudes toward immigrants, and the conditioning role of egalitarianism and intergroup contact. Political Studies, 70(1), 236–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720953561

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.