Feasibility studies on the use of sewage sludge as supplementary feed for rearing tilapia I. Trace metal contents of the treated fish

References

• Edwards , P. 1984 . A review of recycling organic wastes into fish, with emphasis on the tropics . Aquaculture , 21 : 261 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• Aenz , D.R. , Peterson , J.R. , Brooman , D.L. and Cecil , L.H. 1976 . Environmental impacts of land application of sludge . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 48 : 2331 – 2342 .
   Google Scholar
• Sommers , L.E. 1977 . Chemical composition of sewage sludge and analysis of their potential use as fertilizers . J. Environ. Qual. , 6 : 225 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu , J.D. and Kevern , N.R. 1975 . Digested sewage sludge cakes as manure for fish . Indian Farming , 28 : 25 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Kerns , D.L. and Roelofs , E.W. 1977 . The feasibility of using waste materials as supplemental fish feed . Bamidgeh , 29 : 125 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , S.H. and Rothman , H. 1981 . Recycling sewage sludge as feed for animals: Some ecological and strategic implications for Great Britain . Agric. Wastes , 3 : 87 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Tacon , A.G.J. and Ferns , S.S. 1983 . Use of activated sludge from domestic sewage in trout diets . Nutrition Reports International , 13 : 549 – 562 .
   Google Scholar
• Wong , M.H. and Cheung , S.P. 1980 . Sewage sludge and carrot wastes as supplementary feed for the common carp Cyprinus carpio . Environ. Pollut. , 23 : 29 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , M.H. and Kwan , S.H. 1981 . The uptake of zinc, lead, copper and manganese by carp fed with activated sludge . Toxicol. Letters , 7 : 367 – 372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardach , J.E. , Ryther , J.H. and McLarney , W.D. 1972 . Aquaculture ‐ The Farming and Husbandry of Freshwater and Marine Organisms , New York : Wiley‐Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Wohlfarth , G.W. and Hulata , J.H. 1981 . Applied Genetics of Tilapia , ICLARM Studies and Review, No. 6 Manila : Int. Center for Living Aquatic Resources Managment .
   Google Scholar
• Abson , J.W. and Smith , S.H. 1979 . “ Production of livestock feeds from sewage sludge. ” . In Chemistry of Effluent Treatment , Edited by: Kakabadse , G. London : Applied Sci. .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , S.E. , ed. 1989 . Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials , Oxford : Blackwell Sci. .
   Google Scholar
• Wu , D.K.C. 1987 . Utilization of sewage sludge on land ‐ is it safe and economical? . Resources and Conservation , 13 : 273 – 280 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogino , C. and Yang , G.Y. 1980 . Requirements of carp and rainbow trout for dietary manganese and copper . Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. , 46 : 455 – 458 .
   Google Scholar
• Skidmore , J.F. and Tovell , P.W.A. 1972 . Toxic effects of zinc sulphate on the gills of rainbow trout . Water Res. , 6 : 217 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satchell , G.H. 1984 . “ Respiratory toxicology of fishes. ” . In Aquatic Toxicology , Edited by: Weber , L.J. New York : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Varanasi , V. and Markey , D. 1978 . Uptake and release of lead and cadmium in skin and mucus of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutuch) . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. , 60 : 187 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , G.M. and Flos , R. 1978 . Zinc content of the gills of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) after treatment with zinc solutions under normoxic and hypoxic conditions . J. Fish Biol. , 13 : 717 – 720 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , W.K. and Wong , M.H. 1986 . Ultrastructural changes in gills of Sarotherdon mossambicus treated with chicken manure . Environ. Res. , 40 : 164 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , W.K. , Wong , M.H. and Cheung , Y.H. 1989 . Morphological changes in the gills of tilapia fed sterilized and nonsterilized sludge . Biomed. Environ. Sci. , 2 : 81 – 91 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coleman , R. , Yaron , Z. and Ilan , Z. 1977 . An ultrastructural study of the mitochondria‐rich ‘chloride’ cells from the gills of freshwater and seawater‐adapted Tilapia aurea subjected to a pesticide . J. Fish Biol. , 11 : 589 – 594 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , M.H. , Luk , K.C. and Choy , K.Y. 1977 . The effects of zinc and copper salts on Cyprinus carpio Ctenopharyngodon idellus . Acta Anat. , 99 : 450 – 454 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paperna , I. and Van As , J.G. 1983 . The pathology of Chilodonella hexasticha (kiernik) infections in cichld fishes . J. Fish Biol. , 23 : 441 – 450 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badsha , K.S. and Goldspink , C.R. 1982 . Preliminary observations on the heavy metal content of four species of freshwater fish in N.W. England . J. Fish Biol. , 21 : 251 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu , K.C. 1985 . “ Target organs. ” . In Basic Toxicology , Edited by: Lu , K.C. London : Hemisphere Pub. .
   Google Scholar
• Dixon , D.G. and Sprague , J.B. 1981 . Copper bioaccumulation and hepatoprotein synthesis during acclimation to copper by juvenile rainbow trout . Aquat. Toxicol. , 1 : 69 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon , D.G. and Sprague , J.B. 1981 . Acclimation to copper by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) A modifying factor in toxicity . Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. , 38 : 880 – 888 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen , E.M.B. 1991 . Metal Poisoning in Fish , Boca Raton Florida, , USA : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , J.D. and Brown , B.E. 1974 . Occurence of heavy metals in the blue shark Prionace glauca selected pelagic fauna in the northeast Atlantic Ocean . Mar. Biol. , 26 : 287 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denton , G.R.W. and Burdon , C. 1986 . Trace metals in fish from the Great Barrier Reef . Marine Pollut. Bull. , 17 : 201 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , M.H. , Luk , K.C. , Liu , W.K. and Kwan , S.H. 1979 . The effect of digested sludge on the common carp, Cyprinus carpio . Acta Anat. , 103 : 130 – 133 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong , M.H. , Cheung , Y.H. and Lau , W.M. 1982 . Toxic effects of animal manures and sewage sludge as supplementary feeds for the common carp, Cyprinus carpio . Toxicol. Letters , 12 : 65 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar