Another consequence of culture - intra-cultural variation

REFERENCES

• Au, K. and Leung, K. (1994) ' How Different is Cross-cultural Difference? A Monte Carlo Experiment', working paper. University of British Columbia.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Segall, M.H. and Dasen, P.R. (1992) Cross Cultural Psychology: Research and Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Block, J.H., Efthim, H.E. and Burns, R.B. (1989) Building Effective Mastery Learning Schools. New York: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Bock, P.K. (1988) Rethinking Psychological Anthropology: Continuity and Change in the Study of Human Action. New York: W.H. Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, M.H. (1988) 'Finding Universal Dimensions of Individual Variation in Multicultural Studies of Value: The Rokeach and Chinese Value Surveys', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55: 1009-15.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, M.H., Leung, K. and Wan, K.C. (1982) 'How Does Cultural Collectivism Operate? The Impact of Task and Maintenance Contribution on Reward Distribution', Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 13: 186-200.
   Google Scholar
• Buck, J.L. (1991) 'On Testing of Variance Effect', Teaching of Psychology 17: 255-6.
   Google Scholar
• Chinese Culture Connection (1987) 'Chinese Values and the Search for Culture-free Dimensions of Culture', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18: 143-64.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, A. (1982) 'Comparing Variances of Correlated Variables', Psychometrika, 51: 379-91.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Science, 2nd edn. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, T.H., Lobel, S.A. and McLeod, P.L. (1991) 'Effects of Ethnic Group Cultural Differences on Cooperative and Competitive Behaviour on a Group Task', Academy of Management Journal, 34: 827-47.
   Google Scholar
• Dansereau, F. and Markham, S. (1987) 'Levels of Analysis in Personnel and Human Resource Management', in Rowland, K. and Ferris, J. (eds) Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press, pp. 1-50.
   Google Scholar
• Barley, P.C. (1993) 'East Meets West Meets Mid-east: Further Explorations of Collectivistic and Individualistic Work Groups', Academy of Management Journal, 36: 319-48.
   Google Scholar
• Erez, M. and Earley, P.C. (1993) Culture, Self-identity and Work. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eylon, D. and Au, K.Y. (1994) Too Much of a Good Thing: The Empowerment-Power Distance Paradox', unpublished manuscript. University of Richmond.
   Google Scholar
• Fiske, S.T. and Taylor, S.E. (1991) Social Cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Frost, P.J., Moore, L.F., Louis, M.R., Lundberg, C.C. and Martin, J. (eds) (1991) Reframing Organizational Culture. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, NY: Anchor.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. (1980) Culture's Consequences. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. (1984) Culture's Consequences 2nd edn. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. (1991) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. London: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G., Bond, M.H. and Luk, C-L. (1993) 'Individual Perceptions of Organizational Cultures: A Methodological Treatise on Levels of Analysis', Organization Studies, 14: 483-503.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, C.-F. and Litzenberger, R.H. (1988) Foundations for Financial Economics. New York: North-Holland.
   Google Scholar
• Landauer, A.A., Harris, L.J. and Pocock, D.A. (1982) 'Inter-subject Variances as a Measure of Differences between Groups', International Review of Applied Psychology, 31: 417-23.
   Google Scholar
• Leung, K. (1989) 'Cross-cultural Differences: Individual-level vs. Culture-level Analysis', International Journal of Psychology, 24: 703-19.
   Google Scholar
• Leung, K. and Bond, M.H. (1989) 'On the Empirical Identification of Dimensions for Crosscultural Comparisons', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 20: 133-51.
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln, J.R. and Zeitz, G. (1980) 'Organizational Properties from Aggregate Data: Separating Individual and Structural Effects', American Sociological Review, 45: 391-408.
   Google Scholar
• Malpass, R. (1977) 'On the Theoretical Basis of Methodology: A Return to Basics'. In Poortinga, Y.H. (ed.) Basic Problems in Cross-cultural Psychology. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.
   Google Scholar
• Malpass, R. and Poortinga, Y.H. (1986) 'Strategies for Design and Analysis'. In Lonner, W.L. and Berry, J.W. (eds) Field Methods in Cross-cultural Research. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage, pp. 47-«3.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, J. and Meyerson, D. (1988) 'Organizational Cultures and the Denial, Channelling and Acknowledgement of Ambiguity'. In Pondy, L.R., Boland, Jr., R.J. and Thomas, H. (eds) Managing Ambiguity and Change. New York: Wiley, pp. 93-125.
   Google Scholar
• Meyerson, D. (1991) 'Acknowledging and Uncovering Ambiguities in Cultures'. In Frost, P.J. et al. (eds) Reframing Organizational Culture. Newbury Park: Sage, pp. 254-70.
   Google Scholar
• Murdock, O.P. (1949) Social Structure. New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien, R.G. (1981) 'A Simple Test for Variance Effects in Experimental Designs', Psychological Bulletin, 89: 570-74.
   Google Scholar
• Pelto, P.J. (1968) "The Differences between 'Tight" and "Loose" Societies', Trans-Action, 5(5): 37-40.
   Google Scholar
• Pielou, B.C. (1977) Mathematical Ecology. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Pugh, D.S. and Hickson, D.J. (1976) Organizational Structure in its Context: The Aston Programme I. London: Saxon House.
   Google Scholar
• Reed, S.K. (1972) 'Pattern Recognition and Categorization', Cognitive Psychology, 3: 382-407.
   Google Scholar
• Sandvik, L. and Olsson, B. (1982) ¢ nearly Distribution-free Test for Comparing Dispersion in Paired Samples', Biometrika, 69: 484-5.
   Google Scholar
• Schwanz, S.H. (1992) 'Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries'. In Zanna, M. (ed) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 25. Orlando, FL: Academic, pp. 1-64.
   Google Scholar
• Shane, S.A. (1992) "The Effect of Cultural Differences in Perceptions of Transaction Costs on National Differences in the Preference for Licensing', Management International Review, 32: 295-311.
   Google Scholar
• Shweder, R.A. (1972) "The Between and Within of Cross-cultural Research', Ethos, 1: 531-43.
   Google Scholar
• Shweder, R.A. (1979) 'Rethinking Culture and Personality Theory, Part I: A Critical Examination of Classical Postulates', Ethos, 7: 255-78.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, P.B., Misumi, J., Tayeb, M., Peterson, M. and Bond, M. (1989) 'On the Generality of Leadership Style Measures across Cultures', Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62: 97-109.
   Google Scholar
• Thorngate, W. (1975) 'Support Tests of Dispersion and Location Differences in Frequency Tables', Representative Research in Social Psychology, 6: 76-81.
   Google Scholar
• Triandis, H.C., Betancouit, H., Iwao, S., Leung, K., Salzar, J.M., Setiadi, B., Sinha, J.B.P., Touzard, H. and Zaleski, Z. (1994) 'An Etic Analysis of Individualism and Collectivism', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24: 366-83.
   Google Scholar
• Triandis, H.C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M.J., Asai, M. and Lucca, N. (1988) 'Individualism and Collectivism: Cross-cultural Perspectives on Self-group Relationships', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54: 323-38.
   Google Scholar
• Triandis, H.C., Leung, K., Villareal, M.J. and Clark, F. (1985) 'Allocentric versus Idiocentric Tendencies: Convergent and Discriminant Validation', Journal of Research in Personality, 19: 395-415.
   Google Scholar
• Van Maanen, J. and Barley, S.R. (1985) 'Cultural Organization: Fragments of a Theory'. In Frost, P.J., Moore, L.F., Louis, M.R., Lundberg, C.C. and Martin, J. (eds) Organizational Culture. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 27-53.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, A.F.C. (1970) Culture and Personality, 2nd edition. New York: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Whiting, J.W.M. and Child, I.L. (1953) Child Training and Personality: A Cross-cultural Study. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox, R.R. (1989) 'Comparing the Variances of Dependent Groups', Psychometrica, 54: 305-15.
   Google Scholar