Nutrients’ distribution and their impact on Pangani River Basin’s ecosystem – Tanzania

References

• Drouineau H, Lobry J, Bez N, et al. The need for a protean fisheries science to address the degradation of exploited aquatic ecosystems. Aquat Living Resour. 2016;29(2):E201–E207. doi: 10.1051/alr/2016021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks BW, Lazorchak JM, Meredith DA, Howard MDA, et al. Are harmful algal blooms becoming the greatest inland water quality threat to public health and aquatic ecosystems? Environ Toxicol Chem. 2016;35(1):6–13. doi: 10.1002/etc.3220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabalais NN. Nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems. Ambio. 2002;31(2):102–112. doi: 10.1579/0044-7447-31.2.102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seitzinger SP, Harrison JA, Dumont E, et al. Sources and delivery of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus to the coastal zone: An overview of global nutrient export from watersheds (NEWS) models and their application. Global Biogeochem Cycles. 2005;19(2):1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Mbaye ML, Gaye AT, Spitzy A, et al. Seasonal and spatial variation in suspended matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, and nutrient concentrations of the Senegal river in West Africa. Limnologica. 2016;57:1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.limno.2015.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations [Internet]. New York: United Nations Population Division; [cited 2016 Nov 19]. Available from: http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbilpart1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart WM, Roberts TL. Food security and the role of fertilizer in supporting it. Procedia Eng. 2012;46:76–82. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.448
   Google Scholar
• Guo L, Zhang JZ, Guéguen C. Speciation and fluxes of nutrients (N, P, Si) from the upper Yukon River. Global Biogeochem Cycles. 2004;18:1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantyka-Pringle CS, Martin TG, Moffatte DB, et al. Prioritizing management actions for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity under changing climate and land-cover. Biol. Conserv. 2016;197:80–89. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.02.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glibert PM, Mayorga E, Seitzinger S. Prorocentrum minimum tracks anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs on a global basis: Application of spatially explicit nutrient export models. Harmful Algae. 2008;8(1):33–38. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaboré I, Moog O, Alp M, et al. Using macroinvertebrates for ecosystem health assessment in semi-arid streams of Burkina Faso. Hydrobiologia. 2016;766(1):57–74. doi: 10.1007/s10750-015-2443-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapport DJ, Costanza R, McMichael A. Assessing ecosystem health. Trends Ecol Evol. 1998;13(10):397–402. doi: 10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01449-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenko J, et al. Human domination of Earth’s ecosystems. Science. 1997;277(5325):494–499. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5325.494
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakkou R, Hanich L, Boularbah A. Impact of human activities on the physico-chemical quality of surface water and groundwater in the north of Marrakech (Morocco). Environ Technol. 2012;33(18):2077–2088. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2012.660644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyenje PM, Foppen JW, Uhlenbrook S, et al. Eutrophication and nutrient release in urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa – a review. Sci Total Environ. 2010;408(3):447–455. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turpie J, Ngaga Y, Karanja F. Catchment Ecosystems and Downstream Water: The Value of Water Resources in the Pangani Basin, Tanzania. Tanzania: IUCN – The World Conservation Union; 2005 (Nature and Economics Technical Paper; No. 7).
   Google Scholar
• Shaghude YW. Review of water resource exploitation and landuse pressure in the Pangani River Basin. Mar Sci. 2006;5(2):195–207.
   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics: Population Distribution by Age and Sex; 2013 [cited 2016 May 23]. Available from: http://ihi.eprints.org/2169/1/Age_Sex_Distribution.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Elisante E, Muzuka ANN. Occurrence of nitrate in Tanzanian groundwater aquifers: A review. Appl Water Sci. 2015;5(1):1–12. doi: 10.1007/s13201-014-0163-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kihampa HH, De Wael K, Lugwisha E, et al. Water quality assessment in the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania: natural and anthropogenic influences on the concentrations of nutrients and inorganic ions. Intl J River Basin Management. 2013;11(1):55–75. doi: 10.1080/15715124.2012.759119
   Google Scholar
• Mdemu MV, Magayane MD. Conflict of water use between hydropower and irrigation in Tanzania: the conundrum of sectoral policy approaches to water resources development. 2005 [cited 2016 Aug 11]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228408597.
   Google Scholar
• UNEP/Nairobi Convention Secretariat, WIOMSA. An assessment of hydrological and land use characteristics affecting river-coast interactions in the Western Indian Ocean region. Nairobi-Kenya: UNEP; 2009. (2009/4).
   Google Scholar
• Latrubesse EM, Stevaux JC, Sinha R. Tropical rivers. Geomorphology. 2005;70(4):187–206. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PBWB/IUCN. Pangani River System – State of the Basin Report. Moshi-Tanzania: IUCN; 2007. (978-2-8317-0977-2). Available from: https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/state_of_the_basin_report_1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• PBWB/IUCN. Basin Delineation Report. Moshi-Tanzania: IUCN; 2008. Available from: http://www.panganibasin.com/images/uploads/basin_delineation_report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Hemp A. Continuum or zonation? Altitudinal gradients in the forest vegetation of Mt. Kilimanjaro Plant Ecol. 2006;184(1):27–42. doi: 10.1007/s11258-005-9049-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood T, Fang J, Jiang Z, et al. Seasonal nutrient chemistry in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture region: case study of Sanggou Bay from North China. Chem Ecol. 2015;32(2):149–168. doi: 10.1080/02757540.2015.1121246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasshoff KK, Klaus K, Ehrhardt M. Methods of seawater analysis. 3rd Ed New York: WILEY-VCH; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Ongore CO, Okuku EO, Mwangi SN, et al. Characterization of nutrients enrichment in the estuaries and related systems in Kenya coast. J. Environ. Sci. Water. 2013;2(6):181–190.
   Google Scholar
• Dlamini V, Hoko Z, Murwira A, et al. Response of aquatic macro-invertebrate diversity to environmental factors along the Lower Komati River in Swaziland. Phys. Chem. Earth. 2010;35(14):665–671. doi: 10.1016/j.pce.2010.07.010
   Google Scholar
• Venter JJ, Smit NJ. An ecological integrity assessment of the lower Amatikulu, Thukela and Umvoti Rivers, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa [master’s thesis]. South Africa: North-West University; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis WM. Nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses from a nutrient-poor tropical moist forest. Ecology. 1986;67(5):1275–1282. doi: 10.2307/1938683
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha PK, Masao M. Factors affecting nutrient concentration and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratio of particulate organic matter in the Ishikari River System, Japan. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2013;1551:1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma SK, Subramanian V. Source and distribution of trace metals and nutrients in Narmada and Tapti River Basins, India. Environ Earth Sci. 2010;61(7):1337–1352. doi: 10.1007/s12665-010-0452-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouillon S, Abril G, Borges AV, et al. Distribution, origin and cycling of carbon in the Tana River (Kenya): a dry season basin-scale survey from headwaters to the delta. Biogeosciences. 2009;6:2475–2493. doi: 10.5194/bg-6-2475-2009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govindasamy C, Shahida Begam SS, Kannan R. Studies on primary production and physico-chemical variables in summer at Vellore Fort Moat, Tamil Nadu. African J Basic Appl Sci. 2011;3(6):290–299.
   Google Scholar
• Singh A, Meetei NS, Meitei LB. Seasonal variation of some physico-chemical characteristics of three major Rivers in Imphal, Manipur: a comparative evaluation. Curr World Environ. 2013;8(1):93–102. doi: 10.12944/CWE.8.1.10
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. 4th ed. Switzerland: WHO press; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Ekpo IE, Chude LA, Onuoha GC, et al. Studies on the physico-chemical characteristics and nutrients of a tropical rainforest river in southeast Nigeria. AACL Bioflux. 2012;5(3):142–162.
   Google Scholar
• Sommer M, Kaczorek D, Kuzyakov Y, et al. Silicon pools and fluxes in soils and landscapes-a review. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2006;169(3):310–329. doi: 10.1002/jpln.200521981
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor MJ. Report on the Lunguya mineral exploration property of Tanzanian royalty exploration corporation in the Kahama district, Shinyanga region of the United Republic OF Tanzania, East Africa, Canada. 2010. Available from: http://www.tanzanianroyalty.com/wp: cited on 10/8/20162010.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Sterner RW, Finlay JC, et al. Spatial and temporal variation of ammonium in lake superior. J Great Lakes Res. 2007;33(3):581–591. doi: 10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[581:SATVOA]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Republic of Tanzania. National Sample Census of Agriculture 2002/2003 – Volume Va: Regional report: Arusha region; 2007 [cited 2016 Nov 12]. Available at http://www.kilimo.go.tz/agricultural%20statistics/Agric%20census/2003%20Agriculture%20Sample%20Census%20Regional%20Reports/North%20Zone/ARUSHA%20REPORT.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher KA, Meisinger JJ, James BR. Urea hydrolysis rate in soil toposequences as influenced by pH, carbon, nitrogen, and soluble metals. J Environ Qual. 2016;45(1):349–359. doi: 10.2134/jeq2015.05.0228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni K, Pacholski A, Kage H. Ammonia volatilization after application of urea to winter wheat over 3 years affected by novel urease and nitrification inhibitor. Agr Ecosyst Environ. 2014;197:184–194. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2014.08.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perakis SS, Hedin LO. Nitrogen loss from unpolluted south American forests mainly via dissolved organic compounds. Nature. 2002;415:416–419. doi: 10.1038/415416a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu SM, Zhang J, Chen HT, et al. Nutrients in the Changjiang and its tributaries. Biogeochemistry. 2003;62(1):1–18. doi: 10.1023/A:1021162214304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Rendle-Bühring R, Meyer I, et al. Holocene shelf sedimentation patterns off equatorial East Africa constrained by climatic and sea-level changes. Sediment Geol. 2016;331:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.10.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook PJ, McElhinny MW. A re-evaluation of the spatial and temporal distribution of sedimentary phosphate deposit in the light of planet tectonic. Econ Geol. 1979;74(2):315–330. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.74.2.315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulholland PJ, Helton AM, Poole GC, et al. Stream denitrification across biomes and its response to anthropogenic nitrate loading. Nature. 2008;452:202–205. doi: 10.1038/nature06686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durr HH, Meybeck M, Hartmann J, et al. Global spatial distribution of natural riverine silica inputs to the coastal zone. Biogeosciences. 2011;8(3):597–620. doi: 10.5194/bg-8-597-2011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner RE, Rabalais NN, Justic D, et al. Global patterns of dissolve N, P and Si in large rivers. Biogeochemistry. 2003;64(3):297–317. doi: 10.1023/A:1024960007569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelis JT, Delvaux B, Georg RB, et al. Tracing the origin of dissolved silicon transferred from various soil-plant systems towards rivers: a review. Biogeosciences. 2011;8:89–112. doi: 10.5194/bg-8-89-2011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exley C. Silicon in life: a bioinorganic solution to bioorganic essentiality. J Inorg Biochem. 1998;69(3):139–144. doi: 10.1016/S0162-0134(97)10010-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann J, Jansen N, Durr HH, et al. Predicting riverine dissolved silica fluxes to coastal zones from a hyperactive region and analysis of their first-order controls. Int J Earth Sci. 2010;99(1):207–230. doi: 10.1007/s00531-008-0381-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pringle CM, Rowe GL, Triska FJ, et al. Landscape linkages between geothermal activity and solute composition and ecological response in surface waters draining the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica. Limnol. Oceanog. 1993;38(4):753–774. doi: 10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0753
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The World Bank. United State of America. 2013 [cited 23 May 2016]. Available from: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.CON.FERT.ZS?locations=KE.
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. United State of America. 2013 [cited 23 May 2016]. Available from: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=US&view=chart.
   Google Scholar
• Silva MAM, Souza MFL, Abreu PC. Spatial and Temporal variation of dissolved inorganic nutrients, and chlorophyll-a in a tropical estuary in northeastern Brazil: dynamics of nutrient removal. Braz. J. Oceanogr. 2015;63(1):1–15. doi: 10.1590/S1679-87592015064506301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokha M, Murimi S, Kihampa C. Degradation of water resources by agricultural pesticides and nutrients, Weruweru, Tanzania. Iranica J. Energy Environ. 2014;5(2):192–201.
   Google Scholar
• Ngoye E, Machiwa JF. The influence of land-use patterns in the Ruvu River watershed on water quality in the river system. Phys. Chem. Earth. 2004;29(18):1161–1166. doi: 10.1016/j.pce.2004.09.002
   Google Scholar
• Ueda G. Land subdivision and Land Use Change in the frontier settlement zone of Mount Meru, Tanzania. Afr Study Monogr. 2011;42:101–118.
   Google Scholar
• Gao L, Li D, Zhang Y. Nutrients and particulate organic matter discharged by the Changjiang (Yangtze River): seasonal variations and temporal trends. J. Geophys. Res. 2012;117:1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Villiers S, Thiart C. The nutrient status of South African rivers: concentrations, trends and fluxes from the 1970s to 2005. South African J Sci. 2007;103:343–349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishna MS, Prasad MHK, Rao DB, et al. Export of dissolved inorganic nutrients to the northern Indian Ocean from the Indian monsoonal rivers during discharge period. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 2016;172:430–443. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2015.10.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akrasi SA, Ansa-Asare OD. Assessing sediment and nutrient transport in the Pra Basin of Ghana. West African Journal of Applied Ecology. 2008;13:45–54. doi: 10.4314/wajae.v13i1.40583
   Google Scholar
• Shaghude YW. Estuarine environmental and socio-economic impacts associated with upland agricultural irrigation and hydropower developments: the Case of Rufiji and Pangani Estuaries, Tanzania. In: S Diop, P Scheren, J Machiwa, editor. Estuaries: A lifeline of ecosystem services in the western Indian ocean, estuaries of the world. Berlin: Springer; 2016. p. 169–182.
   Google Scholar
• Medeiros PRP, Knoppers BA, Cavalcante GH, et al. Changes in nutrient loads (N, P and Si) in the São Francisco estuary after the construction of dams. Braz Arch Biol Technol. 2011;54(2):387–397. doi: 10.1590/S1516-89132011000200022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Canada. 2010 [cited 10 June 2016]. Available from: http://ceqg-rcqe.ccme.ca/download/en/141.
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Canada. 2012 [cited 10 June 2016]. Available from: http://ceqg-rcqe.ccme.ca/download/en/197.
   Google Scholar
• Mueller DK, Helsel DR. Nutrients in the nation’s waters – too much of a good thing? United States of America: U.S. Geological Survey; 1996 (1136). Available from: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1136.
   Google Scholar
• Tanzania Bureau of Standards. National environmental standards compendium. Tanzania; 2005. Available from: http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/fileadmin/_migrated/content_uploads/National_Environmental_Standards_Compendium.pdf.
   Google Scholar