Bibliography
- Abdul’ Aziz, Ibrahim. “Boko Haram: Chadian Troop’s Free Nigerian Soldiers in Captivity, Kill 100 Terrorists as Shekau Reacts.” Pilot News, April 6, 2020. https://www.westafricanpilotnews.com/2020/04/06/boko-haram-chadian-troops-free-nigerian-soldiers-in-captivity-kill-100-terrorists-as-shekau-reacts/.
- Africa Defence Force. “The Multinational Joint Task Force Shows the Strengths and Limits of Collective Security Action.” Africa Defence Force, March 11, 2018. https://adf-magazine.com/2018/04/a-region-rallies-the-multinational-joint-task-force-shows-the-strengths-and-limits-of-collective-security-action/.
- Africa News. “Nigerians Worried as Chad Withdraws All Troops from Lake Chad Area.” Africa News, May 1, 2020. https://www.africanews.com/2020/01/05/m-worried-as-chad-withdraws-all-troops-from-lake-chad-area//.
- Agbiboa, Daniel E. “Borders That Continue to Bother Us: The Politics of Cross-Border Security Cooperation in Africa’s Lake Chad Basin.” Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 55, no. 4 (2017): 403–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2017.1312730.
- Aluko, Olaleye. “Boko Haram: MNJTF Under Threat as Chad Army Hints at Withdrawal.” Punch (2020). https://punchng.com/bharammnjtf-under-threat-as-chad-army-hints-at-withdrawal/
- Asadu, Chinedu. “FLASHBACK: In 2015, Chad President Said Nigeria Was Absent from Boko Haram War.” The Cable, April 6, 2020. https://www.thecable.ng/flashback-in-2015-chad-president-said-nigeria-was-absent-from-boko-haram-war.
- Bensahel, Nora. “A Coalition of Coalitions: International Cooperation Against Terrorism.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29, no. 1 (2006): 35–49. doi:10.1080/10576100500351284.
- Betts, Richard K. “Systems for Peace or Causes of War ?” International Security 17, no. 1 (1992): 5–43. doi:10.2307/2539157.
- Brown, Will. “War Against Jihadists in Sahel Dealt Major Blow as Chad Says It Will Withdraw Troops.” 2020, April. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/04/11/chad-says-will-withdraw-troops-abroad-major-blow-war-against/.
- Butfoy, Andrew. “Themes within the Collective Security Idea.” Journal of Strategic Studies 16, no. 4 (1993): 490–510. doi:10.1080/01402399308437530.
- Butfoy, Andrew. “Critical Reflections on Collective Security.” In Common Security and Strategic Reform, 88–110. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-25531-3_6.
- Buzan, Barry, and Ole Wæver. “Macrosecuritisation and Security Constellations: Reconsidering Scale in Securitisation Theory.” Review of International Studies 35, no. 2 (2009): 253–276. doi:10.1017/S0260210509008511.
- Campbell, John, and Asch. Harwood. “Boko Haram’s Deadly Impact.” Council on Foreign Relations (2018). https://www.cfr.org/article/boko-harams-deadly-impact
- Clark, Mark T. “The Trouble with Collective Security.” Orbis 39, no. 2 (1995): 237–258. doi:10.1016/0030-4387(95)90025-X.
- Cocks, Tim. “Cameroon Weakest Link in Fight Against Boko Haram: Nigeria.” Reuters, March 30, 2014. https://jp.reuters.com/article/ozatp-us-nigeria-boko-haram-idAFKBN0EA1L820140530.
- The Defence Post. “Chad Troops Leave Nigeria with Boko Haram Mission ‘Finished.’” The Defence Post, January 4, 2020. https://www.thedefensepost.com/2020/01/04/chad-troops-leave-nigeria-boko-haram-iswap-mission-finished/.
- Doukhan, David. “Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) Against Boko Haram — Reflections.” Herzliya (2020).
- Dyduch, Joanna, Jarosław Jarząbek, and Artur Skorek. “The Dependence of Gulf Countries on Hydrocarbons Export – a Perspective of Regional Security Complex Theory.” Polityka i Społeczeństwo 16, no. 3 (2018): 131–143. doi:10.15584/polispol.2018.3.9.
- Eizenga, Daniel. “Chad’s Escalating Fight Against Boko Haram.” Africa Centre for Strategic Studies, April 20, 2020. https://africacenter.org/spotlight/chad-escalating-fight-against-boko-haram/.
- Enietan-Matthews, Timothy. “Chad, Niger Withdraw from MNJTF Over Boko Haram Attacks.” Daily Post, 2015. https://dailypost.ng/2015/01/06/chad-niger-withdraw-mnjtf-boko-haram-attacks/.
- Ezeani, Emmanuel Onyebuchi, Casimir K. Ani, Christian Ezeibe, and Kingsley Ubiebi. “From a Religious Sect to a Terrorist Group: The Military and Boko Haram in Northeast Nigeria.” Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 18, no. 2 (2022): 125–145.
- Ezeibe, Christian, Nnamdi Mbaigbo, Nneka Okafor, Celestine Udeogu, Adolphus Uzodigwe, Usman S. Ogbo, and Chika Oguonu. “Strange Bedfellows: Relations Between International Nongovernmental Organisations and Military Actors in Preventing/Countering Violent Extremism in Northeast Nigeria.” Central European Journal of International & Security Studies 18, no. 1 (2022): 36–68. doi:10.51870/TLZI6506.
- Gavin, Michelle. “Nigeria Security Tracker.” Council on Foreign Relations, July 1, 2023. https://www.cfr.org/nigeria/nigeria-security-tracker/p29483.
- Gleason, Gregory, and Marat E. Shaihutdinov. “Collective Security and Non-State Actors in Eurasia.” International Studies Perspectives 6, no. 2 (2005): 274–284. doi:10.1111/j.1528-3577.2005.00206.x.
- Hanau Santini, Ruth. “A New Regional Cold War in the Middle East and North Africa: Regional Security Complex Theory Revisited.” The International Spectator 52, no. 4 (2017): 93–111. doi:10.1080/03932729.2017.1371487.
- Harding, Andrew. “Chad’s President Idriss Déby Dies After Clashes with Rebels.” British Broadcasting Corporation, April 21, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56815708.
- Haruna, Abdulkareem. “Nigerian Soldiers Fighting Boko Haram Release Video, Lament Obsolete Weapons, Accusing Commanders of Corruption.” Premium Times, November 24, 2018.
- Head Topic. “Saluting President Idriss Deby – Daily Trust.” Head Topic, April 9, 2020. https://headtopics.com/ng/saluting-president-idriss-deby-daily-trust-12328413.
- Ibekwe, Nicholas. “Boko Haram: Nigerian Government Not Doing Enough – U.S.” Premium Times, May 2, 2014. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/159993-boko-haram-nigerian-government-enough-u-s.html.
- India Today. “Operation Bomo’s Anger: 1,000 Boko Haram Fighters Killed, Says Chad’s Army.” India Today, April 10, 2020. https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/operation-bomo-s-anger-1-000-boko-haram-fighters-killed-says-chad-s-army-1665418-2020-04-10.
- Institute for Economics and Peace. 2022. “Global Terrorism Index for 2022.” Institute for Economics and Peace, March 1, 2022. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-terrorism-index.
- International Crisis Group. “International Crisis Group, ‘What Role for the Multinational Joint Task Force in Fighting Boko Haram?” International Crisis Group, July 7, 2020. ~:text=The MNJTF should pay particular,see troops mistreating their youth. https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram#.
- Ismail, Olawale, and Alagaw Ababu Kifle. New Collective Security Arrangements in the Sahel : A Comparative Study of the MNJTF and G-5 Sahel. Dakar-Fann: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Peace and Security Centre of Competence Sub-Saharan Africa, 2018.
- Kindzeka, Moki Edwin. “Lake Chad Countries Agree on Military Task Force Amid Insecurity.” Voice of Africa, November 18, 2018. https://www.voanews.com/a/lake-chad-countries-agree-on-military-task-force-amid-insecurity/1873650.html.
- Lawal, Muhammad Dahiru. “Boko Haram Attacks Adamawa Town on Christmas Eve.” Arewa Agenda, December 25, 2020. https://arewaagenda.com/boko-haram-attacks/.
- Lenshie, Nsemba Edward, Chikodiri Nwangwu, Christian Ezeibe, Louie Marie A. Ifem, and Godwin O. Okafor. “Boko Haram, Security Architecture and Counterinsurgency in North-East, Nigeria.” Armed Forces and Society (2022): 0095327X2211216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X221121656.
- Lenshie, Nsemba Edward, Kelechi Okengwu, Confidence N. Ogbonna, and Christian Ezeibe. “Desertification, Migration, and Herder-Farmer Conflicts in Nigeria: Rethinking the Ungoverned Spaces Thesis.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 32, no. 8 (2020): 1221–1251. doi:10.1080/09592318.2020.1811602.
- Lenshie, Nsemba Edward, and Henry B. Yenda. “Boko Haram Insurgency, Internally Displaced Persons and Humanitarian Response in Northeast Nigeria.” The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies 4, no. 8 (2016): 141–150.
- Luca, S., and M. De. “The Gulf Crisis and Collective Security Under the United Nations Charter.” Pace International Law Review 3, no. 1 (1991): 267–308. doi:10.58948/2331-3536.1021.
- Marc, Alexandre. “The Death of Chadian President Idris Déby Itno threatens Stability in the Region.” Brookings, April 29, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-death-of-chadian-president-idris-deby-itno-threatens-stability-in-the-region/.
- Marie Cold-Ravnkilde, Signe, and Sine Plambech. “Boko Haram: From Local Grievances to the Violent Insurgency.” Danmark (2015), Danish Institute of International Studies (DIIS) Report, 21. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/195629/DIIS_Report_21_Boko_Haram_WEB.pdf
- Miller, Lynn H. “The Idea and the Reality of Collective Security.” Global Governance 5, no. 3 (1999): 303–332. doi:10.1163/19426720-00503003.
- Moses, Grace, and Nsemba Edward Lenshie. “Border Security, Arms Proliferation, and the Conundrum of Ungovernable Spaces in Nigeria.” Journal of Politics and Development 7, no. 1 (2023): 12–33.
- Mutum, Ronald. “240 Boko Haram Militants Surrender to Task Force.” Daily Trust, November 6, 2016. https://dailytrust.com/240-boko-haram-militants-surrender-to-task-force/.
- Mwagwabi, Lawrence Wesley. “The Theory of Collective Security and Its Limitation in Explaining International Organization: A Critical Analysis.” SSRN Electronic Journal (November 7, 2017). doi:10.2139/ssrn.2948271.
- Nigeria, Ripples. “90% of Boko Haram Wiped Out, President Idriss Deby of Chad Claims (Video).” Ripples Nigeria, April 11, 2020. https://www.ripplesnigeria.com/90-of-boko-haram-wiped-out-president-idriss-deby-of-chad-claims-video/.
- Nseyen, Nsikak. “Don’t Let Them Free Captured Boko Haram Members, Weapons – Deby Tells Chadian Troops [Video].” Daily Post, April 11, 2020. https://dailypost.ng/2020/04/11/dont-let-them-free-captured-boko-haram-members-weapons-deby-tells-chadian-troops-video/.
- Nwezeh, Kingsley. “Military: MNJTF Agreement Precludes Unilateral Withdrawal of Troops.” This Day, April 18, 2020. https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/04/18/military-mnjtf-agreement-precludes-unilateral-withdrawal-of-troops.
- Odunsi, Wale. “Boko Haram: 240 Insurgents Surrender to Military.” Daily Post, November 1, 2016. https://dailypost.ng/2016/11/01/boko-haram-240-insurgents-surrender-military/.
- Ogbuli, Kosi. “What’s Happening in Niger? The Implications of the July 2023 Niger Coup.” The Republic, August 6, 2023. https://republic.com.ng/august-september-2023/implications-of-niger-coup/.
- Okoli, Al Chukwuma, and Nsemba Edward Lenshie. “The Military, Boko Haram, and the Dialectics of Counter-Insurgency Operations in Nigeria.” African Journal on Terrorism 10, no. 2 (2020): 135–154.
- Okoli, Al Chukwuma, and Nsemba Edward Lenshie. “‘Beyond Military Might’: Boko Haram and the Asymmetries of Counter-Insurgency in Nigeria.” Security Journal 35, no. 3 (2022): 676–693. doi:10.1057/s41284-021-00295-1.
- Okoli, Al Chukwuma, and Stephen Nnaemeka Azom. “Boko Haram Insurgency and Gendered Victimhood: Women as Corporal Victims and Objects of War.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 30, no. 6–7 (2019): 1214–1232. doi:10.1080/09592318.2019.1650473.
- Olawoyin, Kayode Wakili, Olawale Olufemi Akinrinde, and Peter Odion Irabor. “The Multinational Joint Task Force and Nigerian Counter- the Multinational Joint Task Force and Nigerian Counter-Terrorism.” December (2021): 115–135.
- Omenma, J. Tochukwu. “Untold Story of Boko Haram Insurgency: The Lake Chad Oil and Gas Connection.” Politics and Religion 13, no. 1 (2019): 180–213. doi:10.1017/S1755048319000166.
- Omenma, J. Tochukwu, Ike E Onyishi, and Alyious Michael. “A Decade of Boko Haram Activities: The Attacks, Responses and Challenges Ahead.” Security Journal 33, no. 3 (2020): 337–356. doi:10.1057/s41284-020-00231-9.
- Ominabo, Wealth Dickson. “Niger Coup and Its Implications to West Africa.” The Cable, August 1, 2023. https://www.thecable.ng/niger-coup-and-its-implications-to-west-africa.
- Omotuyi, Sunday. “Franco-Nigerian Détente? Nigeria, France and the Francophone States of the Lake Chad Region in the Era of the Boko Haram Terrorism.” African Identities 20, no. 1 (2022): 26–41. doi:10.1080/14725843.2020.1805296.
- Onuoha, Freedom Chukwudi. A Danger Not to Nigeria Alone – Boko Haram Transnational Reach and Regional Responses. Abuja, 2014. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/nigeria/11066.pdf
- Onuoha, Freedom., Chikodiri Nwangwu Chukwudi, and Michael I. Ugwueze. “Counterinsurgency Operations of the Nigerian Military and Boko Haram Insurgency: Expounding the Viscid Manacle.” Security Journal 33, no. 3 (2020): 401–426. doi:10.1057/s41284-020-00234-6.
- Onuoha, Freedom Chukwudi, Andrew E. Yaw Tchie, and Mariana Llorens Zabala. The Quest to Win Hearts and Minds: Assessing the Eff Ectiveness of the Multinational Joint Task Force. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 2023. https://trainingforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/EPON_MNJTF.pdf.
- Oshoko, Oghenahogie. “Operation Anmi Fakat: MNJTF Kills 59 Boko Haram Terrorists, 3 Suicide Bombers; Lose 22 Soldiers in Action; 75 Injured by IEDS.” Security King, April 26, 2018. https://securitykingng.org/terrorism/operation-anmi-fakat-mnjtf-kills-59-boko-haram-terrorists-3-suicide-bombers-lose-22-soldiers-in-action-75-injured-by-ieds/.
- Reuters. “Boko Haram Militants Kill 92 Chadian Soldiers - President.” Reuters, March 25, 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/chad-security-idAFL8N2BI1QQ.
- SBMorgen. “Chart of the Week: Boko Haram Fatalities in 2020.” SBMorgen, December 7, 2020. https://www.sbmintel.com/2020/12/chart-of-the-week-boko-haram-fatalities-in-2020/.
- Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa. “Chad Ends Involvement in Boko Haram, Sahel Anti-Terrorism Ops: President.” Africa News, April 11, 2020. https://www.africanews.com/2020/04/11/chad-ends-involvement-in-boko-haram-sahel-anti-terrorism-ops-president//.
- Tarzi, Shah M. “The Dilemma of Collective Security: A Theoretical Critique.” International Relations 13, no. 6 (1997): 43–53. doi:10.1177/004711789701300604.
- Wolff, Stefan. “The Regional Dimensions of State Failure.” Review of International Studies 37, no. 3 (2011): 951–972. doi:10.1017/S0260210510000951.