Rhythmic arm swing integrated into treadmill training in patients with chronic stroke: A single-subject experimental study

References

• Adell E, Wehmhorner S, Rydwik E 2013 The test-retest reliability of 10 meters maximal walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 36: 74–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom M, Fischer J, Orme JG 2003 Evaluating Practice: guidelines for the accountable professional, 4th. New Jersey, Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Carr JH, Shepherd RB, Nordholm L, Lynne D 1985 Investigation of a new motor assessment scale for stroke patients. Physical Therapy 65: 175–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins SH, Wisse M, Ruina A 2001 A three-dimensional passive-dynamic walking robot with two legs and knees. International Journal of Robotics Research 20: 607–615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cromwell RL, Aadland-Monahan TK, Nelson AT, Stern-Sylvestre SM, Seder B 2001 Sagittal plane analysis of head, neck, and trunk kinematics and electromyographic activity during locomotion. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 31: 255–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielsson A, Willen C, Sunnerhagen KS 2007 Measurement of energy cost by the physiological cost index in walking after stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 88: 1298–1303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobkin BH 1999 An overview of treadmill locomotor training with partial body weight support: A neurophysiologically sound approach whose time has come for randomized clinical trials. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 13: 157–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eich H, Mach H, Werner C, Hesse S 2004 Aerobic treadmill plus Bobath walking training improves walking in subacute stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 18: 640–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eke-Okoro ST, Gregoric M, Larsson LE 1997 Alterations in gait resulting from deliberate changes of arm-swing amplitude and phase. Clinical Biomechanics 12: 516–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eng JJ, Tang PF 2007 Gait training strategies to optimize walking ability in people with stroke: A synthesis of the evidence. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 7: 1417–1436.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flansbjer UB, Holmback AM, Downham D, Patten C, Lexell J 2005 Reliability of gait performance tests in men and women with hemiparesis after stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 37: 75–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford MP, Wagenaar RC, Newell KM 2007a The effects of auditory rhythms and instruction on walking patterns in individuals post stroke. Gait and Posture 26: 150–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford MP, Wagenaar RC, Newell KM 2007b Phase manipulation and walking in stroke. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 31: 85–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franceschini M, Carda S, Agosti M, Antenucci R, Malgrati D, Cisari C 2009 Walking after stroke: what does treadmill training with body weight support add to overground gait training in patients early after stroke? A single-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Stroke 40: 3079–3085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gersten J, Orr W 1970 External work of walking in hemiparetic patients. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 3: 85–88.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez EG, Corcoran P 1994 Energy expenditure during ambulation. Physiological Basis of Rehabilitation Medicine 413–446.
   Google Scholar
• Hassid E, Rose D, Commisarow J, Guttry M, Dobkin BH 1997 Improved gait symmetry in hemiparetic stroke patients induced during body weight-supported treadmill stepping. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 11: 21–26.
   Google Scholar
• Hesse S 2003 Rehabilitation of gait after stroke: evaluation, principles of therapy, novel treatment approaches, and assistive devices. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation 19: 109–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse S, Konrad M, Uhlenbrock D 1999 Treadmill walking with partial body weight support versus floor walking in hemiparetic subjects. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 80: 421–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinrichs RN, Cavanagh PR, Williams KR 1987 Upper extremity function in running. I: center of mass and propulsion considerations. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 3: 222–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon YC, Park JH 1989 Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K). Part I: development of the test for the elderly. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatry Association 28: 125–135.
   Google Scholar
• Li Y, Crompton R, Alexander R, Günther M, Wang W 1996 Characteristics of ground reaction forces in normal and chimpanzee-like bipedal walking by humans. Folia Primatologica 66: 137–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotan M, Yalon-Chamovitz S, Weiss PL 2009 Improving physical fitness of individuals with intellectual and developmental disability through a virtual reality intervention program. Research in Developmental Disabilities 30: 229–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luft R, Macko RF, Forrester LW, Villagra F, Ivey F, Sorkin JD, Whitall J, McCombe-Waller S, Katzel L, Goldberg AP, et al 2008 Treadmill exercise activates subcortical neural networks and improves walking after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 39: 3341–3350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macko RF, Desouza CA, Tretter LD, Silver GV, Smith PA, Anderson NT, Tomoyasu N, Gorman P, Dengel DR 1997 Treadmill aerobic exercise training reduces the energy expenditure and cardiovascular demands of hemiparetic gait in chronic stroke patients. Stroke 28: 326–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macko RF, Smith GV, Dobrovolny CL, Sorkin JD, Goldberg AP, Silver KH 2001 Treadmill training improves fitness reserve in chronic stroke patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 82: 879–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauritz KH 2002 Gait training in hemiplegia. European Journal of Neurology 9: 23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller EW, Quinn ME, Seddon PG 2002 Body weight support treadmill and overground ambulation training for two patients with chronic disability secondary to stroke. Physical Therapy 82: 53–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nourbakhsh MR, Ottenbacher KJ 1994 The statistical analysis of single-subject data: a comparative examination. Physical Therapy 74: 768–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega JD, Fehlman LA, Farley CT 2008 Effects of aging and arm swing on the metabolic cost of stability in human walking. Journal of Biomechanics 41: 3303–3308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera S, Mody SH, Woodman RC, Studenski SA 2006 Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults. Journal of American Geriatrics Society 54: 743–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters DM, Fritz SL, Krotish DE 2013 Assessing the reliability and validity of a shorter walk test compared with the 10-meter walk test for measurements of gait speed in healthy, older adults. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 36: 24–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl M, Mehrholz J, Ritschel C, Ruckriem S 2002 Speed-dependent treadmill training in ambulatory hemiparetic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 33: 553–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose J, Gamble JG, Burgos A, Medeiros J, Haskell WL 1990 Energy expenditure index of walking for normal children and for children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 32: 333–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackley C, Baguley B, Gent S, Hodgson P 1992 The use of a balance performance monitor in the treatment of weight-bearing and weight-transference problems after stroke. Physiotherapy 78: 907–913.
   Google Scholar
• Stephenson JL, De Serres SJ, Lamontagne A 2010 The effect of arm movements on the lower limb during gait after a stroke. Gait and Posture 31: 109–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umberger BR 2008 Effects of suppressing arm swing on kinematics, kinetics, and energetics of human walking. Journal of Biomechanics 41: 2575–2580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visintin M, Barbeau H, Korner-Bitensky N, Mayo NE 1998 A new approach to retrain gait in stroke patients through body weight support and treadmill stimulation. Stroke 29: 1122–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagenaar RC, Van Emmerik RE 1994 Dynamics of pathological gait. Human Movement Science 13: 441–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner GS, Bond RR, Finlay DD, Lim TH, Strauss DG 2013 Recording the Electrocardiogram. In: Marriott’s Practical Electrocardiography (12th). London, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Webb D, Tuttle RH, Baksh M 1994 Pendular activity of human upper limbs during slow and normal walking. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 93: 477–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner C, Von Frankenberg S, Treig T, Konrad M, Hesse S 2002 Treadmill training with partial body weight support and an electromechanical gait trainer for restoration of gait in subacute stroke patients: A randomized crossover study. Stroke 33: 2895–2901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo E, Park E, Chung B 2001 Mental practice effect on line-tracing accuracy in persons with hemiparetic stroke: a preliminary study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 82: 1213–1218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar