References
- Albert , R.D. 1983 . “ ‘The Intercultural Sensitizer or Culture Assimilator:A Cognitive Approach’ ” . In Handbook of Intercultural Training , Edited by: Landis , D. and Brislin , R. Vol. II , New York : Pergamon .
- Bass , B.M. 1990 . “ ‘Leadership in Different Countries and Cultures’ ” . In In Bass and Srogdill’s Handbook of Lxadership , New York : Free Press .
- Berenbeirn , R.E. 1983 . Managing the International Company:Building a Global Perspective , New York : The Conference Board .
- Bernardin , H.J. 1986 . “ ‘Subordinate Appraisal:A Valuable Source of Information about Managers’ ” . In Human Resource Management , 3 Vol. 25 , 421 – 439 .
- Bernardin , H.J. 1987 . “ ‘A Performance Appraisal System’ ” . In Performance Assessment , Edited by: Berk , R. Baltimore, Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press .
- Bernardin , H.J. and Beatty , R.W. Summer 1987 . “ ‘Can Subordinate Appraisals Enhance Managerial Productivity?’ ” . In SIoan Management Review Summer , 63 – 73 .
- Bjorkman, I. and Gertsen, M. (1990) ‘Corporate Expatriation:An Analysis of Firms and Country-specific Differences in Scandinavia’, unpublished paper
- Bjorkman , I. and Gertsen , M. 1992 . “ ‘Selecting and Training Scandinavian Expatriates:Determinants of Corporate Practice’ ” . In Scandinavian Journal of' Management
- Black , J.S. 1988 . ‘Work Role Transitions:A Study of American Expatriate Managers in Japan’ . Journal of International Business Studies , Summer
- Black , J.S. 1992 . “ ‘Socializing American Expatriate Managers Overseas’ ” . In Group and Organization Management , 2 Vol. 17 , 171 – 192 .
- Black , J.S. and Porter , L.W. ‘Managerial Behaviors and Job Performance:A Successful Manager in Los Angeles May Not Succeed in Hong Kong’ . Journal of International Business Studies , 22 ( 1 ) 99 – 113 .
- Black , J.S. , Gregersen , H.B. and Mendenhall , M.E. 1992a . Global Assignments:Successfully Expatriating and Repatriating International Managers , San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
- Black , J.S. , Gregersen , H.B. and Mendenhall , M.E. 1992b . ‘Toward a Theoretical Framework of Repatriation Adjustment’ . Journal of International Business Studies , 23 ( 4 ) : 737 – 760 .
- Bond , M.H. 1991 . Beyond the Chinese Face:Insights from Psychology , Hong Kong : Oxford University Press .
- Bond , M.H. and Hwang , K.K. 1986 . “ ‘The Social Psychology of Chinese People’ ” . In The Psychology of the Chinese People , Edited by: Bond , M.H. Hong Kong : Oxford University Press .
- Bond , M.H. and King , A.Y.C. 1985 . ‘Coping with the Threat of Westernization in Hong Kong’ . Internarional Journal of Intercultural Relations , 9
- Brewster , C. 1988 . “ ‘The Management of Expatriates’ ” . In Human Resource Research Centre Monograph 2 , Cranfield. : Cranfield Institute of Technology .
- Brewster , C. 1991 . The Management of Expatriates , London : Kogan Page .
- Brislin , R.W. 1986 . ‘A Culture General Assimilator:Preparation for Various Types of Sojourns’ . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 10 ( 2 ) : 215 – 234 .
- Cascio , W.F. 1992 . ‘International Human Resource Issues for the 1990s’ . Journal of Human Resources , 30 ( 4 ) : 1 – 18 .
- Craig , C.S. , Douglas , S.P. and Grein , A. 1992 . ‘Patterns of Convergence and Divergence among Industrialized Nations:1960–1988’ . Journal of International Business Studies , 23 ( 4 ) : 773 – 785 .
- Festinger , L. 1957 . A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance , Evanston, Illinois : Row-Peterson .
- Furnham , A. and Bochner , S. 1986 . Culture Shock:Psychological Reactions to Unfamiliar Environments , London : Methuen .
- Hofstede , G. 1980 . Culture’s Consequences:International Differences in Work-related Values , Beverly Hills, California : Sage .
- Hofstede , G. and Bond , M.H. 1988 . “ ‘The Confucius Connection:From Cultural Roots to Economic Growth’ ” . In Organizational Dynamics , 4 Vol. 16 , 4 – 21 .
- Jahoda , G. 1983 . “ ‘The Cross-cultural Emperor’s Clothes:The Emic-Etic Issue Revisited’ ” . In Expiscations in Cross-Cultural Psychology , Edited by: Deregowski , J.B. , Dziurawiec, S and Annis , R.C . Lisse : Swets&Zeitlinger .
- Kerr , S. and Schreisheim , C. 1974 . “ ‘Consideration, Initiating Structure, Organizational Criteria:An Update of Korman’s 1966 Review’ ” . In Personnel Psychology Vol. 27 , 555 – 568 .
- Kobrin , S.J. Spring 1988 . “ ‘Expatriate Reduction and Strategic Control in American Multinational Corporations’ ” . In Human Resource Management Spring ,
- Lawson , K.S. and Swain , P.A. 1985 . ‘Leadership Style:Differences between Expatriates and Locals’ . Leadership and Organization Development Journal , 6 ( 4 ) : 8 – 11 .
- Likert , R. 1967 . The Human Organization , New York : McGraw-Hill .
- Lucas , P.R. , Messner , P.E. , Ryan , C.W. and Sturm , G.P. 1992 . ‘Preferred Leadership Style Differences:Perceptions of Defence Industry Labour and Management’ . Leadership&Organization Development Journal , 13 ( 7 ) : 19 – 22 .
- Meglino , B.M. , Raviin , E.C. and Adkins , C.L. 1991 . “ ‘Value Congruence and Satisfaction with a Leader:An Examination of the Role of Interaction’ ” . In Human Relutions , 5 Vol. 44 , 481 – 495 .
- Okechuku , C. and Man , V.Y.W. 1992 . ‘Comparison of Managerial Traits in Canada and Hong Kong’ . Asia Pacific Journal of Management , 8 ( 2 ) : 223 – 235 .
- Powell , G.N. 1992 . “ ‘The Good Manager:Business Students’ Stereotypes of Japanese ” . In Group and Organization Management , 1 44 – 56 .
- Prahalad , C.K. and Doz , Y.L. 1981 . “ ‘Headquarter’s Influence and Strategic Control in MNCs’ ” . In Sloan Management Review , Fall .
- Putti , J.M. and Tong , A.C. 1992 . “ ‘Effects of Leader Behavior on Subordinate Satisfaction in a Civil Service-Asian Context’ ” . In Public Personnel Management , 1 Vol. 21 , 53 – 62 .
- Redding , S.G. 1990 . The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism , Berlin : de Gruyter .
- Roberts , D. 1992 . Hong Kong 1992:A Review of 1991 , Edited by: Roberts , D. Hong Kong : Government Information Services .
- Savery , L.K. 1981 . “ ‘Preference for Decision-making Responsibilities’ ” . In Management Decision , 3 25 – 32 .
- Savery , L.K. 1993 . ‘Difference between Perceived and Desired Leadership Style’ . Journal of Managerial Psychology , 8 ( 6 ) : 28 – 32 .
- Schein , E.H. 1985 . Organizational Culture and Leadership , San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
- Scherrnerhorn , J.R. Jr. and Bond , M.H. 1992 . ‘Upward and Downward Influence Tactics in Managerial Networks:A Comparative Study of Hong Kong Chinese and Americans’ . Asia Pacific Journal of Management , 8 ( 2 ) : 147 – 158 .
- Schriesheim , C.A. 1974 . “ ‘Psychometric Properties of the Ohio State Leadership Scale’ ” . In Psychological Bulletin 756 – 765 .
- Selmer, J.‘Cultural Preparation of Expatriate Top Managers:An Exploratory Study of Swedish CEOs in Southeast Asia’, Working Paper Series no. MS 91080, Business Research Centre, School of Business, Hong Kong Baptist College.
- Selmer, J. (1994) 'Leadership Behaviour of Expatriate and Local Bosses in Hong Kong Working Paper Series no. WP 94016, Business Research Centre, School of Business, Hong Kong Baptist College.
- Selmer , J. 1995 . “ ‘Expatriate Executive’s Perceptions of their HCN Subordinates’ Work Values in Southeast Asia’ ” . In Advances in International Comparative Management:A Research Annual. Greenwich , Edited by: Prasad , S.B. Connecticut : JAI Press .
- Selmer , J. and Leon , C. 1993 . ‘Chinese Work Values in Hong Kong, Singapore and Thailand’ . International Journal of Commerce and Management , 3 ( 3&4 ) : 71 – 82 .
- Silin , R.H. 1976 . Leadership and Values:The Organization of Large Scale Taiwanese Enterprises , Cambridge, Massachusetts : Haward University Press .
- Singer , M.S. and Singer , A.E. 1990 . ‘Situational Constraints on Transformational versus Transactional Leadership Behavior, Subordinates’ Leadership Preference, and Satisfaction’ . Journal of Social Psychology , 130 ( 3 ) : 385 – 396 .
- Smith , P.B. , Misumi, J , Tayeb , M. , Peterson , M. and Bond , M. 1989 . ‘On the Generality of Leadership Style Measures across Cultures’ . Journal of Occupational Psychology , 62 : 97 – 109 .
- Stening , B.W. and Hammer , M.R. 1992 . “ ‘Cultural Baggage and the Adaptation of Expatriate American and Japanese Managers’ ” . In Management International Review , 1 77 – 89 .
- Stogdill , R.M. 1959 . Individual Behaviour and Group Achievement , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Stogdill, R.M. (1963) Manual for Leadership Behavior Description, Questionnaire - Form XII:An E.xperimenta1 Revision. Columbus:Bureau of Business Research, Ohio State University.
- Tan , T.T.-W. 1986 . Your Chinese Roots:The Overseas Chinese Story , Singapore : Times Books .
- Torbiorn , I. 1982 . Living Abroad:Personal Adjustment and Personnel Policy in the Overseas Setting , New York : Wiley .
- Torbiorn , I. 1985 . “ ‘The Structure of Managerial Roles in Cross Cultural Settings’ ” . In International Studies of Management and Organization , 1 52 – 74 .
- Tung , R. 1981 . ‘Selecting and Training of Personnel for Overseas Assignments’ . Columbia Journal of World Business , 16 ( 1 ) : 68 – 78 .
- Tung , R. 1982 . “ ‘Selection and Training Procedures of US, European, and Japanese Multinationals’ ” . In California Management Review , 1 Vol. 25 , 57 – 71 .
- Whitley , R. 1992 . Business Systems in East Asia:Firms, Markets and Societies , London : Sage .
- Yang , K.S. 1986 . “ ‘Chinese Personality and its Change’ ” . In The Psychology of the Chinese People , Edited by: Bond , M.H. Hong Kong : Oxford University Press .
- Yukl , G. “ ‘Towards a Behavioral Theory of Leadership’ ” . In Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 414 – 440 .
- Zeira , Y. and Banai , M. 1985 . “ ‘Selection of Managers for Foreign Posts’ ” . In International Studies of Management and Organization , 1 Vol. 15 , 33 – 51 .
- Zeira , Y. , Harari , E. and Nundi , D.I . 1975 . ‘Some Structural and Cultural Factors in Ethnocentric Multinational Corporations and Employee Morale’ . Journal of Management Studies , February