Atypical suboccipital vertebral artery blood flow in healthy subjects: Case studies using real-time ultrasound

References

• Acar M, Degirmenci B, Yucel A, Albayrak R, Haktanir A, Yaman M. Comparison of vertebral artery velocity and flow volume measurements for diagnosis of vertebrobasilar insufficiency using color duplex sonography. European Journal of Radiology 2005; 54: 221–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels E, Flugel KA. Evaluation of extracranial vertebral artery dissection with duplex colour-flow imaging. Stroke 1996; 27: 290–295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazzocchi M, Quaia E, Zuiani C, Moroldo ML. Transcranial doppler: State of the art. European Journal of Radiology 1998; 27: S141–S148
   Google Scholar
• Buckenham TM, Wright IA. Ultrasound of the extracranial vertebral artery. British Journal of Radiology 2004; 77: 15–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Fabio RP. Manipulation of the cervical spine: Risks and benefits. Physical Therapy 1999; 79: 50–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisoni GB, Anzola GP. Vertebrobasilar ischemia after neck motion. Stroke 1991; 22: 1452–1460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frumkin LR, Baloh RW. Wallenberg's syndrome following neck manipulation. Neurology 1990; 40: 611–615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganong, WF. Review of medical physiology. Appleton and Lange, Connecticut 1997
   Google Scholar
• Grant R. Premanipulative testing of the cervical spine—Reappraisal and update. Physical therapy of the cervical and thoracic spine, R Grant. Churchill Livingstone, New York 2002
   Google Scholar
• Gill RW. Measurement of blood flow by ultrasound: Accuracy and sources of error. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 1985; 11: 625–641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallerstam S, Rosfors S. Blood flow and flow resistance in the vertebral arteries of patients with and without carotid atherosclerosis. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging 2004; 24: 96–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes MJ. Vertebral arteries and neck rotation: Doppler velocimeter and duplex results compared. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2000; 26: 57–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes MJ. Vertebral arteries and cervical movement: Doppler ultrasound velocimetry for screening before manipulation. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002; 25: 556–567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes M. Internal forces sustained by the vertebral artery during spinal manipulative therapy. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2004; 27: 67–68
   Google Scholar
• Haynes MJ, Cala LA, Melsom A, Mastaglia FL, Milne N, McGeachie K. Vertebral arteries and cervical rotation: Modeling and magnetic resonance angiography studies. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002; 25: 370–383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes M, Hart R, McGeachie J. Vertebral arteries and neck rotation: Doppler velocimeter interexaminer reliability. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2000; 26: 1363–1367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes MJ, Milne N. Color Duplex sonographic findings in human vertebral arteries during cervical rotation. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 2001; 29: 14–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland CK, Clancy MJ, Taylor KJW, Alderman JL, Purushothaman K, McCauley TR. Volumetric flow estimation in vivo and in vitro using pulsed-Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 1996; 22: 591–603
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoskins PR. Measurement of arterial blood flow by Doppler ultrasound. Clinical Physiology and Physiological Measurement 1990; 11: 1–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jian FZ, Santoro A, Wang XW, Passacantili E, Seferti A, Liu SS. A vertebral artery tortuous course below the posterior arch of the atlas (without passing through the transverse foramen). Anatomical report and clinical significance. Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences 2003; 47: 183–187
   Google Scholar
• Johnson C, Grant R, Dansie B, Taylor J, Spyropolous P. Measurement of blood flow in the vertebral artery using colour duplex Doppler ultrasound: Establishment of the reliability of selected parameters. Manual Therapy 2000; 5: 21–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licht PB, Christensen HW, Hojgaard P, Hoilund-Carlsen PF. Triplex ultrasound of vertebral artery flow during cervical rotation. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 1998a; 21: 27–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licht PB, Christensen HW, Hojgaard P, Marving J. Vertebral artery flow and spinal manipulation: A randomized, controlled and observer-blinded study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 1998b; 21: 141–144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licht PB, Christensen HW, Hoilund-Carlsen PF. Vertebral artery volume flow in human beings. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 1999; 22: 363–367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licht PB, Christensen HW, Hoilund-Carlsen PF. Is there a role for premanipulative testing before cervical manipulation?. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2000; 23: 175–179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovrencic-Huzjan A, Demarin V, Bosnar M, Vukovic V, Podobnik-Sarkanji S. Color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) of the vertebral arteries: The normal appearance, normal values and the proposal for the standards. Collegium Antropologicum 1999; 23: 175–181
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mann T, Refshauge KM. Causes of complications from cervical spine manipulation. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2001; 47: 255–266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaud TC. Uneventful upper cervical manipulation in the presence of a damaged vertebral artery. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002; 25: 472–483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell J. Changes in vertebral artery blood flow following normal rotation of the cervical spine. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2003; 26: 347–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell J. The vertebral artery: A review of anatomical, histopathological and functional factors influencing blood flow to the hindbrain. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 2005; 21: 23–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell J. Doppler insonation of vertebral artery blood flow changes associated with cervical spine rotation—Implications for manual therapists. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 2007; 23: 303–313
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell J. Is mechanical deformation of the suboccipital vertebral artery during cervical spine rotation responsible for vertebrobasilar insufficiency?. Physiotherapy Research International 2008; 13: 53–66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell J, Kramschuster K. Real-time ultrasound measurements of changes in suboccipital vertebral artery diameter and blood flow velocity associated with cervical spine rotation. Physiotherapy Research International 2008; 13: 241–254
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell J, Keene D, Dyson C, Harvey L, Pruvey C, Phillips R. Is cervical spine rotation, as used in the standard vertebrobasilar insufficiency test, associated with a measurable change in intracranial vertebral artery blood flow?. Manual Therapy 2004; 9: 220–227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell, DW, Aaslid, R. Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press, New York 1992
   Google Scholar
• Nicolau C, Gilabert R, Chamorro A, Vazquez F, Bargallo N, Bru C. Doppler sonography of the intertransverse segment of the vertebral artery. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 2000; 19: 47–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolau C, Gilabert R, Garcia A, Blasco J, Chamorro A, Bru C. Effect of internal carotid artery occlusion on vertebral artery blood flow: A duplex ultrasonographic evaluation. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 2001; 20: 105–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refshauge KM. Rotation: A valid premanipulative dizziness test? Does it predict safe manipulation?. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 1994; 17: 15–19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rossitti S, Volkmann R. Changes of blood flow velocity indicating mechanical compression of the vertebral arteries during rotation of the head in the normal human measured with transcranial Doppler sonography. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 1995; 53: 26–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rossitti S, Volkmann R, Lofgren J. Changes of blood flow velocity in the vertebro-basilar circulation during rotation of the head in the normal human. Biomechanics Seminars 1992; 6: 92–99
   Google Scholar
• Saito K, Kimura K, Nagatsuka K, Nagano K, Minematsu K, Ueno S, Naritomi H. Vertebral artery occlusion in duplex color-coded ultrasonography. Stroke 2004; 35: 1068–1072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakaguchi M, Kitagawa K, Hougaku H, Hashimoto H, Nagai Y, Yamagami H, Ohtsuki T, Oku N, Hashikawa K, Matsushita K, Matsumoto M, Hori M. Mechanical compression of the extracranial vertebral artery during neck rotation. Neurology 2003; 61: 845–847
   Google Scholar
• Saunders, RC. Clinical sonography: A practical guide. Lippincott, New York 1998
   Google Scholar
• Scheel P, Ruge C, Schoning M. Flow velocity and flow volume measurements in the extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries in healthy adults: Reference data and the effects of age. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2000; 26: 1261–1266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheth TN, Winslow JL, Mikulis DJ. Rotational changes in the morphology of the vertebral artery at a common site of arterial dissection. Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal 2001; 52: 236–241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu T, Waga S, Kojima T, Niwa S. Decompression of the vertebral artery for bow-hunter's stroke. Case report. Journal of Neurosurgery 1988; 69: 127–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, K, Burns, P, Wells, P. Clinical applications of Doppler ultrasound. Raven Press Ltd, New York 1995
   Google Scholar
• Trattnig S, Hubsch P, Schuster H, Polzleitner D. Color-coded Doppler imaging of normal vertebral arteries. Stroke 1990; 21: 1222–1225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar