Catching up on competitors: how organizations can motivate employees to work harder

References

• Allen , N.J. and Meyer J.P. 1990 . ‘The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization’ . Journal of Occupational Psychology , 63 : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benkhoff, B. R. D. (1994) ‘Employee Commitment to Work: A Test of Motivation Theories and a Re-Conceptualization’, unpublished PhD thesis, London School of Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Brayfield , A.H. and Rothe , H.F. 1951 . ‘An Index of Job Satisfaction’ . Journal of Applied Psychology , 35 : 307 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockner , J. , Grover , S. , Reed , T.F. and Dewitt , R.L. 1992 . ‘Layoffs, Job Insecurity, and Survivors’ Work Effort: Evidence of an Inverted-U Relationship’ . Academy of Management Journal , 35 : 413 – 425 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan , B. 1974 . “ ‘Building Organizational Commitment: The Socialization of ” . In Administrative Science Quarterly Vol. 19 , 533 – 546 .
   Google Scholar
• Cook , J. and Wall , T. 1980 . ‘New Work Attitude Measures of Trust, Organizational Commitment and Personal Need Non-Fulfilment’ . Journal of Occupational Psychology , 53 : 39 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci , E.L. 1980 . The Psychology of Self-Determination , Lexington, Massachusetts : D.C. Heath .
   Google Scholar
• Deci , E.L. and Ryan , R.M. 1980 . “ ‘The Empirical Exploration of Intrinsic Motivational Processes’ ” . In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dubin , R. , Champoux , J. and Porter , L. 1975 . “ ‘Central Life Interests and Organizational Commitment of Blue-Collar and Clerical Workers’ ” . In Administrarive Science Quarterly Vol. 20 , 411 – 421 .
   Google Scholar
• French , E.G. 1957 . ‘Effects of Interaction of Achievement, Motivation, and Intelligence on Problem Solving Sucess’ . Journal of Applied Psychology , 12 : 399 – 400 .
   Google Scholar
• Hollenbeck , J.R. , Williams , C.R. and Klein , H.J. 1989 . ‘An Empirical Examination of the Antecedents of Commitment to Difficult Goals’ . Journal of Applied Psychology , 74 : 18 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanfer , R. 1992 . “ ‘Work Motivation: New Directions in Theory and Research’ ” . In International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology Vol. 7: , 1 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Kidron , A. 1978 . ‘Work Values and Organizational Commitment’ . Academyof Management Journal , 21 : 239 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiesler , C.A. 1978 . The Psychology of Commitment: Experiments Linking Belief to Behavior , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kopelman , R.E. and Thompson , P.H. 1976 . ‘Boundary Conditions for Expectancy Theory Predictions of Work Motivation and Job Performance’ . Academy of Management Journal , 9 : 1 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Landy , F.J. and Becker , W.S. 1987 . “ ‘Motivation Theory Reconsidered’ ” . In Research in Organizational Behavior Vol. 9 , 1 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Levine , D.I. and Tyson , L.D. 1990 . “ ‘Participation Productivity, and the Firm’s Environment’ ” . In Paying for productivity, A look at the evidence , Edited by: Bunder , A. Washington, District of Columbia : Brookings Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Lodahl , T. and Kejner , M. 1965 . ‘The Definition and Measurement of Job Involvement’ . Journal of Applied Psychology , 49 : 24 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathieu , J.E. and Zajac , D.M. 1990 . “ ‘A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences of Organizational Commitment’ ” . In Psychological Bulletin Vol. 108 , 171 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• McClelland , D.C. 1961 . The Achieving Society , New York : Van Nostrand .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , T.R. and Nebecker , D.M. 1973 . ‘Expectancy Theory Predictions of Academic Effort and Performance’ . Journal of Applied Psychology , 57 : 61 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer , J. 1994 . Competitive Advantage Through People , Boston, Massachusetts : Harvard Business School Press .
   Google Scholar
• Quinn , R.P. and Shepard , L.J. 1974 . The 1972–73 Quality of Employment Survey , Ann Arbor, Michigan : Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan .
   Google Scholar
• Rabinovitz , S. and Hall , D.T. 1977 . “ ‘Organizational Research on Job Involvement’ ” . In Psychological Bulletin Vol. 84 , 265 – 288 .
   Google Scholar
• Scholl , R.W. 1981 . “ ‘Differentiating Organizational Commitment from Expectancy as a Motivating Force’ ” . In Academy of Management Review Vol. 6 , 589 – 599 .
   Google Scholar
• Seashore , S.E. , Lawler , E.E. , Mirvis , P. and Cammann , C. 1982 . “ Observing and Measuring Organizational Change: A Guide to Field Practice ” . Edited by: Seashore , S.E. , Lawler , E.E. , Mirvis , P. and Cammann , C. New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , C.A. , Kopelman , R.E. and Schriesheim , C.A. 1991 . ‘Putting All One’s Eggs in the Same Basket: a Comparison of Commitment and Satisfaction Among Self- and Organizationally Employed Men’ . Journal of Applied Psychology , 77 : 738 – 743 .
   Google Scholar
• Vroom , V.H. 1960 . Some Personality Determinants of the Effects of Participation , Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Vroom , V.H. 1964 . Work and Motivation , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Wanous , J.P. , Keon , T.L. and Latack , J.C. 1983 . “ ‘Expectancy Theory and Occupational and Organizational Choices: A Review and Test’ ” . In Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance Vol. 32 , 66 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , P.M. , McMahan , G.C. and McWilliams , A. 1994 . ‘Human Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Resource Based Perspective’ . International Journal of Human Resource Management , 5 : 301 – 326 .
   Google Scholar