3,055
Views
190
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Expatriate adjustment as a multifaceted phenomenon: individual and organizational level predictors

Pages 434-456 | Published online: 18 Feb 2011

REFERENCES

  • Abe, H. and Wiseman, R.L. (1983) 'A cross-cultural Confirmation of the Dimensions of Intercultural Effectiveness', International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 7: 53-88.
  • Adler, N.J. (1981) 'Reentry: Managing Cross-cultural Transitions', Group and Organizational Studies, 6(3): 341-56.
  • Adler, N.J. (1991) International Dimensions of Organizational Behaviour, Boston, Mass.: PWS-Kent.
  • Adler, S. (1996) 'Personality and Work Behaviour: Exploring the Linkages', Applied Psychology: An International Review, 45(3): 207-25.
  • Aycan, Z. and Berry, J.W. (1996) 'Impact of Employment-related Experiences on Immigrants', Psychological Well-being and Adaptation to Canada', Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 28(3): 240-51.
  • Bandura, A. (1977) Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Bardo, J.W. and Bardo, D.J. (1980) 'Dimensions of Adjustment for American Settlers in Melbourne, Australia", Multivariate Experimental Clinical Research, 5, 23-28.
  • Bell, L.G., Wicklund, R.A., Manko, G. and Larkin, C. (1976) 'When Unexpected Behaviour is Attributed to the Environment', Journal of Research on Personality, 10: 316-27.
  • Benson, P. (1978) 'Measuring Cross-cultural Adjustment: The Problem of Criteria', International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2: 21-37.
  • Berry, J.W. (1980) 'Social and Cultural Change'. In Triandis, H.C. and Brislin, R. (eds) Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology. Vol. 5. Boston, Mass.: Allyn & Bacon, pp. 211-79.
  • Berry, J.W. (1992) 'Acculturation and Adaptation in a New Society', International Migration Quarterly Review, 30: 69-87.
  • Berry, J.W. and Kim, U. (1988) 'Acculturation and Mental Health'. In Dasen, P.R., Berry, J.W. and Sartorious, N. (eds) Health and Cross-cultural Psychology: Towards Applications. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, pp. 207-38.
  • Berry, J.W., Kim, U., Minde, T. and Mok, D. (1987) 'Comparative Studies of Acculturative Stress', International Migration Review, 21: 491-511.
  • Bhagat, R.S. (1983) 'Effects of Stressful Life Events on Individual Performance Effectiveness and Work Adjustment Process within Organizational Settings: A Research Model', Academy of Management Review, 8(4): 660-71.
  • Black, J.S. (1987) 'Work Role Transitions: A Study of American Expatriate Managers in Japan', Journal of International Business Studies, 19: 277-94.
  • Black, J.S. (1990) "The Relationship of Personnel Characteristics with the Adjustment of Japanese Expatriate Managers', Management International Review, 30: 119-34.
  • Black, J.S. and Gregersen, H.B. (1991) 'Antecedents to Cross-cultural Adjustment for Expatriates in Pacific Rim Assignments', Human Relations, 44(5): 497-515.
  • Black, J.S. and Stephens, O.K. (1989) "The Influence of the Spouse on American Expatriate Adjustment in Pacific Rim Overseas Assignments', Journal of Management, 15: 529-44.
  • Black, J.S., Gregersen, H.B. and Mendehall, M.E. (1992) Global Assignments: Successfully Expatriating and Repatriating International Managers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Black, J.S., Mendenhall, M. and Oddou, G. (1991) Toward a Comprehensive Model of International Adjustment: An Integration of Multiple Theoretical Perspectives', Academy of Management Review, 16(2): 291-317.
  • Bochner, S., McLeod, B.M. and Lin, A. (1977) 'Friendship Patterns of Overseas Students: A Function Model', International Journal of Psychology, 12: 277-97.
  • Brewster, C. (1988) The Management of Expatriates: A Report on the Selection and Training of Expatriates by European MNC's (Monograph 2). Cranfield: Cranfield School of Management Human Resources Research Centre.
  • Brewster, C. (1991) The Mangement of Expatriates. London: Kogan Page.
  • Brewster, C. and Pickard, J. (1994) 'Evaluating Expatriate Training', International Studies of Management and Organization, 24(3): 18-35.
  • Brislin, R.W. (1981) Cross-cultural Encounter: Face-to-face Interaction. New York: Pergamon.
  • Buss, A.H. (1989) 'Personality as Traits', American Psychologist, 44: 1378-88.
  • Caligiuri, P.M. (1996) 'Validity Evidence for the Behavioural Openness Scale as a Measure to Predict Expatriate Adjustment', paper presented in Z. Aycan (Chair) 'Expatriates as Pioneers of International Business: Factors Influencing Adjustment and Performance', symposium conducted at the Fifth International Conference on Work Values and Behaviour, Montreal, Canada, 22-5 August.
  • Chatman, J. (1989) 'Improving International Organizational Research: A Model of Person-Organization Fit', Academy of Management Review, 14: 333-49.
  • Church, A.T. (1982) 'Sojourner Adjustment', Psychological Bulletin, 76: 215-30.
  • Coperland, L. and Griggs, L. (1985) Going International. New York: Random House.
  • Costa, P.T. (1996) 'Work and Personality: Use of the NEO-PI-R in Industrial/Organizational Psychology', Applied Psychology: An International Review, 45(3): 225-43.
  • Cox, T. (1994) Cultural Diversity in Organizations: Theory, Research and Practice. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
  • David, K.H. (1976) "The Use of Social Learning Theory in Preventing Intercultural Adjustment Problems'. In Pedersen, P., Lonner, W.J. and Draguns, J. (eds) Counselling across Cultures. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 123-37.
  • Davison, E.D. and Punnett, B.J. (1995) 'International Assignments: Is There a Role for Gender and Race in Decision?', International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6(2): 411-41.
  • Dawis, R.V. and Lofquist, L.H. (1984) A Psychological Theory of Adjustment. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press.
  • Deller, J.F. (1997) 'Possibilities and Limitations of Using Personality Scales in Intercultural Selection'. In Aycan, Z. (ed.) Expatriate Management: Theory and Research, New Approaches to Employee Management. Vol. 4. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.
  • Diaz-Guerrero, R. (1979) "The Development of Coping Style', Human Development, 22: 320-31.
  • Dowling, P.J. and Schuler, R.S. (1990) International Dimensions of Human Resource Management. Boston, Mass.: PWS-Kent.
  • Dunham, R.B., Grube, J.A. and Castaneda, M.B. (1994) Organizational Commitment: The Utility of an Integrative Definition', Journal of Applied Psychology, 37: 1568-87.
  • Feldman, D.C. (1981) "The Multiple Socialization of Organizational Members', Academy of Management Review, 6: 309-18.
  • Feldman, D.C. and Thomas, D.C. (1991) 'Career Management Issues Facing Expatriates', Journal of International Business Studies, 23(2): 271-93.
  • Fisher, C.D. and Gitelson, R. (1983) 'A Meta-analysis of the Correlates of Role Conflict and Ambiguity', Journal of Applied Psychology, 68: 320-33.
  • Forster, N. (1994) "The Forgotten Employees? The Experience of Expatriate Staff Returning to the UK', International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5: 405-24.
  • Gardner, G.H. (1962) 'Cross-cultural Communication', Journal of Social Psychology, 58: 241-56.
  • Gregersen, H.B. (1992) 'Commitments to a Parent Company and a Local Work Unit During Repatriation', Personnel Psychology, 45: 29-54.
  • Gregersen, H.B. and Black, S.J. (1990) 'Multifaceted Approach to Expatriate Retention in International Assignments', Group and Organizational Studies, 15(4): 461-85.
  • Gregersen, H.B. and Black, S.J. (1992) 'Antecedents to Commitment to a Parent Company and a Foreign Operation', Academy of Management Journal, 35(1): 65-90.
  • Gregersen, H.B., Black, S.J. and Hite, J.M. (1995) 'Expatriate Performance Appraisal: Principles, Practices, and Challenges'. In Selmer, J. (ed.) Expatriate Mangement: New Ideas for International Business. London: Quorum Books, pp. 173-97.
  • Guzzo, R.A., Noonan, K.A. and Elron, E. (1994) 'Expatriate Managers and the Psychological Contract', Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4): 617-26.
  • Hammer, M.R., Gudykunst, W.B. and Wiseman, R.L. (1978) 'Dimensions of Intercultural Effectiveness: An Exploratory Study', International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2: 382-93.
  • Hawes, F. and Kealey, D.J. (1981) 'An Empirical Study of Canadian Technical Assistants', International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 5: 239-58.
  • Heider, F. (1958) Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley.
  • Homans, G.C. (1958) 'Social Behaviour and Exchange', American Journal of Sociology, 63: 597-606.
  • Kanungo, R.N. and Hartwick, J. (1987) 'An Alternative to the Intrinsic-Extrinsic Dichotomy of Work Rewards', Journal of Management, 13: 751-6.
  • Kanungo, R.N. and Menon, S. (1995) 'Managerial Resourcefulness: Measuring a Critical Component in Leadership Role', paper presented at the Academy of Management Meeting, Vancouver, Canada.
  • Kanungo, R.N. and Misra, S. (1992) 'Managerial Resourcefulness: A Reconceptualization of Management Skills', Human Relations, 45(12): 1311-32.
  • Kealey, D.J. (1989) 'A Study of Cross-cultural Effectiveness', International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13: 387-428.
  • Kerr, S. (1975) On the Folly of Rewarding: A While Hoping for B', Academy of Management Journal, 18(4): 769-83.
  • Klein, K.J., Dansereau, F. and Hall, R.J. (1994) 'Levels Issues in Theory Development, Data Collection, and Analysis', Academy of Management Review, 19: 195-229.
  • Kopp, R. (1994) 'International Human Resource Policies and Practices in Japanese, European, and United States Multinationals', Human Resource Management, 33(4): 581-99.
  • Korabik, K. (1994) 'Strangers in a Strange Land: Women Managers and the Legitimization of Authority', SWAP Newsletter, 17(3): 26-34.
  • Lazarus, R.S. and Folkman, S. (1984) Stress, Appraisal and Coping. New York: Springer.
  • Lee, Y. and Larwood, L. (1983) 'The Socialization of Expatriate Managers in Multinational Firms', Academy Management Journal, 26(4): 657-65.
  • Mamman, A. (1995) 'Employee Intercultural Effectiveness in Multicultural Workplace: Theoretical Propositions, Strategies and Directions for Future Research', International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6(3): 528-45.
  • Mendenhall, M. and Oddou, G. (1985) "The Dimensions of Expatriate Acculturation: A Review', Academy of Management Review, 10: 39-48.
  • Mendenhall, M. and Oddou, G. (1988) "The Overseas Assignment: A Practical Look', Business Horizons, 31: 78-84.
  • Mendenhall, M., Dunbar, E. and Oddou, G.R. (1992) 'Expatriate Selection, Training, and Career-Pathing: A Review and Critique'. In Lane, H.W. and DiStefano, J.J. (eds) International Management Behaviour: From Policy to Practice. Boston, Mass.: PWS-Kent, pp. 245-59.
  • Meyer, J.P. and Allen, N.J. (1991) 'A Three-component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment', Human Resource Management Review, 1: 61-89.
  • Milliman, J., von Glinow, M.A. and Nathan, M. (1991) Organizational Life Cycle and Strategic International Human Resource Management in Multinational Companies: Implications for Congruence Theory', Academy of Management Review, 16(2): 318-39.
  • Moghaddam, F.M., Taylor, D.M. and Wright, S.C. (1993) Social Psychology in Cross-cultural Perspective. New York: W.H. Freeman.
  • Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M. (1982) Employee-Organization Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism, and Turnover. New York: Academic Press.
  • Munton, A. and Foster, N. (1993) Job Relocation: Managing People on the Move. London: Wiley.
  • Navahandi, A. and Malekzadeh, A.R. (1988) 'Acculturation in Mergers and Acquisitions', Academy of Management Review, 13(1): 79-90.
  • Naumann, E. (1992) 'A Conceptual Model of Expatriate Turnover', Journal of International Business Studies, 23(2): 499-531.
  • Naumann, E. (1993) 'Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction and Commitment among Expatriate Managers', Group and Organization Management, 18(2): 153-87.
  • Nicholson, N. (1984) 'A Theory of Work Role Transitions', Administrative Science Quarterly, 29: 172-91.
  • Ones, D.S. and Viswesvaran, C. (1997) 'Personality Determinants in the Prediction of Aspects of Expatriate Job Success'. In Aycan, Z. (ed.), Expatriate Management: Theory and Research, New Approaches to Employee Management. Vol. 4. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.
  • Parker, B. and McEvoy, G.M. (1993) 'Initial Examination of a Model of Intercultural Adjustment', International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 17: 355-79.
  • Perlmutter, H. and Heenan, D. (1979) Multinational Organization Development. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
  • Porter, L.W., Lawler, E.E. and Hackman, R. (1975) Behaviour in Organizations. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Punnett, B.J. and Ricks, D.A. (1992) International Business. Boston, Mass.: PWS-Kent.
  • Rosenzweig, P.M. and Singh, J.V. (1991) Organizational Environments and the Multinational Enterprise', Academy of Management Review, 16(2): 340-61.
  • Rousseau, D.M. (1985) 'Issues of Level in Organizational Research: Multi-level and Cross-level Perspectives', Research in Organizational Behaviour, 7: 1-37.
  • Ruben, B.D. and Kealey, D.J. (1979) 'Behavioral Assessment of Communication Competency and the Prediction of Cross-cultural Adaptation', International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 3: 15-47.
  • Shein, E.H. (1980) Organizational Psychology, 3rd edn. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Schuler, R.S., Dowling, P.J. and DeCieri, H. (1993) 'An Integrative Framework of Strategic International Human Resource Management', Journal of Management, 19(2): 419-59.
  • Searle, W. and Ward, C. (1990) 'The Prediction of Psychological and Socio-cultural Adjustment during Cross-cultural Transitions', International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14: 449-64.
  • Selmer, J. (1995) 'Expatriate Executive Succession'. In Seltner, J. (ed.) Expatriate Management: New Ideas for International Business. London: Quorum Books, pp. 73-95.
  • Selmer, J. and Luk, V. (1995) 'Expatriate Management Succession in Foreign Business Subsidiaries', Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 12(1): 91-100.
  • Sewell, W.H. and Davidsen, O.M. (1961) Scandinavian Students on an American Campus. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press.
  • Stening, B.W. and Hammer, M.R. (1992) 'Cultural Baggage and the Adaption of Expatriate American and Japanese Managers', Management International Review, 32: 77-89.
  • Stroh, L.K. (1995) 'Predicting Turnover among Repatriates: Can Organizations Affect Retention Rates? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6(2): 443-57.
  • Torbiorn, I. (1982) Living Abroad. New York: Wiley.
  • Tung, R.L. (1981) 'Selecting and Training for Overseas Assignments', Columbia Journal of World Business, 16(2): 68-78.
  • Tung, R.L: (1987) 'Expatriate Assignments: Enhancing Success and Minimizing Failure', Academy of Management Executive, 1(2): 117-26.
  • Vance, C.M. and Ring, P.S. (1994) 'Preparing the Host Country Workforce for Expatriate Managers: The Neglected Other Side of the Coin', Human Resource Development Quarterly, 5(4): 337-52.
  • Van Maanen, J. and Schein, E. (1979) Toward a Theory of Organizational Socialization". In Staw, B. (ed.) Research in Organizational Behaviour, Vol. 1. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.
  • Vicino, F.L. and Bass, B.M. (1978) 'Life Space Variables and Managerial Success', Journal of Applied Psychology, 63(1): 81-8.
  • Vroom, V.H. (1964) Work and Motivation. New York: Wiley.
  • Weissman, D. and Furnham, A. (1987) 'The Expectations and Experience of a Sojourning Temporary Resident Abroad: A Preliminary Study', Human Relations, 40: 313-26.
  • Wiener, Y. (1982) 'Commitment in Organizations: A Normative View', Academy of Management Review, 7: 418-28.
  • Zeira, Y. and Banai, M, (1985) 'Selection of Expatriate Managers in MNCs: The Host-environment Point of View', International Studies of Management and Organization, 15(1): 33-51.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.