Publication Cover
Physiotherapy Theory and Practice
An International Journal of Physical Therapy
Volume 39, 2023 - Issue 2
1,043
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Systematic Review/Meta-Analysis

Management of lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of rehabilitation, surgical, injection, and medication interventions

, PT, DPT, , PT, DPT, PhD, , PT, DPT, , PT, DPT, , PT, DPT & , PhD
Pages 241-286 | Received 08 May 2021, Accepted 27 Oct 2021, Published online: 02 Jan 2022

References

  • Ahmed SI, Javed G, Bareeqa SB, Shah A, Zubair M, Avedia RF, Rahman N, Samar SS, Aziz K 2018 Comparison of decompression alone versus decompression with fusion for stenotic lumbar spine: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus 10(8): e3135. doi:10.7759/cureus.3135.
  • Ammendolia C, Cote P, Rampersaud YR, Southerst D, Schneider M, Ahmed A, Bombardier C, Hawker G, Budgell B 2019a Effect of active TENS versus de-tuned TENS on walking capacity in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: A randomized controlled trial. Chiropractice and Manual Therapies 27: 24. doi:10.1186/s12998-019-0245-z.
  • Ammendolia C, Cote P, Southerst D, Schneider M, Budgell B, Bombardier C, Hawker G, Rampersaud YR 2018 Comprehensive nonsurgical treatment versus self-directed care to improve walking ability in lumbar spinal stenosis: A randomized trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 99: 2408–2419.e2. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2018.05.014.
  • Ammendolia C, Rampersaud YR, Southerst D, Ahmed A, Schneider M, Hawker G, Bombardier C, Cote P 2019b Effect of a prototype lumbar spinal stenosis belt versus a lumbar support on walking capacity in lumbar spinal stenosis: A randomized controlled trial. Spine Journal 19: 386–394. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2018.07.012.
  • Ammendolia C, Stuber KJ, Rok E, Rampersaud R, Kennedy CA, Pennick V, Steenstra IA, de Bruin LK, Furlan AD 2013 Nonoperative treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis with neurogenic claudication. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8: CD010712.
  • Ammendolia C, Stuber KJ, Tomkins-Lane C, Schneider M, Rampersaud YR, Furlan AD, Kennedy CA 2014 What interventions improve walking ability in neurogenic claudication with lumbar spinal stenosis? A systematic review. European Spine Journal 23: 1282–1301. doi:10.1007/s00586-014-3262-6.
  • Atlas SJ, Keller RB, Wu YA, Deyo RA, Singer DE 2005 Long-term outcomes of surgical and non-surgical management of lumbar spinal stenosis: 8 to 10 year results from the maine lumbar spine study. Spine 30: 936–943. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000158953.57966.c0.
  • Austevoll IM, Gjestad R, Brox JI, Solberg TK, Storheim K, Rekeland F, Hermansen E, Indrekvam K, Hellum C 2017 The effectiveness of decompression alone compared with additional fusion for lumbar spinal stenosis with degenerative spondylolisthesis: A pragmatic comparative non-inferiority observational study from the Norwegian registry for spine surgery. European Spine Journal 26(2): 404–413. doi:10.1007/s00586-016-4683-1.
  • Aydin EO, Paker N, Bugdayci D 2018 Efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: A randomized controlled study. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 21: 557–564. doi:10.31086/tjgeri.2018.62.
  • Barz T, Melloh M, Staub L, Roeder C, Lange J, Smiszek FG, Theis JC, Merk HR 2008 The diagnostic value of a treadmill test in predicting lumbar spinal stenosis. European Spine Journal 17: 686–690. doi:10.1007/s00586-008-0593-1.
  • Benaim C, Blaser S, Leger B, Vuistiner P, Luthi F 2019 Minimal clinically important difference estimates of 6 commonly-used performance tests in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain completing a work-related multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 20(1): 16. doi:10.1186/s12891-018-2382-2.
  • Benyamin RM, Staats PS; Investigatrors MiDAS Encore 2016 MILD is an effective treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis with neurogenic claudication: MiDAS ENCORE randomized controlled trial. Pain Physician 19(4;5): 229–242. doi:10.36076/ppj/2019.19.229.
  • Benzel EC, Lancon J, Kesterson L, Hadden T 1991 Cervical laminectomy and dentate ligament section for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques 4(3): 286–295. doi:10.1097/00002517-199109000-00005.
  • Beyer F, Yagdiran A, Neu P, Kaulhausen T, Eysel P, Sobottke R 2013 Percutaneous interspinous spacer versus open decompression: A 2-year follow-up of clinical outcome and quality of life. European Spine Journal 22(9): 2015–2021. doi:10.1007/s00586-013-2790-9.
  • Bird SB, Dickson EW 2001 Clinically significant changes in pain along the visual analog scale. Annals of Emergency Medicine 38(6): 639–643. doi:10.1067/mem.2001.118012.
  • Bohannon RW, Bubela D, Magasi S, McCreath H, Wang YC, Reuben D, Rymer WZ, Gershon R 2014 Comparison of walking performance over the first 2 minutes and the full 6 minutes of the Six-Minute Walk Test. BMC Research Notes 7(1): 269. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-269.
  • Brown LL 2012 A double-blind, randomized, prospective study of epidural steroid injection vs. the mild(R) procedure in patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis. Pain Practice 12(5): 333–341. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2011.00518.x.
  • Butland RJ, Pang J, Gross ER, Woodcock AA, Geddes DM 1982 Two-, six-, and 12-minute walking tests in respiratory disease. British Medical Journal 284(6329): 1607–1608. doi:10.1136/bmj.284.6329.1607.
  • Cambron JA, Schneider M, Dexheimer JM, Iannelli G, Chang M, Terhorst L, Cramer GD 2014 A pilot randomized controlled trial of flexion-distraction dosage for chiropractic treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. Journal of Manipulative and Physiologicial Therapeutics 37(6): 396–406. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2014.05.005.
  • Carrascosa-Granada A, Velazquez W, Wagner R, Saab Mazzei A, Vargas-Jimenez A, Jorquera M, Albacar JA, Sallabanda K 2020 Comparative study between uniportal full-endoscopic interlaminar and tubular approach in the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis: A pilot study. Global Spine Journal 10: 70S–78S. doi:10.1177/2192568219878419.
  • Celik SE, Celik S, Goksu K, Kara A, Ince I 2010 Microdecompressive laminatomy with a 5-year follow-up period for severe lumbar spinal stenosis. Journal of Spinal Disorders and Technologies 23(4): 229–235. doi:10.1097/BSD.0b013e3181a3d889.
  • Cho DY, Lin HL, Lee WY, Lee HC 2007 Split-spinous process laminotomy and discectomy for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: A preliminary report. Journal of Neurosurgery. Spine 6(3): 229–239. doi:10.3171/spi.2007.6.3.229.
  • Choi DJ, Kim JE 2019 Efficacy of biportal endoscopic spine surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery 11(1): 82–88. doi:10.4055/cios.2019.11.1.82.
  • Choi J, Lee S, Jeon C 2015 Effects of flexion-distraction manipulation therapy on pain and disability in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 27(6): 1937–1939. doi:10.1589/jpts.27.1937.
  • Cleland JA, Whitman JM, Houser JL, Wainner RS, Childs JD 2012 Psychometric properties of selected tests in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine Journal 12(10): 921–931. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2012.05.004.
  • Cohen J 1998 Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
  • Comer CM, Johnson MI, Marchant PR, Redmond AC, Bird HA, Conaghan PG 2010 The effectiveness of walking stick use for neurogenic claudication: Results from a randomized trial and the effects on walking tolerance and posture. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 91(1): 15–19. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2009.08.149.
  • Comer CM, Redmond AC, Bird HA, Conaghan PG 2009 Assessment and management of neurogenic claudication associated with lumbar spinal stenosis in a UK primary care musculoskeletal service: A survey of current practice among physiotherapists. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 10(1): 121. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-10-121.
  • Comer CM, Redmond AC, Bird HA, Hensor EM, Conaghan PG 2013 A home exercise programme is no more beneficial than advice and education for people with neurogenic claudication: Results from a randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 8(9): e72878. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072878.
  • Conway J, Tomkins CC, Haig AJ 2011 Walking assessment in people with lumbar spinal stenosis: Capacity, performance, and self-report measures. Spine Journal 11(9): 816–823. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2010.10.019.
  • Deen HG, Zimmerman RS, Lyons MK, McPhee MC, Verheijde JL, Lemens SM 2000 Test-retest reproducibility of the exercise treadmill examination in lumbar spinal stenosis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 75(10): 1002–1007. doi:10.4065/75.10.1002.
  • Delitto A, Piva SR, Moore CG, Fritz JM, Wisniewski SR, Josbeno DA, Fye M, Welch WC 2015 Surgery versus nonsurgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis: A randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 162(7): 465–473. doi:10.7326/M14-1420.
  • Deyo RA, Gray DT, Kreuter W, Mirza S, Martin BI 2005 United States trends in lumbar fusion surgery for degenerative conditions. Spine 30(12): 1441–1447. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000166503.37969.8a.
  • Deyo RA, Mirza SK, Martin BI, Kreuter W, Goodman DC, Jarvik JG 2010 Trends, major medical complications, and charges associated with surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis in older adults. JAMA 303(13): 1259–1265. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.338.
  • Downs SH, Black N 1998 The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 52(6): 377–384. doi:10.1136/jech.52.6.377.
  • ECRI Health Technology Assessment Group 2001 Treatment of Degenerative Lumabr Spinal Stenosis. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment 32: 1–5.
  • Elsheikh NA, Amr YM 2016 Effect of adding calcitonin to translaminar epidural steroid in degenerative lumbar spinal canal stenosis. Pain Physician 19(3): 139–146.
  • Farrokhi MR, Yadollahikhales G, Gholami M, Mousavi SR, Mesbahi AR, Asadi-Pooya AA 2018 Clinical outcomes of posterolateral fusion vs. posterior lumbar interbody fusion in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis and degenerative instability. Pain Physician 21(21;1): 383–406. doi:10.36076/ppj.2018.4.383.
  • Friedly JL, Comstock BA, Turner JA, Heagerty PJ, Deyo RA, Bauer Z, Avins AL, Nedeljkovic SS, Nerenz DR, Shi XR, et al. 2017 Long-term effects of repeated injections of local anesthetic with or without corticosteroid for lumbar spinal stenosis: A randomized trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 98: 1499–1507 e1492.
  • Friedly JL, Comstock BA, Turner JA, Heagerty PJ, Deyo RA, Sullivan SD, Bauer Z, Bresnahan BW, Avins AL, Nedeljkovic SS, et al. 2014 A randomized trial of epidural glucocorticoid injections for spinal stenosis. New England Journal of Medicine 371: 11–21.
  • Fritz JM, Erhard RE, Delitto A, Welch WC, Nowakowski PE 1997 Preliminary results of the use of a two-stage treadmill test as a clinical diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis. Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques 10: 410–416.
  • Furlan AD, Malmivaara A, Chou R, Maher CG, Deyo RA, Schoene M, Bronfort G, van Tulder MW; Editorial Board of the Cochrane Back NG 2015 2015 Updated method guideline for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Back and Neck Group. Spine 40: 1660–1673.
  • Ghogawala Z, Dziura J, Butler WE, Dai F, Terrin N, Magge SN, Coumans JV, Harrington JF, Amin-Hanjani S, Schwartz JS, et al. 2016 Laminectomy plus fusion versus laminectomy alone for lumbar spondylolisthesis. New England Journal of Medicine 374(15): 1424–1434. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1508788.
  • Goren A, Yildiz N, Topuz O, Findikoglu G, Ardic F 2010 Efficacy of exercise and ultrasound in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 24(7): 623–631. doi:10.1177/0269215510367539.
  • Gurelik M, Bozkina C, Kars Z, Karadag O, Ozum U, Bayrakli F 2012 Unilateral laminotomy for decompression of lumbar stenosis is effective and safe: A prospective randomized comparative study. Journal of Neurological Sciences 29: 744–753.
  • Haddadi K, Asadian L, Isazade A 2016 Effects of nasal calcitonin vs. oral gabapentin on pain and symptoms of lumbar spinal stenosis: A clinical trial study. Clinical Medicine Insights. Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders 9: 133–138. doi:10.4137/CMAMD.S39938.
  • Haddadi K, Ganjeh Qazvini HR 2016 Outcome after surgery of lumbar spinal stenosis: A randomized comparison of bilateral laminotomy, trumpet laminectomy, and conventional laminectomy. Frontiers in Surgery 3: 19. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2016.00019.
  • Hageman D, Fokkenrood HJ, Gommans LN, van Den Houten MM, Teijink JA 2018 Supervised exercise therapy versus home-based exercise therapy versus walking advice for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4: CD005263.
  • Hamawandi SA, Sulaiman I, Al-Humairi AK 2019 Microdecompression versus open laminectomy and posterior stabilization for multilevel lumbar spine stenosis: A randomized controlled trial. Pain Research and Management 2019: 7214129. doi:10.1155/2019/7214129.
  • Hammerich A, Whitman J, Mintken P, Denninger T, Akuthota V, Sawyer EE, Hofmann M, Childs JD, Cleland J 2019 Effectiveness of physical therapy combined with epidural steroid injection for individuals with lumbar spinal stenosis: A randomized parallel-group trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 100(5): 797–810. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2018.12.035.
  • Hasan S, McGrath LB, Sen RD, Barber JK, Hofstetter CP 2019 Comparison of full-endoscopic and minimally invasive decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis in the setting of degenerative scoliosis and spondylolisthesis. Neurosurgical Focus 46: E16.
  • Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG 2003 Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. British Medical Journal 327: 557–560. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557.
  • Homayouni K, Naseri M, Zaravar F, Zaravar L, Karimian H 2015 Comparison of the effect of aquatic physical therapy and conventional physical therapy in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 18: 1550002. doi:10.1142/S0218957715500025.
  • Hong P, Liu Y, Li H 2015 Comparison of the efficacy and safety between interspinous process distraction device and open decompression surgery in treating lumbar spinal stenosis: A meta analysis. Journal of Investigative Surgery 28(1): 40–49. doi:10.3109/08941939.2014.932474.
  • Hoy D, March L, Brooks P, Blyth F, Woolf A, Bain C, Williams G, Smith E, Vos T, Barendregt J, et al. 2014 The global burden of low back pain: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 73(6): 968–974. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204428.
  • Hu D, Fei J, Chen G, Yu Y, Lai Z 2019 Treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis in elderly patients using percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy combined with postoperative three-dimensional traction. Expert Review of Medical Devices 16(4): 317–323. doi:10.1080/17434440.2019.1599282.
  • Huang W, Chang Z, Zhang J, Song R, Yu X 2015 Interspinous process stabilization with Rocker via unilateral approach versus X-Stop via bilateral approach for lumbar spinal stenosis: A comparative study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 16(1): 328. doi:10.1186/s12891-015-0786-9.
  • Huda N, Bansal P, Gupta S, Ruhela A, Rehman M, Afzal M 2010 The efficacy of epidural depo-methylprednisolone and triamcinolone acetate in relieving the symptoms of lumbar canal stenosis: A comparative study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 4: 2842–2847.
  • Inose H, Kato T, Yuasa M, Yamada T, Maehara H, Hirai T, Yoshii T, Kawabata S, Okawa A 2018 Comparison of decompression, decompression plus fusion, and decompression plus stabiliz-ation for degenerative spondylolisthesis: A prospective, randomized study. Clinical Spine Surgery 31(7): E347–E352. doi:10.1097/BSD.0000000000000659.
  • Japanese Orthopedic Association 1976 Japanese Orthopedic Association scoring system for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Nihon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi 50: 18–19.
  • Kang T, Park SY, Kang CH, Lee SH, Park JH, Suh SW 2019 Is biportal technique/endoscopic spinal surgery satisfactory for lumbar spinal stenosis patients?: A prospective randomized comparative study. Medicine 98(18): e15451. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000015451.
  • Karm MH, Choi SS, Kim DH, Park JY, Lee S, Park JK, Suh YJ, Leem JG, Shin JW 2018 Percutaneous epidural adhesiolysis using inflatable balloon catheter and balloon-less catheter in central lumbar spinal stenosis with neurogenic claudication: A randomized controlled trial. Pain Physician 21(6): 593–606.
  • Katz JN, Harris MB 2008 Clinical practice. Lumbar spinal stenosis. New England Journal of Medicine 358(8): 818–825. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0708097.
  • Katz JN, Lipson S, Lew R, Grobler L, Weinstein J, Brick G, Fossel AH, Liang MH 1997 Lumbar laminectomy alone or with instrumented or noninstrumented arthrodesis in degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Patient selection, costs, and surgical outcomes. Spine 22(10): 1123–1131. doi:10.1097/00007632-199705150-00012.
  • Kim HJ, Kim JH, Park YS, Suk KS, Lee JH, Park MS, Moon SH 2016 Comparative study of the efficacy of limaprost and pregabalin as single agents and in combination for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis: A prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Spine Journal 16: 756–763. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2016.02.049.
  • Kim SH, Choi WJ, Suh JH, Jeon SR, Hwang CJ, Koh WU, Lee C, Leem JG, Lee SC, Shin JW 2013 Effects of transforaminal balloon treatment in patients with lumbar foraminal stenosis: A randomized, controlled, double-blind trial. Pain Physician 16: 213–224.
  • Koc Z, Ozcakir S, Sivrioglu K, Gurbet A, Kucukoglu S 2009 Effectiveness of physical therapy and epidural steroid injections in lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 34: 985–989. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31819c0a6b.
  • Koh W, Choi SS, Karm MH, Suh JH, Leem JG, Lee JD, Kim YK, Shin J 2015 Treatment of chronic lumbosacral radicular pain using adjuvant pulsed radiofrequency: A randomized controlled study. Pain Medicine 16: 432–441. doi:10.1111/pme.12624.
  • Koh WU, Choi SS, Park SY, Joo EY, Kim SH, Lee JD, Shin JY, Suh JH, Leem JG, Shin JW 2013 Transforaminal hypertonic saline for the treatment of lumbar lateral canal stenosis: A double-blinded, randomized, active-control trial. Pain Physician 16: 197–211.
  • Komp M, Hahn P, Oezdemir S, Giannakopoulos A, Heikenfeld R, Kasch R, Merk H, Godolias G, Ruetten S 2015 Bilateral spinal decompression of lumbar central stenosis with the full-endoscopic interlaminar versus microsurgical laminotomy technique: A prospective, randomized, controlled study. Pain Physician 18: 61–70. doi:10.36076/ppj/2015.18.61.
  • Kong DS, Kim ES, Eoh W 2007 One-year outcome evaluation after interspinous implantation for degenerative spinal stenosis with segmental instability. Journal of Korean Medical Science 22(2.): 330–335. doi:10.3346/jkms.2007.22.2.330.
  • Koo BS, Jung MJ, Lee JH, Jin HC, Lee JS, Kim YI 2015 A pilot study of the correlation between the numeric rating scale used to evaluate “Geop” and questionnaires on pain perception. Korean Journal of Pain 28(1): 32–38. doi:10.3344/kjp.2015.28.1.32.
  • Kovacs FM, Abraira V, Royuela A, Corcoll J, Alegre L, Cano A, Muriel A, Zamora J, Del Real MT, Gestoso M, et al. 2007 Minimal clinically important change for pain intensity and disability in patients with nonspecific low back pain. Spine 32(25): 2915–2920. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31815b75ae.
  • Kovacs FM, Urrutia G, Alarcon JD 2011 Surgery versus conservative treatment for symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Spine 6(20): E1335–1351. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31820c97b1.
  • Kreiner DS, Shaffer WO, Baisden JL, Gilbert TJ, Summers JT, Toton JF, Hwang SW, Mendel RC, Reitman CA; North American Spine S 2013 An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (update). Spine Journal 13(7): 734–743. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.059.
  • Lee GW, Son JH, Ahn MW, Kim HJ, Yeom JS 2015 The comparison of pedicle screw and cortical screw in posterior lumbar interbody fusion: A prospective randomized noninferiority trial. Spine Journal 15(7): 1519–1526. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.02.038.
  • Lonne G, Johnsen LG, Rossvoll I, Andresen H, Storheim K, Zwart JA, Nygaard OP 2015 Minimally invasive decompression versus x-stop in lumbar spinal stenosis: A randomized controlled multicenter study. Spine 40(2): 77–85. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000000691.
  • Ma XL, Zhao XW, Ma JX, Li F, Wang Y, Lu B 2017 Effectiveness of surgery versus conservative treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis: A system review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Surgery 44: 329–338. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.07.032.
  • Macedo LG, Hum A, Kuleba L, Mo J, Truong L, Yeung M, Battie MC 2013 Physical therapy interventions for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: A systematic review. Physical Therapy 93(12): 1646–1660. doi:10.2522/ptj.20120379.
  • Machado GC, Ferreira PH, Harris IA, Pinheiro MB, Koes BW, van Tulder M, Rzewuska M, Maher CG, Ferreira ML 2015 Effectiveness of surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 10: e0122800. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122800.
  • Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Damron KS, Pampati V, Falco FJ 2012a Lumbar inter-laminar epidural injections in central spinal stenosis: Preliminary results of a randomized, double-blind, active control trial. Pain Physician 15(1;1): 51–63. doi:10.36076/ppj.2012/15/51.
  • Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Damron KS, Pampati V, Falco FJ 2015 A randomized, double-blind controlled trial of lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in central spinal stenosis: 2-year follow-up. Pain Physician 18(1;1): 79–92. doi:10.36076/ppj/2015.18.79.
  • Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Pampati V, Fellows B 2012b Fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections with or without steroids in managing pain of lumbar spinal stenosis: One-year results of randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial. Journal of Spinal Disorders and Technologies 25(4): 226–234. doi:10.1097/BSD.0b013e3182160068.
  • Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Pampati V, Singh V, Benyamin R 2009 the preliminary results of a comparative effectiveness evaluation of adhesiolysis and caudal epidural injections in managing chronic low back pain secondary to spinal stenosis: A randomized, equivalence controlled trial. Pain Physician 12(6;12): E341–354. doi:10.36076/ppj.2009/12/E341.
  • Markman JD, Frazer ME, Rast SA, McDermott MP, Gewandter JS, Chowdhry AK, Czerniecka K, Pilcher WH, Simon LS, Dworkin RH 2015a Double-blind, randomized, controlled, crossover trial of pregabalin for neurogenic claudication. Neurology 84: 265–272. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001168.
  • Markman JD, Gewandter JS, Frazer ME, Murray NM, Rast SA, McDermott MP, Chowdhry AK, Tomkinson EJ, Pilcher WH, Walter KA, et al. 2015b A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of oxymorphone hydrochloride and propoxyphene/Acetaminophen combination for the treatment of neurogenic claudication associated with lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 40(10): 684–691. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000000837.
  • Matsudaira K, Seichi A, Kunogi J, Yamazaki T, Kobayashi A, Anamizu Y, Kishimoto J, Hoshi K, Takeshita K, Nakamura K 2009 The efficacy of prostaglandin E1 derivative in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 34(2): 115–120. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31818f924d.
  • May S, Comer C 2013 Is surgery more effective than non-surgical treatment for spinal stenosis, and which non-surgical treatment is more effective? A systematic review. Physiotherapy 99(1): 12–20. doi:10.1016/j.physio.2011.12.004.
  • Meng H, Fei Q, Wang B, Yang Y, Li D, Li J, Su N 2015 Epidural injections with or without steroids in managing chronic low back pain secondary to lumbar spinal stenosis: A meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 9: 4657–4667. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S85524.
  • Meyer B, Baranto A, Schils F, Collignon F, Zoega B, Tan L, LeHuec JC; NICE Trial Study Group 2018 Percutaneous interspinous spacer vs decompression in patients with neurogenic claudication: An alternative in selected patients? Neurosurgery 82(5): 621–629. doi:10.1093/neuros/nyx326.
  • Minetama M, Kawakami M, Teraguchi M, Kagotani R, Mera Y, Sumiya T, Nakagawa M, Yamamoto Y, Matsuo S, Koike Y, et al. 2019 Supervised physical therapy vs. home exercise for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: A randomized controlled trial. Spine Journal 19: 1310–1318.
  • Mo Z, Zhang R, Chang M, Tang S 2018 Exercise therapy versus surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 34(4): 879–885. doi:10.12669/pjms.344.14349.
  • Moojen WA, Arts MP, Jacobs WC, van Zwet EW, van Den Akker-van Marle ME, Koes BW, Vleggeert-Lankamp CL, Peul WC; Leiden-The Hague Spine Intervention Prognostic Study Group 2013 Interspinous process device versus standard conventional surgical decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis: Randomized controlled trial. British Medical Journal 347: f6415. doi:10.1136/bmj.f6415.
  • Mu W, Shang Y, Mo Z, Tang S 2018 Comparison of two types of exercises in the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 34(4): 897–900. doi:10.12669/pjms.344.15296.
  • Nerland US, Jakola AS, Solheim O, Weber C, Rao V, Lonne G, Solberg TK, Salvesen O, Carlsen SM, Nygaard OP, et al. 2015 Minimally invasive decompression versus open laminectomy for central stenosis of the lumbar spine: Pragmatic comparative effectiveness study. British Medical Journal 350: h1603. doi:10.1136/bmj.h1603.
  • Oka H, Matsudaira K, Takano Y, Kasuya D, Niiya M, Tonosu J, Fukushima M, Oshima Y, Fujii T, Tanaka S, et al. 2018 A comparative study of three conservative treatments in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: Lumbar spinal stenosis with acupuncture and physical therapy study (LAP study). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 18(1): 19. doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2087-y.
  • Ostelo RW, Deyo RA, Stratford P, Waddell G, Croft P, Von Korff M, Bouter LM, de Vet HC 2008 Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: Towards international consensus regarding minimal important change. Spine 33(1): 90–94.doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31815e3a10.
  • Park SM, Park J, Jang HS, Heo YW, Han H, Kim HJ, Chang BS, Lee CK, Yeom JS 2020 Biportal endoscopic versus microscopic lumbar decompressive laminectomy in patients with spinal stenosis: A randomized controlled trial. Spine Journal 20(2): 156–165. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2019.09.015.
  • Parreira VF, Janaudis-Ferreira T, Evans RA, Mathur S, Goldstein RS, Brooks D 2014 Measure-ment properties of the incremental shuttle walk test. A systematic review. Chest 145(6): 1357–1369. doi:10.1378/chest.13-2071.
  • Pich J 2018 Effectiveness of posterior decompression techniques compared with conventional laminectomy for lumbar stenosis. Orthopaedic Nursing 37(5): 318–319. doi:10.1097/NOR.0000000000000482.
  • Podichetty VK, Segal AM, Lieber M, Mazanec DJ 2004 Effectiveness of salmon calcitonin nasal spray in the treatment of lumbar canal stenosis: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial. Spine 29(21): 2343–2349. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000143807.78082.7f.
  • Pratt RK, Fairbank JC, Virr A 2002 The reliability of the Shuttle Walking Test, the Swiss Spinal Stenosis Questionnaire, the Oxford Spinal Stenosis Score, and the Oswestry Disability Index in the assessment of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 27(1): 84–91. doi:10.1097/00007632-200201010-00020.
  • Przkora R, Kinsky MP, Fisher SR, Babl C, Heyde CE, Vasilopoulos T, Kaye AD, Volpi E 2019 Functional improvements utilizing the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) in the elderly after epidural steroid injections. Current Pain Headache Reports 23(2): 14. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0748-2.
  • Pua YH, Cai CC, Lim KC 2007 Treadmill walking with body weight support is no more effective than cycling when added to an exercise program for lumbar spinal stenosis: A randomised controlled trial. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 53(2): 83–89. doi:10.1016/S0004-9514(07)70040-5.
  • Qin Z, Ding Y, Xu C, Kwong JSW, Ji Y, Wu A, Wu J, Liu Z 2020 Acupuncture vs noninsertive sham acupuncture in aging patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Medicine 133(4): 500–507 e520. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.08.038.
  • Rajasekaran S, Thomas A, Kanna RM, Prasad Shetty A 2013 Lumbar spinous process splitting decompression provides equivalent outcomes to conventional midline decompression in degenerative lumbar canal stenosis: A prospective, randomized controlled study of 51 patients. Spine 38(20): 1737–1743. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182a056c1.
  • Reiman MP, Harris JY, Cleland JA 2009 Manual therapy interventions for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: A systematic review. New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy 37: 17–28.
  • Richter A, Schutz C, Hauck M, Halm H 2010 Does an interspinous device (Coflex) improve the outcome of decompressive surgery in lumbar spinal stenosis? One-year follow up of a prospective case control study of 60 patients. European Spine Journal 19: 283–289.
  • Rodrigues LC, Natour J 2014 A double-blind, randomized controlled, prospective trial assessing the effectiveness of oral corticoids in the treatment of symptomatic lumbar canal stenosis. Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine 13(1): 13. doi:10.1186/1477-5751-13-13.
  • Ruetten S, Komp M, Merk H, Godolias G 2009 Surgical treatment for lumbar lateral recess stenosis with the full-endoscopic interlaminar approach versus conventional microsurgical technique: A prospective, randomized, controlled study. Journal of Neurosurgery. Spine 10(5): 476–485. doi:10.3171/2008.7.17634.
  • Ryu SJ, Kim IS 2010 Interspinous implant with unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis in elderly patients. Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 47(5): 338–344. doi:10.3340/jkns.2010.47.5.338.
  • Sahin F, Yilmaz F, Kotevoglu N, Kuran B 2009 The efficacy of physical therapy and physical therapy plus calcitonin in the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. Yonsei Medical Journal 50(5): 683–688. doi:10.3349/ymj.2009.50.5.683.
  • Schmidt S, Franke J, Rauschmann M, Adelt D, Bonsanto MM, Sola S 2018 Prospective, random-ized, multicenter study with 2-year follow-up to compare the performance of decompression with and without interlaminar stabilization. Journal of Neurosurgery. Spine 28(4): 406–415. doi:10.3171/2017.11.SPINE17643.
  • Schneider MJ, Ammendolia C, Murphy DR, Glick RM, Hile E, Tudorascu DL, Morton SC, Smith C, Patterson CG, Piva SR 2019 Comparative clinical effectiveness of nonsurgical treatment methods in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open 2(1): e186828. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.6828.
  • Sedgwick P 2013 Meta-analysis: How to read a funnel plot. British Medical Journal 346: 1342–1343. doi:10.1136/bmj.f1342.
  • Simotas AC 2001 Nonoperative treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 2001(384): 153–161. doi:10.1097/00003086-200103000-00018.
  • Slater J, Kolber MJ, Schellhase KC, Patel CK, Rothschild CE, Liu X, Hanney WJ 2016 The influence of exercise on perceived pain and disability in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 10(2): 136–147. doi:10.1177/1559827615571510.
  • Smeets R, Koke A, Lin CW, Ferreira M, Demoulin C 2011 Measures of function in low back pain/disorders: Low Back Pain Rating Scale (LBPRS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Progressive Isoinertial Lifting Evaluation (PILE), Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QBPDS), and Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ). Arthritis Care and Research 63(Suppl 11): S158–173. doi:10.1002/acr.20542.
  • Sobottke R, Rollinghoff M, Siewe J, Schlegel U, Yagdiran A, Spangenberg M, Lesch R, Eysel P, Koy T 2010 Clinical outcomes and quality of life 1 year after open microsurgical decompression or implantation of an interspinous stand-alone spacer. Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery 53(4): 179–183. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1263108.
  • Soliman MA, Ali A 2019 Decompression of lumbar canal stenosis with a bilateral interlaminar versus classic laminectomy technique: A prospective randomized study. Neurosurgical Focus 46(5): E3. doi:10.3171/2019.2.FOCUS18725.
  • Stratford PW, Binkley J, Solomon P, Finch E, Gill C, Moreland J 1996 Defining the minimum level of detectable change for the Roland-Morris questionnaire. Physical Therapy 76(4): 359–365. doi:10.1093/ptj/76.4.359.
  • Stromqvist BH, Berg S, Gerdhem P, Johnsson R, Moller A, Sahlstrand T, Soliman A, Tullberg T 2013 X-stop versus decompressive surgery for lumbar neurogenic intermittent claudication: Randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow-up. Spine 38(17): 1436–1442. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31828ba413.
  • Stucki G, Daltroy L, Liang MH, Lipson SJ, Fossel AH, Katz JN 1996 Measurement properties of a self-administered outcome measure in lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 21: 796–803. doi:10.1097/00007632-199604010-00004.
  • Surgeon TW 2000 Surgical exposure and orthodontic extrusion of an impacted canine tooth in a cat: A case report. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 17(2): 81–85. doi:10.1177/089875640001700203.
  • Tafazal SI, Ng L, Sell P 2007 Randomised placebo-controlled trial on the effectiveness of nasal salmon calcitonin in the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. European Spine Journal 16(2): 207–212. doi:10.1007/s00586-006-0154-4.
  • Takahashi J, Kobayashi H, Wakabayashi S, Deguchi M, Ito H, Mogami Y, Tanikawa H, Nakagawa H, Moriya H, Ashizawa R, et al. 2013 The effect of a prostaglandin E1 derivative on the symptoms and quality of life of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Journal of Orthopaedic Science 18(2): 208–215. doi:10.1007/s00776-012-0342-5.
  • Thome C, Zevgaridis D, Leheta O, Bazner H, Pockler-Schoniger C, Wohrle J, Schmiedek P 2005 Outcome after less-invasive decompression of lumbar spinal stenosis: A randomized comparison of unilateral laminotomy, bilateral laminotomy, and laminectomy. Journal of Neurosurgery. Spine 3(2: 129–141. doi:10.3171/spi.2005.3.2.0129.
  • Thornes E, Robinson HS, Moosmayer S, Ekeland A, Vollestad NK 2020 Low-impact exercise program for patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis awaiting surgery: A controlled pilot study. European Journal of Physiotherapy 22(2): 97–105. doi:10.1080/21679169.2018.1554000.
  • Tomkins CC, Battie MC, Rogers T, Jiang H, Petersen S 2009 A criterion measure of walking capacity in lumbar spinal stenosis and its comparison with a treadmill protocol. Spine 34(22): 2444–2449. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181b03fc8.
  • Tomkins CC, Dimoff KH, Forman HS, Gordon ES, McPhail J, Wong JR, Battie MC 2010 Physical therapy treatment options for lumbar spinal stenosis. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 23(1): 31–37. doi:10.3233/BMR-2010-0245.
  • Tomkins-Lane CC, Conway J, Hepler C, Haig AJ 2012 Changes in objectively measured physical activity (performance) after epidural steroid injection for lumbar spinal stenosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 93(11): 2008–2014. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.05.014.
  • Tomkins-Lane CC, Holz SC, Yamakawa KS, Phalke VV, Quint DJ, Miner J, Haig AJ 2012 Predictors of walking performance and walking capacity in people with lumbar spinal stenosis, low back pain, and asymptomatic controls. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 93(4): 647–653. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.09.023.
  • Truszczynska A, Rapala K, Lukawski S, Trzaskoma Z, Tarnowski A, Drzal-Grabiec J, Cabak A 2014 Evaluation of functional outcomes in individuals 10 years after posterior lumbar interbody fusion with corundum implants and decompression: A comparison of 2 surgical techniques. Medical Science Monitor 20: 1400–1406. doi:10.12659/MSM.890545.
  • Veerbeek JM, van Wegen E, van Peppen R, van der Wees PJ, Hendriks E, Rietberg M, Kwakkel G 2014 What is the evidence for physical therapy poststroke? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 9(2): e87987. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087987.
  • Wei P, Xu Y, Yao Q, Wang L 2020 Randomized trial of 3-drug combination for lumbar nerve root epidural injections with a TNF-alpha inhibitor in treatment of lumbar stenosis. British Journal of Neurosurgery 34(2): 168–171. doi:10.1080/02688697.2020.1713990.
  • Whitehurst M, Brown LE, Eidelson SG, D’Angelo A 2001 Functional mobility performance in an elderly population with lumbar spinal stenosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 82(4): 464–467. doi:10.1053/apmr.2001.20828.
  • Whitman JM, Flynn TW, Childs JD, Wainner RS, Gill HE, Ryder MG, Garber MB, Bennett AC, Fritz JM 2006 A comparison between two physical therapy treatment programs for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: A randomized clinical trial. Spine 31(22): 2541–2549. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000241136.98159.8c.
  • Williams MG, Wafai AM, Podmore MD 2018 Functional outcomes of laminectomy and laminotomy for the surgical management lumbar spine stenosis. Journal of Spine Surgery 3(4): 580–586. doi:10.21037/jss.2017.10.08.
  • Wu H, Yu WD, Jiang R, Gao ZL 2013 Treatment of multilevel degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis with spondylolisthesis using a combination of microendoscopic discectomy and minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 5(2): 567–571. doi:10.3892/etm.2012.812.
  • Yaksi A, Ozgonenel L, Ozgonenel B 2007 The efficiency of gabapentin therapy in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 32(9): 939–942. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000261029.29170.e6.
  • Yonenobu K, Abumi K, Nagata K, Taketomi E, Ueyama K 2001 Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the japanese orthopaedic association scoring system for evaluation of cervical compression myelopathy. Spine 26(17): 1890–1895. doi:10.1097/00007632-200109010-00014.
  • Zaina F, Tomkins-Lane C, Carragee E, Negrini S 2016 Surgical versus non-surgical treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1: CD010264.
  • Zhang JX, Jing XW, Cui P, He X, Hao DJ, Li SJ 2018 Effectiveness of dynamic fixation Coflex treatment for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15(1): 667–672. doi:10.3892/etm.2017.5508.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.