563
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

COVID-19 stress, health issues, and correlations with different genders and age groups

ORCID Icon &
Pages 726-741 | Received 17 Dec 2020, Accepted 07 Jun 2021, Published online: 07 Jul 2021

References

  • American College Health Association (ACHA. (2018). American college health association-national college health assessment ii: Reference group executive summary Fall 2017. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association.
  • Baker, S., Bloom, N., Davis, S. J., Kost, K., Sammon, M., & Viratyosin, T. (2020). The unprecedented stock market reaction to COVID-19. COVID Economics: Vetted and Real-Time Papers, 1(3), 1–12.
  • Baldwin, R., & Weder di Mauro, B. (2020). Introduction. In R. Baldwin, L. Weder Di Bishop-fitzpatrick, C. A. Mazefsky, & S. M. Eack Eds., The combined impact of social support and perceived stress on quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorder and without intellectual disability. Autism (Vol. 22, 703–711). 2018.
  • Baloran, E. (2020). Knowledge, Attitudes, Anxiety, and Coping Strategies of Students during COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 25(8), 635–642. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1769300.
  • Banham, K. M. (1951). Senescence and the emotions: A genetic theory. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 78, 175–183.
  • Betron, M., Gottert, A., Pulerwitz, J., Shattuck, D., & Stevanovic-Fenn, N. (2020). Men and COVID-19: Adding a gender lens. Global Public Health, 15(7), 1090–1092.
  • Bishop-Fitzpatrick, L., Mazefsky, C.A., & Eack, S.M. (2018). The combined impact of social support and perceived stress on quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorder and without intellectual disability. Autism, 22(6), 703–711. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361317703090. Epub 2017 Jun 30. PMID: 28666391; PMCID: PMC5711618.
  • Blasko, Z., Papadimitriou, E. and Manca, A.R. (2020). How will the COVID-19 crisis affect existing gender divides in Europe, EUR 30181 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2020, ISBN 978-92-76-18170-5, doi:https://doi.org/10.2760/37511, JRC120525
  • Blithe, S., & Elliott, M. (2020). Gender inequality in the academy: Microaggressions, work-life conflict, and academic rank. Journal of Gender Studies, 29(7), 751–764.
  • Bolino, M. C., & Turnley, W. H. (2005). The personal costs of citizenship behavior: The relationship between individual initiative and role overload, job stress, and work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 740–748.
  • Brooks, S., Webster, R., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Green- Berg, H., & Rubin, G. L. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395, 912–920.
  • Brose, A., Schmiedek, F., Lövdén, M., & Lindenberger, U. (2011). Normal aging dampens the link between intrusive thoughts and negative affect in reaction to daily stressors. Psychology and Aging, 26(2), 488–502.
  • Bu, F., Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. (2020). Loneliness during lockdown: Trajectories and predictors during the COVID-19 pandemic in 35,712 adults in the UK. medRxiv. doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.29.20116657
  • Buellens, K., & Schepers, A. (2013). Display of alcohol use on Facebook. A Content Analysis. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networks, 16(7), 497–503.
  • Buhler, C. (1935). The curve of life as studied in biographies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1, 184–211.
  • Buker, H. and Wiecko, F. (2007). Are causes of police stress global? Testing the effects of common police stressors on the Turkish National Police. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 30(2), 291–309.
  • Carstensen, L. L. (1995). Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity. Current Directions in Psychological Science (Wiley-blackwell), 4(5), 151–156.
  • Carstensen, L. L. (2006). The Influence of a Sense of Time on Human Development. Science, 312(5782), 1913–1915.
  • Carstensen, L. L., Fung, H. H., & Charles, S. T. (2003). Socioemotional Selectivity Theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 103–123.
  • CDC (2020). COVID-19 Hospitalization and Death by Age. August 18, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/COVID-data/investigations-discovery/hospitalization-death-by-age.html
  • CDC (2021). Provisional Mortality Data — United States, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7014e1.htm
  • Charles, S. T. (2005). Viewing injustice: Greater emotion heterogeneity with age. Psychology and Aging, 20(1), 159–164.
  • Charles, S. T. (2010). Strength and vulnerability integration: A model of emotional well-being across adulthood. Psychological Bulletin, 136(6), 1068–1091.
  • Charles, S. T., Piazza, J., Luong, G., & Almeida, D. M. (2009). Now you see it, now you don’t: Age differences in affective reactivity to social tensions. Psychology & Aging, 24(3), 645–653.
  • Charles, S. T., & Piazza, J. R. (2007). Memories of social interactions: Age differences in emotional intensity. Psychology and Aging, 22(2), 300–309.
  • Charles, S. T., & Piazza, J. R. (2009). Age differences in affective wellbeing: Context matters. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 711–724. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00202.x
  • Charles, S. T., Reynolds, C. A., & Gatz, M. (2001). Age-related differences and change in positive and negative affect over 23 years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), 136–151.
  • Chua, S., Cheung, V., McAlonan, G., Cheung, C., Wong, J., Cheung, E., … Tsang, K. (2004). Stress and psychological impact on SARS patients during the outbreak. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49(6), 385–390.
  • Cohen, S. & Janicki-Deverts, D. (2012). Who’s stressed? Distributions of psychological stress in the United States in probability samples from 1983, 2006, and 2009. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,42(6), 1320–1334. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00900.x
  • Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., & Miller, G. E. (2007). Psychological stress and disease. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298(14), 1685–1687.
  • Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A Global Measure of Perceived Stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396.
  • Conn, C., & McLean, R. (2020) Six problem-solving mindsets for very uncertain times. McKinsey Report. Retrived from https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/six-problem-solving-mindsets-for-very-uncertain-times
  • del Rio-Chanona, R. M., Mealy, P., Pichler, A., Lafond, F., & Farmer, J. D. (2020). Supply and demand shocks in the COVID-19 pandemic: an industry and occupation perspective. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, graa033. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/graa033
  • Derogatis, L., & Savitz, K. (1999). The SCL-90-R, brief symptom inventory and matching clinical rating scales. In M. Maruish (Ed.), The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment, Planning and Outcomes Assessment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
  • Diener, E., & Suh, M. E. (1998). Subjective well-being and age: An international analysis. In K. W. Schaie & M. P. Lawton (Eds.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics: Vol. 17. Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics. Focus on emotion and adult development (pp. 304–324). Springer Publishing Company.
  • Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1997). Measuring quality of life: Economic, social, and subjective indicators. Social Indicators Research, 40(1–2), 189–216.
  • Dong, L., & Bouey, J. (2020). Public mental health crisis during COVID-19 pandemic, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(7), 1616–1618. Advance online publication. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.202407
  • Elliott, M., & Lowman, J. (2015). Education, income and alcohol misuse: A stress process model. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(1), 19–26.
  • Ellis, W., Dumas, T., & Forbes, L. (2020). Physically isolated but socially connected: Psychological adjustment and stress among adolescents during the initial COVID-19 crisis. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 52(3), 177–187.
  • Ermasova, N., Cross, A. D., & Ermasova, E. (2020). Perceived stress and coping among law enforcement officers: An empirical analysis of patrol versus non-patrol officers in Illinois, USA. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 35(1), 48-63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-019-09356-z
  • Forsythe, C.J. & Compas, B.E. (1987). Interaction of cognitive appraisals of stressful events and coping: Testing the goodness of fit hypothesis. Cognitive Theoretical Research, 11, 473–485. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01175357
  • Franz, D., Marsh, H., Chen, J., & Teo, A. (2019). Using Facebook for qualitative research: A brief primer. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(8), e13544.
  • González-Sanguino, C., Ausín, B., castellanos, M. Á., Saiz, J., López-Gómez, A., Ugidos, C., & Muñoz, M. (2020). Mental Health Consequences during the Initial Stage of the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 172–176. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.040
  • Hall, C. (2018). It is Tough Being a Black Woman: Intergenerational Stress and Coping. Journal of Black Studies, 49(5), 481–501.
  • Hammen, C. (2005). Stress and depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 293–319.
  • Harries, A., & Takarinda, K. C. (2020). F1000 Prime recommendation of characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China. Summary of a report of 72,314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. F1000 - Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature. Advance Online Publication. Retrieved from. doi: https://doi.org/10.3410/f.737420993.793572382.
  • He, N., Zhao, J., & Archbold, C. (2002). Gender and Police Stress: The Convergent and Divergent Impact of Work Environment, Work-Family Conflict, and Stress Coping Mechanisms of Female and Male Police Officers. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 25(4), 687–708.
  • Heijnen, C. J., & Kavelaars, A. (2005). Psychoneuroimmunology and chronic autoimmune diseases: Rheumatoid arthritis. In K. Vedhara & M. Irwin (Eds.), Human Psychoneuroimmunology (pp. 195–218). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Holmes, E., O’Connor, R., Perry, H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., & Ballard, C. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 547–560.
  • Im, K., Lee, J., Lee, J, Shin, Y., Kim, I., Kwon, J., & Kim, S. (2006). Gender difference analysis of cortical thickness in healthy young adults with surface-based methods. Neuroimage, 31(1), 31–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.042.
  • Kent, E., Prestin, A., Gaysynsky, A., Galica, K., Rinker, R., Graff, K., & Chou, W. (2016). “Obesity is the New Major Cause of Cancer”: Connections Between Obesity and Cancer on Facebook and Twitter. Journal of Cancer Education, 31(3), 453–459.
  • Kessler, R. C. (1997). The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annual Review of Psychology, 48(1), 191–214.
  • Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Loving, T. J., Stowell, J. R., Malarkey, W. B., Lemeshow, S., Dickinson, S. L., & Glaser, R. (2005). Hostile Marital Interactions, Proinflammatory Cytokine Production, and Wound Healing. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(12), 1377–1384.
  • Krantz, D. S., & McCeney, M. K. (2002). Effects of psychological and social factors on organic disease: A critical assessment of research on coronary heart disease. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 341–369.
  • Kraus, S., Clauss, T., Breier, M., Gast, J., Zardini, A., Tiberius, V. (2020) The economics of COVID-19: Initial empirical evidence on how family firms in five European countries cope with the corona crisis. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Researсh. Retrieved from from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340916762_The_economics_of_COVID-19_Initial_empirical_evidence_on_how_family_firms_in_five_European_countries_cope_with_the_corona_crisis [ accessed June 10 2020]
  • Kunzmann, U., Little, T. D., & Smith, J. (2000). Is age-related stability of subjective well-being a paradox? Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the Berlin Aging Study. Psychology and Aging, 15(3), 511–526. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.15.3.511
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
  • Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 Epidemic Declaration on Psychological Consequences: A Study on Active Weibo Users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 2032.
  • Mazure, C. M. (1998). Life stressors as risk factors in depression. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5, 291–313.
  • McEwen, B. (2002). The end of stress as we know it. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry.
  • McKibbin, W. J., & Fernando, R. (2020). The Global Macroeconomic Impacts of COVID-19: Seven Scenarios. Brookings Institution: Washington, DC.
  • McKinsey&Company (2020). Women in the workplace 2020. Retrieved from https://wiw-report.s3.amazonaws.com/Women_in_the_Workplace_2020.pdf
  • Miller, G. E., & Cohen, S. (2005). Infectious disease and psychoneuroimmunology. In K. Vedhara & M. Irwin (Eds.), Human psychoneuroimmunology (pp. 219–242). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Monroe, S. M., & Simons, A. D. (1991). Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 110(3), 406–425.
  • Mroczek, D., & Spiro, A. (2003). Modeling intraindividual change in personality traits: Findings from the normative aging study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 58(3), 153–165.
  • Mroczek, D. K. (2001). Age and emotion in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(3), 87–90.
  • Muellbauer, J. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic and U.S. consumption. INET Oxford COVID-19 Blog. 23 March 2020.
  • Nielsen (2019). The Nielsen total audience report, Q12019. The Nielsen Company (U.S.), LLC. Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.mediapost.com/uploads/NielsenTotalAudienceReportQ12019.pdf
  • Nielsen, N. R., Kristensen, T. S., Schnohr, P., & Gronbaek, M. (2008). Perceived Stress and Cause-specific Mortality among Men and Women: Results from a Prospective Cohort Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 168(5), 481–491.
  • Olpin, M. (1996). Perceived stress levels and sources of stress among college students: Methods, Frequency, and Effectiveness of Managing Stress by College Students. Sothern Illinois University. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses
  • Park, S. H., Song, Y. J. C., Demetriou, E. A., Pepper, K. L., Norton, A., Thomas, E. E., & Hickie, I. B. (2019). Disability, functioning, and quality of life among treatment-seeking young autistic adults and its relation to depression, anxiety, and stress. Autism, 23(7), 1675–1686.
  • Pedersen, E., Helmuth, E., Marshall, G., Schell, T., PunKay, M., & Kurz, J. (2015). Using Facebook to recruit young adult veterans: Online mental health research. JMIR Research Protocols, 4(2), 2.
  • Perrewé, P., Rosen, C., & Halbesleben, J. (Eds). (2014). The Role of Demographics in Occupational Stress and Well Being (Vol. 12). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
  • Piotrkowski, C. S., & Brannen, S. J. (2002). Exposure, threat appraisal, and lost confidence as predictors of PTSD symptoms following September 11, 2001. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72(4), 476–485.
  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Journal of Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–407.
  • Robertson, E., Hershenfield, K., Grace, S. L., & Stewart, D. E. (2004). The psychosocial effects of being quarantined following exposure to SARS: A qualitative study of Toronto health care workers. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49(6), 403–407.
  • Rocke, C., Li, S., & Smith, J. (2009). Intraindividual Variability in Positive and Negative Affect Over 45 Days: Do Older Adults Fluctuate Less Than Young Adults? Psychology and Aging, 24(4), 863–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016276
  • Scott, S., Sliwinski, M., & Fields, F. (2013). Age differences in emotional responses to daily stress: The role of timing, severity, and global perceived stress. Psychology and Aging, 28(4), 1076–1087.
  • Scott, S. B., Ram, N., Smyth, J. M., Almeida, D. M., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2017). Age differences in negative emotional responses to daily stressors depend on time since event. Developmental Psychology, 53(1), 177–190.
  • Shelef, L., & Zalsman, G. (2020). [THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MENTAL HEALTH - LITERATURE REVIEW]. Harefuah, 159(5), 320–325.
  • Stawski, R.S., Almeida, D.M., Lachman, M.E., Tun, P.A. & Rosnick, C.B. (2010). Fluid cognitive ability is associated with greater exposure and smaller reactions to daily stressors. Psychol Aging, 25(2), 330–342. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018246.
  • Stotland, E. (1991). The effects of police work and professional relationships on health. Journal of Criminal Justice, 19(4), 371–379.
  • Sumner, J. A., Colich, N. L., Uddin, M., Armstrong, D., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019). Early experiences of threat, but not deprivation, are associated with accelerated biological aging in children and adolescents. Biological Psychiatry, 85, 268–278.
  • Szabo, A., Ábel, K., & Boros, S. (2020). Attitudes toward COVID-19 and stress levels in Hungary: Effects of age, perceived health status, and gender. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(6), 572–575.
  • Uchino, B. N., Berg, C. A., Smith, T. W., Pearce, G., & Skinner, M. (2006). Age-related differences in ambulatory blood pressure during daily stress: Evidence for greater blood pressure reactivity with age. Psychology and Aging, 21(2), 231–239.
  • Umucu, E., Iwanaga, K., Wu, J.-R., Brooks, J. M., Ditchman, N., Flowers- Benton, S., & Chan, F. (2018). Preliminary validation of a short form of the perceived stress questionnaire for use in clinical rehabilitation counseling research and practice. Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education, 32(4), 232–243.
  • Virusncov (2021). COVID-19 Coronavirus – Update, Last updated: 2020-4-11 Retrieved April 11, 2021, from http://www.virusncov.com
  • Wenham, C., Smith, J., & Morgan, R. (2020). Gender and COVID-19 Working Group. COVID-19: the gendered impacts of the outbreak. Lancet, 395(10227), 846–848. Epub 2020 Mar 6. PMID: 32151325; PMCID: PMC7124625. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30526-2.
  • Wenzel, M., Stanske, S., & Lieberman, M. B. (2020). Strategic responses to crisis. Strategic Management Journal. Retrieved from. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3161.
  • WHO. (2020a). “Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) SITUATION REPORT – 1. Geneva: Nover Coronavirus: World Health Organisation, World Health Organization.
  • WHO. (2020b). “Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) SITUATION REPORT – 5”, Nover Coronavirus: World Health Organisation. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • WHO. (2020c). “Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) SITUATION REPORT – 11”, Nover Coronavirus:World Health Organisation. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • WHO. (2020d). “Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) SITUATION REPORT – 51”, Nover Coronavirus:World Health Organisation. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • WHO. (2020e). “Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) SITUATION REPORT – 63”, Nover Coronavirus:World Health Organisation. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Wrzus, C., Müller, V., Wagner, G. G., Lindenberger, U., & Riediger, M. (2013). Affective and cardiovascular responding to unpleasant events from adolescence to old age: Complexity of events matters. Developmental Psychology, 49(2), 384–397.
  • Zacher, H., Feldman, D. C., & Schulz, H. (2014). Age, occupational strain, and well-being: A person-environment fit perspective. In P. L. Perrewé, C. C. Rosen, & J. R. B. Halbesleben (Eds.), Research in occupational stress and well-being: Vol. 12. The role of demographics in occupational stress and well being (pp. 83–111). Emerald Group Publishing.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.