Shapeshifter of Somalia: Evolution of the Political Territoriality of Al-Shabaab

References

• Agnew, John. Globalization and Sovereignty. Plymouth: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, David M., and Jacob McKnight. ‘Kenya at War: Al-Shabaab and Its Enemies in Eastern Africa.’ African Affairs 454, no. 114 (2014): 1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, Eiki, and Ene Kuusk. ‘What Makes Sovereignty a Relative Concept? Empirical Approaches to International Society.’ Political Geography 29, no. 1 (2010): 40–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruton, Bronwyn E. Somalia: A New Approach. New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Bryden, Matt. ‘The Reinvention of Al-Shabaab: A Strategy of Choice or Necessity?’ February 2014, accessed 13 October 2015. http://csis.org/files/publication/140221_Bryden_ReinventionOfAlShabaab_Web.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Curran, Cody. ‘Global Ambitions: An Analysis of Al-Shabaab’s Evolving Rhetoric’. 17 February 2011, accessed 18 September 2015. http://www.criticalthreats.org/somalia/global-ambitions-analysis-al-shabaabs-evolving-rhetoric-february-17-2011.
   Google Scholar
• Garnstein-Ross, Daveed. ‘The Strategic Challenge of Somalia’s Al-Shabaab: Dimensions of Jihad.’ The Middle East Quarterly 16, no. 4 (2009): 25–36.
   Google Scholar
• Gartzke, Erik. ‘Globalization, Economic Development, and Territorial Conflict.’ In Territoriality and Conflict in an Era of Globalization, edited by Miles Kahler and Barbara F Walter, 156–186. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Goemans, Hans. ‘Bounded Communities: Territoriality, Territorial Attachment, and Conflict.’ In Territoriality and Conflict in an Era of Globalization, edited by Miles Kahler and Barbara F Walter, 25–61. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Gurr, Ted Robert. ‘Peoples Against States: Ethnopolitical Conflict and the Changing World System’. International Studies Quarterly 38 (1994): 347–377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, Stig Jarle. Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group, 2005–12. London: Hurst and Company, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, Dominic D. P. and Monica Duffy Toft. ‘Grounds for War: The Evolution of Territorial Conflict’. International Security 38, no. 3 (2013/14): 7–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, Ron. ‘Out of the “Moribund Backwater”: Territory and Territoriality in Political Geography.’ Political Geography 20, no. 6 (2001): 677–693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahler, Miles. ‘Territoriality and Conflict in an Era of Globalization.’ In Territoriality and Conflict in an Era of Globalization, edited by Miles Kahler and Barbara F Walter, 1–23. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Kambere, Geoffrey. ‘Financing Al-Shabaab: The Vital Port of Kismayo’. August 2012, accessed 25 October 2015. https://globalecco.org/financing-al-shabaab-the-vital-port-of-kismayo.
   Google Scholar
• Korbin, Stephen J. ‘Back to the Future: Neomedievalism and the Postmodern Digital World Economy.’ Journal of International Affairs 51, no. 2 (1998): 367–409.
   Google Scholar
• Marchal, Roland. ‘A Tentative Assessment of the Somali Harakat Al-Shabaab.’ Journal of Eastern African Studies 3, no. 3 (2009): 381–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFate, Sean. The Modern Mercenary: Private Armies and What They Mean for World Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Menkhaus, Ken. ‘Al-Shabab’s Capabilities Post-Westgate.’ CTC Sentinel 7, no. 2 (2014): 4–9.
   Google Scholar
• Menkhaus, Ken. ‘The Crisis in Somalia: Tragedy in Five Acts.’ African Affairs 106, no. 424 (2007): 357–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menkhaus, Ken. ‘Governance without Government in Somalia: Spoilers, State Building, and the Politics of Coping.’ International Security 31, no. 3 (2007): 74–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menkhaus, Ken, and Jacob N. Shapiro. ‘Non-State Actors and Failed States: Lessons from Al-Qa’ida’s Experiences in the Horn of Africa.’ In Ungoverned Space: Alternatives to State Authority in an Era of Softened Sovereignty, edited by Anne L Clunan and Harold A Trinkunas, 77–94. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, Martin N. Somalia: The New Barbary?: Piracy and Islam in the Horn of Africa. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Mwangi, Oscar Gakuo. ‘State Collapse, Al Shabaab, Islamism, and Legitimacy in Somalia’. Politics, Religion, and Ideology 13, no.4 (2012): 513–527.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, Rick and Thomas M. Sanderson. ‘Al Shabaab’. July 2011, accessed 20 September 2015. http://csis.org/files/publication/110715_Wise_AlShabaab_AQAM%20Futures%20Case%20Study_WEB.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, David. ‘The Resilience of Territorial Conflict in an Era of Globalization.’ In Territoriality and Conflict in an Era of Globalization, edited by Miles Kahler and Barbara F Walter, 85–110. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Riegl, Martin. ‘Terminologie kvazistátů.’ [Typology of quasi-states] Acta politologica 2, no. 1 (2010): 57–71.
   Google Scholar
• Sack, Robert D. ‘Human Territoriality: A Theory.’ Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73, no. 1 (1983): 55–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sack, Robert D. Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Shinn, David. ‘Al-Shabaab’s Foreign Threat to Somalia’. Foreign Policy Research Institute (2011), http://www.fpri.org/docs/media/alshabaab.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Shortland, Anja, and Sarah Percy. ‘Governance, Naval Intervention and Piracy in Somalia.’ Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy 19, no. 2 (2013): 275–283.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, Hussein. ‘Somalia’s Al-Shabaab: Clans vs Islamist Nationalism.’ South African Journal of International Affairs 21, no. 3 (2014): 351–366.
   Google Scholar
• Staniland, Paul. Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion and Collapse. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, Mathew J. ‘Exposing and Exploiting Weaknesses in the Merger of Al-Qaeda and Al-Shabaab.’ Small Wars and Insurgencies 24, no. 3 (2013): 413–435.
   Google Scholar
• Toft, Monica Duffy. The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests and the Indivisibility of Territory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Security Council. ‘Letter dated 10 December 2008 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia addressed to the President of the Security Council’. 10 December 2008, accessed 25 October 2015. http://www.poa-iss.org/CASAUpload/ELibrary/S_2008_769_Monitoring_Dec_2008.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Security Council, ‘Letter dated 10 October 2014 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council’. 13 October 2014, accessed 25 October 2015. http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27–4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/S_2014_726.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Vollaard, Hans. ‘The Logic of Political Territoriality.’ Geopolitics 14, no. 4 (2009): 687–706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, Paul D. ‘After Westgate: Opportunities and Challenges in the War Against Al-Shabaab.’ International Affairs 90, no. 4 (2014): 907–923.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, Phil. Violent Non-State Actors and National and International Security. Zurich: The International Relations and Security Network, 2008. http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?id=93880
   Google Scholar
• Zaidi, Iqtidar H. ‘Toward a Measure of the Functional Effectiveness of a State: The Case of West Pakistan.’ Annals of the Association of American Geographers 56, no. 1 (1966): 52–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar