Gender and public choice in rural India: can female leaders really influence local governance?

References

• Alley, H., 2011. The politics of devotional labor: women in the panchayat raj. Dissertation (BA). Wesleyan University, Middletown.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, J.M., 2005. The Kuhls of Kangra: community-managed irrigation in the western Himalaya. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ban, R. and Rao, V., 2006. Tokenism or agency? The impact of women's reservations on panchayats in South India. Economic development and cultural change, 56, 510–530.
   Google Scholar
• Bardhan, P. and Mookherjee, D., 2000. Capture and governance at local and national levels. American economic review, 90, 135–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu, A., 2003. Gender and governance: concepts and contexts. In: UNDP, ed. Essays on gender and governance. Delhi: UNDP, 20–58.
   Google Scholar
• Besley, T. and Coate, S., 1997. An economic model of representative democracy. The quarterly journal of economics, 112 (1), 85–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besley, T. et al., 2004. The politics of public good provision: evidence from Indian local governments. Journal of the European economics association, 2 (2–3), 416–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buch, N., 2000. Women's experience in new panchayats: the emerging leadership of rural women. Centre for Women's Development Study Occasional Paper No. 35.
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan, J.M. and Wagner, R.E., 1977. Democracy in deficit: the political legacy of Lord Keynes. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Campa, P., 2011. Gender quotas, female politicians and public expenditures: quasi-experimental evidence, Mimeo, Stockholm University.
   Google Scholar
• Census of India, Districts of Himachal Pradesh [online], 2011a. Available from: http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/districtlist/himachal+pradesh.html [Accessed 5 August 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Census of India, Kangra district: census 2011 data. [online], 2011b. Available from: http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/230-kangra.html [Accessed 5 August 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Chattopadhyay, R. and Duflo, E., 2004. Women as policy-makers: evidence from a randomized policy experiment in India. Econometrica, 72 (5), 1409–1443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleaver, F., 2000. Moral ecological rationality, institutions and the management of common property resources. Development and change, 31, 361–383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleaver, F., 2001. Institutions, agency and the limitations of participatory approaches to development. In: B. Cooke and U. Kothari, eds. Participation: the new tyranny? London/New York: Zed Books, 36–55.
   Google Scholar
• Clots-Figueras, I., 2011. Women in politics. Evidence from the Indian States. Journal of public economics, 95, 664–690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke, B., 2001. The social psychological limits of participation? In: B. Cookeand and U. Kothari, eds. Participation: the new tyranny? London/New York: Zed Books, 102–121.
   Google Scholar
• Dhameja, A., 2004. Droughts and floods: a case for ‘dying wisdom’. In: P. Sahni, A. Dhameja and U. Medury, eds. Disaster mitigation: experiences and reflections. Delhi: Prentice-Hall, 76–91.
   Google Scholar
• Downs, A., 1957. An economic theory of democracy. New York: Harper Collins.
   Google Scholar
• Downs, A., 1965. A theory of bureaucracy. The American economic review, 55, 439–446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duflo, E., 2005. Why political reservation? Journal of the European economic association, 3 (2–3), 668–678.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly, A.H., 1987. Sex differences in social behavior: a social-role interpretation. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira, F. and Gyourko, J., 2011. Does gender matter for political leadership? The case of U.S. mayors. Working Paper No. 17671. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Gouws, A., 1999. Beyond equality and difference: the politics of women's citizenship. Agenda, 40, 54–58.
   Google Scholar
• Government of India, 2012. Basic road statistics of India, 2008–09, 2009–10 & 2010–11. New Delhi: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Transport Research Wing.
   Google Scholar
• HP Planning, Education in Himachal Pradesh [online], 2010. Available from: http://hpplanning.nic.in/Education%20in%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf [Accessed 5 August 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Jayal, N.G., 2003. Locating gender in the governance discourse. In: Human Development Resource Centre, UNDP, ed. Essays on gender and governance. Delhi: UNDP, 96–134.
   Google Scholar
• Jayal, N.G., 2008. Engendering panchayats. In: B.G. McSweeney, ed. Another side of India: gender, culture and development. Paris: UNESCO, 2–7.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, R.A. and Schulman, G.I., 1989. Gender-role composition and role entrapment in decision-making groups. Gender and society, 3 (3), 355–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanter, R.M., 1977. Some effects of proportions on group life: skewed sex ratios and responses to token women. American journal of sociology, 82 (5), 965–990.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karakowsky, L. and Siegel, J.P., 1999. The effects of proportional representation and gender orientation of the task on emergent leadership behavior in mixed-gender work groups. Journal of applied psychology, 84 (4), 620–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karakowsky, L., McBey, K. and Miller, D.L., 2004. Gender, perceived competence, and power displays: examining verbal interruptions in a group context. Small group research, 35, 407–439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keynes, J.M., 1936. The general theory of employment, interest, and money. New York: Harcourt.
   Google Scholar
• Khanna, P., How secure is National Rural Employment Guarantee as a safety net [online]. Global Labour University. Available from: http://www.global-labour-university.org/fileadmin/GLU_conference_2010/papers/52._How_Secure_is_National_Rural_Employement_Guarantee_as_a_Safety_Net.pdf [Accessed 5 July 2011] 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Kolb, D.M. and Coolidge, G.G., 2001. Her place at the table: a consideration of gender issues in negotiation. In: I. Asherman and S. Asherman, eds. Negotiation sourcebook. 2nd ed. Amherst, MA: Human Resource Development Press, 259–276.
   Google Scholar
• Lehman Schlozman, K. et al., 1995. Gender and citizen participation: is there a different voice? American journal of political science, 39 (2), 267–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maznevski, M.L., 1994. Understanding our differences: performance in decision-making groups with diverse members. Human relations, 47 (5), 531–552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MGNREGA Website. Available from: http://nrega.nic.in/netnrega/home.aspx [Accessed 10 August 2011].
   Google Scholar
• Mukherjee, S. and Ghosh, S., What determines the success and failure of ‘100 days work’ at the panchayat level? A study of Birbhum district in West Bengal. Occasional Paper 16, Institute of Development Studies Kolkata 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Mumtaz, K., 2005. Women's representation, effectiveness and leadership in South Asia. Paper presented at the Fifth South Asia Regional Ministerial Conference: celebrating Beijing plus ten, 3–5 May, Islamabad, Pakistan.
   Google Scholar
• Mosse, D., 2001. ‘People's knowledge’, participation and patronage: operations and representations in rural development. In: B. Cooke and U. Kothari, eds. Participation: the new tyranny? London/New York: Zed Books, 16–35.
   Google Scholar
• Osborne, M.J. and Slivinsky, A., 1996. A model of political competition with citizen-candidates. Quarterly journal of economics, 111 (1), 65–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E., 1990. Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E., 1996. Crossing the great divide: coproduction, synergy and development. World development, 24, 1073–1087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, S., 2008. She's in charge now: an examination of women's leadership in the panchayati raj institutions in Karnataka, India. In: B.G. McSweeney, ed. Another side of India: gender, culture and development. Paris: UNESCO, 8–29.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, A., 1994. Dealing with difference: a politics of ideas or a politics of presence? Constellations, 1 (1), 88–91.
   Google Scholar
• Pratto, F. and Stallworth, L.M., 1997. The gender gap: differences in political attitudes and social dominance orientation. British journal of social psychology, 36, 49–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRIA, 2003. Women leaders in panchayats. New Delhi: PRIA.
   Google Scholar
• Raabe, K., Sekher, M. and Birner, R., 2009. The effects of political reservations for women on local governance and rural service provision. Survey evidence from Karnataka. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. Discussion Paper No. 00878.
   Google Scholar
• Raman, V., 2002. The implementation of quotas for women: the Indian experience. In: Regional workshop on the implementation of quotas: Asian experience, 24 December Jakarta: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
   Google Scholar
• Rehavi, M.M., 2007. Sex and politics: do female legislators affect state spending? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, K., 2004. From representation to presence. The paradox of power and powerlessness. In: D. Bandyopadhyay, A. Mukkherjee, Rajiv Gandhi Foundation and Task Force on Panchayati Raj, eds. New Issues in panchayati raj. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 48–66.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, N., 2006. Women women's participation in local water governance: understanding institutional contradictions. Gender technology and development, 10, 61–76.
   Google Scholar
• Tambiah, Y., 2003. The impact of gender inequality on governance. In: Human Development Resource Centre, ed. Essays on gender and governance. Delhi: UNDP, 60–95.
   Google Scholar
• Vyasulu, P. and Vyasulu, V., 1999. Women in panchayati raj: grass roots democracy in Malgudi. Economic and political weekly, 34 (52), 3677–3686.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank, Watershed project to benefit millions in the Shivalik Hills of India [online]. Available from: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/0,contentMDK:20012852 ∼menuPK:64282137∼pagePK:41367∼piPK:279616∼theSitePK:40941,00.html [Accessed 5 August 2013] 1999.
   Google Scholar