Bibliography
- Aarabi, Kasra. “Beyond Borders: The Expansionist Ideology of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.” Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. 2020 Accessed 3 June 2021. https://institute.global/policy/beyond-borders-expansionist-ideology-irans-islamic-revolutionary-guard-corps.
- Ahmadian, Hassan, and Payam Mohseni. “Iran’s Syria Strategy: The Evolution of Deterrence.” International Affairs 95, no. 2 (2019): 341–364. doi:10.1093/ia/iiy271.
- Al-Khafaji, Haydar. “Internal Divisions within the Popular Mobilisation Forces: The Case of the Abbas Combat Division.” LSE Middle East Centre. 2019 Accessed 14 April 2021. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2019/01/16/internal-divisions-within-the-popular-mobilisation-forces-the-case-of-the-abbas-combat-division/.
- Al-Nidawi, Omar. “The Growing Economic and Political Role of Iraq’s PMF.” Middle East Institute. 2019 Accessed 14 April 2021. https://www.mei.edu/publications/growing-economic-and-political-role-iraqs-pmf.
- Al-Salhy, Suadad. “Iraqi Shia Leader Sistani Moves to Break Iran’s Grip over Militia Movement.” Middle East Eye. 2020 Accessed 3 June 2021. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/revealed-iraqi-shia-leader-sistani-moves-break-irans-grip-over-militia-movement.
- Alaca, Mehmet. “Sistani versus Khamenei on Iraq’s Hashd al-Sha’abi”. London School of Economics and Political Science. 2020 Accessed 25 March 2021. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2020/04/03/sistani-versus-khamenei-on-iraqs-hashd-al-shaabi/.
- Alden, Chris, and Amnon Aran. Foreign Policy Analysis: New Approaches. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2016.
- Aman, Fatemeh. “Iran’s Uneasy Relationship with Its Sunni Minority.” Middle East Institute. 2016 Accessed 3 September 2020. https://www.mei.edu/publications/irans-uneasy-relationship-its-sunni-minority.
- Arango, Tim, James Risen, Farnaz Fassihi, Ronen Bergman, and Murtaza Hussain. “A Spy Complex Revealed - Leaked Intelligence Reports Expose How Iran Dominates Iraq.” The Intercept. 2019a Accessed 25 February 2021. https://theintercept.com/2019/11/18/iran-iraq-spy-cables/.
- Arango, Tim, James Risen, Farnaz Fassihi, Ronen Bergman, and Murtaza Hussain. “The Iran Cables: Secret Documents Show How Tehran Wields Power in Iraq.” The New York Times, 2019b. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/18/world/middleeast/iran-iraq-spy-cables.html.
- Azizi, Hamidreza. “Challenges to Iran’s Role in Iraq in the Post-Soleimani Era - Complex Rivalries, Fragmented Alliances, Declining Soft Power.” Stiftung Wissenschaft Und Politik. 2021a Accessed 30 November 2021. https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/challenges-to-irans-role-in-iraq-in-the-post-soleimani-era.
- Badawi, Tamer. “Kadhimi’s Push Against Iran-Supported Paramilitaries.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2020 Accessed 11 May 2021. https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/82716.
- Behravesh, Maysam. “Iran’s Unconventional Alliance Network in the Middle East and Beyond.” Middle East Institute. 2020 Accessed 29 January 2021. https://www.mei.edu/publications/irans-unconventional-alliance-network-middle-east-and-beyond.
- Berman, Eli, and David E. Lake, eds. Proxy Wars: Suppressing Violence Through Local Agents. Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 2019.
- Brown, Seyom. “Purposes and Pitfalls of War by Proxy: A Systemic Analysis.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 27, no. 2 (2016): 243–257. doi:10.1080/09592318.2015.1134047.
- Cafiero, Giorgio. “Saudi-Iran Dialogue Should Carry on Regardless of the JCPOA’s Fate.” TRT World. 2021 Accessed 1 December 2021. https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/saudi-iran-dialogue-should-carry-on-regardless-of-the-jcpoa-s-fate-48330.
- Caves, John. “Supreme National Security Council of Iran.” The Iran Primer. 2020 Accessed 2 May 2021. https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2019/apr/01/supreme-national-security-council-iran.
- Czulda, Robert. “The Defensive Dimension of Iran’s Military Doctrine: How Would They Fight?” Middle East Policy 23, no. 1 (2016): 92–109. doi:10.1111/mepo.12176.
- Dawood, Hussein, and Ellie Geranmayeh. “When Iran Goes to Iraq: The Significance of Rouhani’s Trip.” European Council on Foreign Relations. 2019 Accessed 19 January 2021. https://ecfr.eu/article/commentary_when_iran_goes_to_iraq_the_significance_of_rouhanis_trip/.
- Defense Intelligence Agency. “Iran Military Power: Ensuring Regime Survival and Securing Regional Dominance.” Defense Intelligence Agency. 2019 Accessed 4 March 2021. https://www.dia.mil/Portals/27/Documents/News/Military-Power-Publications/Iran_Military_Power_LR.pdf.
- Dury-Agri, Rose, Omer Kassim Jessa, and Patrick Martin. “Iraqi Security Forces and Popular Mobilization Forces: Orders of Battle.” Institute for the Study of War. 2017 Accessed 7 January 2021. https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Iraq%20-%20ISF%20PMF%20Orders%20of%20Battle_0_0.pdf
- Eisenstadt, Michael. “Iran’s Gray Zone Strategy.” Prism: A Journal of the Center for Complex Operations 9, no. 2 (2021): 76–97. doi:10.2307/27008977.
- Elias, Firas. “Iran: Navigating Regional Influence and a Potential U.S. Policy Reset | The Washington Institute.” Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 2020 Accessed 18 April 2021. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/iran-navigating-regional-influence-and-potential-us-policy-reset.
- European Asylum Support Office. “EASO Country of Origin Information Report: Iraq - Targeting of Individuals.” European Asylum Support Office. 2019 Accessed 6 May 2021. https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2003960/Iraq_targeting_of_individuals.pdf.
- Gaston, Erica, and Douglas Ollivant. “U.S.-Iran Proxy Competition in Iraq.” New America. 2020 Accessed 17 March 2021. https://www.newamerica.org/international-security/reports/us-iran-proxy-competition-iraq/.
- George, Alexander L. Presidential Decisionmaking in Foreign Policy: The Effective Use of Information and Advice. Boulder: Westview Press, 1980.
- Groh, Tyrone L. Proxy War: The Least Bad Option. Redwood City: Stanford University Press, 2019.
- Hammargren, Bitte. “Iraq Moves Closer to Iran.” Totalförsvarets Forskningsinstitut. 2020 Accessed 1 June 2021. https://www.foi.se/en/foi/news-and-pressroom/news/2020-02-26-iraq-moves-closer-to-iran.html.
- Hazelton, Jacqueline L. “The Client Gets a Vote: Counterinsurgency Warfare and the U.S. Military Advisory Mission in South.” Journal of Strategic Studies 43, no. 1 (2020): 126–153. doi:10.1080/01402390.2018.1428566.
- Hudson, Valerie M., and Benjamin S. Day. Foreign Policy Analysis: Classic and Contemporary Theory. London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2020.
- Hughes, Geraint Alun. “Syria and the Perils of Proxy Warfare.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 25, no. 3 (2014): 522–538. doi:10.1080/09592318.2014.913542.
- Hunter, Shireen. “What Did Rouhani Really Get From His Iraq Visit?” LobeLog. 2019 Accessed 4 February 2021. https://lobelog.com/what-did-rouhani-really-get-from-his-iraq-visit/.
- Hussain, Murtaza. “Iran’s Shadow War on ISIS - How the U.S. And Iran Became Unlikely Allies against ISIS.” The Intercept. 2019 Accessed 29 January 2021. https://theintercept.com/2019/11/18/iran-isis-iraq-kurds/.
- Hussain, Murtaza. “Portrait of a General - How Qassim Suleimani Wielded His Enormous Power in Iraq.” The Intercept. 2020 Accessed 26 March 2021. https://theintercept.com/2020/01/05/secret-iranian-spy-cables-show-how-qassim-suleimani-wielded-his-enormous-power-in-iraq/.
- The Iran Primer. “Rouhani Deepens Ties with Iraq.” The United Institute of Peace. 2019 Accessed 12 April 2021. https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2019/mar/14/rouhani-deepens-ties-iraq.
- Jalilvand, David, Achim Vogt, Hamidreza Azizi, Dina Esfandiary, Walter Posch, Narges Bajoghli, and Azadeh Zamirirad. “Radicalization during the Rouhani Years: Iran’s Political Shifts and Their Implications.” Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. 2021 Accessed 17 October 2021. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/17699.pdf
- Jones, Seth G. “War by Proxy: Iran’s Growing Footprint in the Middle East.” Center for Strategic and International Studies. 2019 Accessed 16 February 2021. https://www.csis.org/war-by-proxy.
- Kenneth, Katzman, Kathleen J. McInnis, and Clayton Thomas. “U.S.-Iran Conflict and Implications for U.S. Policy.” Congressional Research Service. 2020 Accessed 13 January 2021. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/mideast/R45795.pdf.
- Kenneth, Katzman, Kathleen J. McInnis, and Clayton Thomas. “Iran’s Foreign and Defense Policies.” Congressional Research Service. 2021 Accessed 28 March 2021. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44017.
- Knights, Michael, Hamdi Malik, and Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. “Honored, Not Contained: The Future of Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces.” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2020.
- Krieg, Andreas, and Jean-marc Rickli. Surrogate Warfare: The Transformation of War in the Twenty-First Century. Washington D.C: Georgetown University Press, 2019.
- Krishnan, Armin. “Controlling Partners and Proxies in Pro-Insurgency Paramilitary Operations: The Case of Syria.” Intelligence and National Security 34, no. 4 (2019): 544–560. doi:10.1080/02684527.2018.1560605.
- Ladwig, Walter C., III. The Forgotten Front: Patron-Client Relationships in Counter Insurgency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
- Lee, Melissa. “Subversive Statecraft. The Changing Face of Great-Power Conflict.” Foreign Affairs, December 2019. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2019-12-04/subversive-statecraft
- Leenders, Reinoud, and Antonio Giustozzi. “Foreign Sponsorship of Pro-Government Militias Fighting Syria’s Insurgency: Whither Proxy Wars?” Mediterranean Politics (2020): 1–30. doi:10.1080/13629395.2020.1839235.
- Malik, Hamdi. “The Still-Growing Threat of Iran’s Chosen Proxy in Iraq.” War on the Rocks. 2020 Accessed 14 May 2021. https://warontherocks.com/2020/10/the-still-growing-threat-of-irans-chosen-proxy-in-iraq/.
- Mansour, Renad. “More than Militias: Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces are Here to Stay.” War on the Rocks. 2018 Accessed 24 April 2021. https://warontherocks.com/2018/04/more-than-militias-iraqs-popular-mobilization-forces-are-here-to-stay/.
- Mansour, Renad. “Networks of Power - the Popular Mobilization Forces and the State in Iraq.” Chatham House. 2021 Accessed 26 June 2021. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/2021-02-25-networks-of-power-mansour.pdf.
- Motamedi, Maziar. “Leaked Javad Zarif Recording Stirs Hot Political Debate in Iran.” Al Jazeera. 2021 Accessed 25 May 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/26/leaked-javad-zarif-recording-stirs-hot-political-debate-in-iran.
- Mumford, Andrew. “Proxy Warfare and the Future of Conflict.” The RUSI Journal 158, no. 2 (2013): 40–46. doi:10.1080/03071847.2013.787733.
- Nader, Alireza. “The Revolutionary Guards.” The United States Institute of Peace. 2015 Accessed 17 February 2021. https://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/revolutionary-guards.
- Ostovar, Afshon. “Sectarian Dilemmas in Iranian Foreign Policy: When Strategy and Identity Politics Collide.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2016 Accessed 18 September 2019. https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/11/30/sectarian-dilemmas-in-iranian-foreign-policy-when-strategy-and-identity-politics-collide-pub-66288.
- Ostovar, Afshon. “The Grand Strategy of Militant Clients: Iran’s Way of War.” Security Studies 28, no. 1 (2019): 159–188. doi:10.1080/09636412.2018.1508862.
- Phillips, Christopher, and Morten Valbjørn. “‘What Is in a Name?’: The Role of (Different) Identities in the Multiple Proxy Wars in Syria.” Small Wars and Insurgencies 29, no. 3 (2018): 414–433. doi:10.1080/09592318.2018.1455328.
- Piscatori, James P., and Amin Saikal. Islam beyond Borders: The Umma in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
- Rauta, Vladimir. “Proxy Warfare and the Future of Conflict: Take Two.” RUSI Journal 165, no. 2 (2020): 1–10. doi:10.1080/03071847.2020.1736437.
- Reed, Betsy, Vanessa Gezari, and Roger Hudge. “The Story behind the Iranian Cables.” The Intercept. 2019 Accessed 25 February 2021. https://theintercept.com/2019/11/18/iran-cables/.
- Rudolf, Inna. “The Sunnis of Iraq’s ‘Shia’ Paramilitary Powerhouse.” The Century Foundation. 2020 Accessed 3 March 2021. https://tcf.org/content/report/sunnis-iraqs-shia-paramilitary-powerhouse/?agreed=1.
- Saikal, Amin. Iran Rising: The Survival and Future of the Islamic Republic. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019.
- Saikal, Amin, and David Vestenskov. “Iran’s National Security and Operational Capability.” Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies 3, no. 1 (2020): 18–30. doi:10.31374/SJMS.29.
- Seliktar, Ofira, and Farhad Rezaei. Iran, Revolution, and Proxy Wars. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29418-2.
- Sengupta, Kim. “The Reason Qassem Soleimani Was in Baghdad Shows How Complex the Iran Crisis Is.” The Independent. 2020 Accessed 15 March 2021. https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/qassem-soleimani-death-iran-baghdad-middle-east-iraq-saudi-arabia-a9272901.html.
- Shanahan, Rodger. “Iranian Foreign Policy under Rouhani.” Lowy Institute for International Policy. 2015 Accessed 20 April 2021. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/188299/iranian-foreign-policy-under-rouhani.pdf.
- Tehran Times. “Zarif Holds Talks with Iraqi Political, Religious Leaders.” Tehran Times. 2021 Accessed 20 June 2021. https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/460328/Zarif-holds-talks-with-Iraqi-political-religious-leaders.
- Winter, Chase. “Iran′s President Visits Iraq to Strengthen Ties amid US Pressure.” Deutsche Welle Middle East. 2019 Accessed 17 March 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/irans-president-visits-iraq-to-strengthen-ties-amid-us-pressure/a-47842901.
- Worth, Robert F. “Inside the Iraqi Kleptocracy.” The New York Times. 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/29/magazine/iraq-corruption.html?searchResultPosition=1.
- Yarbakhsh, Elisabeth Jane. “Green Martyrdom and the Iranian State.” Journal of Media & Cultural Studies 28, no. 1 (2014): 77–87. doi:10.1080/10304312.2013.854871.
- Yossef, Amr. “Upgrading Iran’s Military Doctrine: An Offensive ‘Forward Defense’.” Middle East Institute. 2019 Accessed 26 March 2021. https://www.mei.edu/publications/upgrading-irans-military-doctrine-offensive-forward-defense.
- Younis, Nussaibah. “The Gulf between Them: What Arab Gulf Countries Can Learn from Iran’s Approach to Iraq.” European Council on Foreign Relations. 2021 Accessed 2 December 2021. https://ecfr.eu/publication/the-gulf-between-them-what-gulf-countries-can-learn-from-irans-approach-to-iraq/.