Household slow sand filter efficiency with schmutzdecke evaluation by microsensors

References

• World Health Organization (WHO). The United Nations children’s fund. Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF); 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Sianipar CPM, Yudoko G, Dowaki K, et al. Design methodology for appropriate technology: Engineering as if people mattered. Sustainability. 2013;5:3382–3425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Environmental Protection Agency. Point-of-Use or Point-of-Entry treatment options for small drinking water systems. EPA 815-R-06-010. Arlington (VA); 2006. 132 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST). Biosand filter construction manual. Calgary (AB): Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Mahaffy NC, Dickson S, Cantwell RE, et al. Effects of physical disturbances on media and performance of household-scale slow sand (bioSand) filters. IWA Publishing. J Water Supply: Res Technol – AQUA. 2015;64(3).
   Google Scholar
• Stauber CE, Elliott MA, Koksal F, et al. Characterisation of the biosand filter for E. coli reductions from household drinking water under controlled laboratory conditions and field use conditions. Water Sci Technol 2006;54(3):1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottinger A, Dena; M, Mcmartin W, et al. The effectiveness of slow sand filters to treat Canadian rural prairie water. Can J Civ Eng 2011;38:455–463. Published by NRC Research Press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saravanan SP, Gobinath R. Drinking water safety through bio sand filter – a case study of Kovilambakkam Village, Chennai. Int J Appl Eng Res. 2015;10(53):254–262.
   Google Scholar
• Sabogal-Paz LP, Campos LC, Bogush A, et al. Household slow sand filters in intermittent and continuous flows to treat water containing low mineral ion concentrations and Bisphenol A. Sci Total Environ. 2020;702:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135078.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clair C. Biosand filtration of high turbidity water: Modified filter design and safe filtrate storage. Thesis submitted to the Department of Civil and Environment Engineering in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Civil and Environmental Engineering. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Shaikh I, Munavalli GR. Modified biosand filter–a review. J Civil Eng Environ Technol. 2015;2(4):374–376.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy TJ, Hernandez EA, Morse NA, et al. Hydraulic loading rate effect on removal rates in a bioSand filter: a pilot study of three conditions. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2012;223(7):4527–4537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young-Rojanschi C, Madramootoo C. Intermittent versus continuous operation of biosand filters. Water Res. 2014;49:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young-Rojanschi C, Madramootoo C. Comparing the performance of biosand filters operated with multiday residence periods. J. Water Supply Res. Technol. 2015;64:157–167. doi:10.2166/aqua.2014.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza Freitas BL, Sabogal-Paz LP. Pretreatment using opuntia cochenillifera followed by household slow sand filters: technological alternatives for supplying isolated communities. Environ Technol 2019;41(21):2783–2794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terin UC, Sabogal-Paz LP. Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystin-LR removal by household slow sand filters operating in continuous and intermittent flows. Water Res. 2019;150:29–39. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maciel PMF, Sabogal-Paz LP. Household slow sand filters with and without water level control: continuous and intermittent flow efficiencies. Environ Technol. 2020;41(8):944–958. doi:10.1080/09593330.2018.1515988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfannes KR, Langenbach KMW, Pilloni G, et al. Selective elimination of bacterial faecal indicators in the schmutzdecke of slow sand filtration columns. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2015;99:10323–10332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt WP, Cairncross S. Household water treatment in poor populations: is there enough evidence for scaling up now? Environ Sci Technol 2009;43(4):986–992. doi:10.1021/es802232w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott MA, Stauber CE, Koksal F, et al. Reductions of E-coli, echovirus type 12 and bacteriophages in an intermittently operated household-scale slow sand filter. Water Res. 2008;42:2662–2670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall-Stoodley L, Costerton JW, Stoodley P. Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004;2(2):95–108. doi:10.1038/nrmicro821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donlan RM. Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces. Emerging Infect. Dis.. 2002;8(9):881–890. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzunis BJ. Intermittently operated slow sand filtration: a new water treatment process. Civil Engineering, University of Calgary; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Huisman L, Wood WE. Slow sand filtration. Vol. 16. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1974.
   Google Scholar
• Jones MD, Forn I, Gadelha C, et al. Discovery of novel intermediate forms redefines the fungal tree of life. Nature. 2011;474:200–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haig SJ, Schirmer M, D’amore R, et al. Stable-isotope probing and metagenomics reveal predation by protozoa drives E. coli removal in slow sand filters. ISME J. 2015;9::797–:808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manz D. New horizons for slow sand filtration published in the Proceedings of the Eleventh Canadian National Conference and Second Policy Forum on Drinking Water and the Biennial Conference of the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water, Promoting Public Health through Safe Drinking Water; 2004 Apr 3–6; Calgary (AB); 2004. p. 682–692.
   Google Scholar
• Fewster E, Mol A, Wiessent-Brandsma C. (2004). The Bio-sand Filter. Long-term sustainability: user habits and technical performance evaluated. Presentation given at the 2003 International Symposium on Household Technologies for Safe Water; 2004 June 16–17; Nairobi.
   Google Scholar
• Lewandowski Z, Boltz J. Biofilms in water and wastewater treatment. Elsevier B.V. 2011. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53199-5.00095-6.
   Google Scholar
• Lewandowski Z, Beyenal H. (2007). Fundamentals of biofilm research. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2007. p. 28. ISBN: 0-8493-3541-8; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Revsbech NP, Jorgensen BB. Microelectrodes: their use in microbial ecology. Adv Microb Ecol 1986;9:293–352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarti A, Lamon AW, Ono A, et al. A new device to select carriers for biomass immobilization and application in an aerobic/anaerobic fixed-bed sequencing batch biofilm reactor for nitrogen removal. Water Sci Technol. 2016;74(11):2666–2674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenspiel O. Chemical reaction engineering. Ind Eng Chem Res. 1999;38:4140–4143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL, Stensel HD. Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• APHA, AWWA, WEF. Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 2012. p. 1360. ISBN 978-087553-013-0.
   Google Scholar
• Lamon AW, Gonzalez BC, Sati A, et al. Advanced system for growth evaluation of aerobic/anaerobic biofilm through the use of microsensor. XXXI Congreso Interamericano AIDIS Santiago – Chile Centro de Eventos Casa Piedra; 2008. p. 12–15.
   Google Scholar
• Hammer O, Harper DA, Ryan PD. (2018). PAST3 palaeontological statistics, version 3.22 Paleontological. Museum, University of Oslo, Norway.
   Google Scholar
• Andreoli FC, Sabogal-Paz LP. Household slow sand filter to treat groundwater with microbiological risks in rural communities. Water Res. 2020: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freitas BLS, Terin UC, Fava NdMN, et al. Filter media depth and its effect on the efficiency of household slow sand filter in continuous flow. J. Environ. Manage. 2021;288:1–12. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terin UC, Freitas BLS, Fava NMN, et al. Evaluation of a multi-barrier household system as an alternative to surface water treatment with microbiological risks. Environ Technol 2021: 1–13. doi:10.1080/09593330.2021.1921856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST). Biosand filter manual design, construction, installation, operation and maintenance. A CAWST training manual. Calgary (AB): Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Earwaker P, Webster J. Evaluation of the long term sustainability of biosand filters in rural Ethiopia. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Sustainable Development and Multisectoral Approaches – Proceedings of the 34th WEDC International Conference; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley I, Straub A, Maraccini P, et al. Iron oxide amended biosand filters for virus removal. Water Res. 2011;45:4501–4510. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Environmental Protection Agency. (1986). Municipal wastewater disinfection. Design manual EPA/625/1-86/021. Cincinatti (OH), 247 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Ho L, Hoefel D, Saint CP, et al. Degradation of microcystin-LR through biological sand filters. Pract. Period. Hazard. Toxic, Radioact. Waste Manag. 2007;11:191–196.
   Google Scholar
• Grützmacher G, Böttcher G, Chorus I, et al. Removal of microcystins by slow sand filtration. Environ Toxicol 2002;17:386–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank TE, Scheie ML, Cachro V, et al. The effect of increasing grain size in biosand water filters in combination with ultraviolet disinfection. J. Water Sanit Hyg. Dev. 2014;4(2):206–213. doi:10.2166/washdev.2013.171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins MW, Tiwari SK, Darby J. Bacterial, viral and turbidity removal by intermittent slow sand filtration for household use in developing countries: experimental investigation and modeling. Water Res. 2011;45:6227–6239. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napotnik JA, Baker D, Jellison KL. Effect of sand Bed depth and medium Age on Escherichia coli and turbidity removal in biosand filters. Environ Sci Technol. 2017;51(6):3402–3409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tundia KR, Ahammed MM, George D. The effect of operating parameters on the performance of a biosand filter: a statistical experiment design approach. Water Science and Technology. Water Supply. 2016;16(3):775–782.
   Google Scholar
• Nair AT, Ahammed MM, Davra K. Influence of operating parameters on the performance of a household slow sand filter. Water Science and Technology. Water Supply. 2014;14(4):643–649.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis K, Wood WE. Slow sand filtration. Crit. Rev. Environ. Control. 1985;(4):315–354. doi:10.1080/10643388509381736.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy TJ, Anderson TA, Hernandez EA, et al. Determining the operational limits of the biosand filter. Water Sci Technol Water Supply. 2013;13(1):56–65. doi:10.2166/ws.2012.075.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2014). An international scheme to evaluate household water treatment technologies. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Taft LL, Taylor W, Hartwig EO, et al. Seasonal oxygen depletion in chesapeake Bay JAY L. Estuaries Res Fed. 1980;3(4):242–247.
   Google Scholar
• Lewandowski Z, Walser G, Larsen R, et al. Biofilm surface positioning. Proceeding of the Environmental Engineering; July 1990, EE Div/ASCE, Arlington; 1990. p. 17.
   Google Scholar
• Ranjan P, Prem M. Schmutzdecke- A filtration layer of slow sand filter. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2018;7(07):637–645.
   Google Scholar
• Logsdon GS, Kohne R, Abel S, et al. Slow sand filtration for small water systems. J. Enviorn. Eng. Sci. 2002;1(5):339–348.
   Google Scholar
• Wakelin S, Page D, Dillon P, et al. Microbial community structure of a slow sand filter schmutzdecke: a phylogenetic snapshot based on rRNA sequence analysis. Water Sci Technol: Water Supply. 2011;11(4).
   Google Scholar