A theoretical framework for addressing fear of falling avoidance behavior in Parkinson’s disease

References

• Adamson BC, Ensari I, Motl RW 2015 Effect of exercise on depressive symptoms in adults with neurologic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 96(7): 1329–1338. 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.01.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen NE, Schwarzel AK, Canning CG 2013 Recurrent falls in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review. Parkinson’s Disease 2013: 906274. 10.1155/2013/906274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida L, Piemonte M, Cavalcanti H, Canning C, Paul S 2021 A self-reported clinical tool predicts falls in people with Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice 8(3): 427–434. 10.1002/mdc3.13170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armstrong C 2019 Physical activity: Updated recommendations from HHS. American Family Physician 100(1): 58–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baer M, Klemetson B, Scott D, Murtishaw AS, Navalta JW, Kinney J, Landers MR 2018 Effects of fatigue on balance in individuals with Parkinson disease: Influence of medication and brain-derived neurotrophic factor genotype. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 42(2): 61–71. 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura A 2004 Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education and Behavior 31(2): 143–164. 10.1177/1090198104263660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behaviour Research Networ S Sedentary Behaviour Research Network 2012 Letter to the editor: Standardized use of the terms “sedentary” and “sedentary behaviours.” Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 37(3): 540–542. 10.1139/h2012-024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benka Wallen M, Franzen E, Nero H, Hagstromer M 2015 Levels and patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior in elderly people with mild to moderate Parkinson disease. Physical Therapy 95(8): 1135–1141. 10.2522/ptj.20140374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaszczyk JW, Orawiec R, Duda-Klodowska D, Opala G 2007 Assessment of postural instability in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Experimental Brain Research 183(1): 107–114. 10.1007/s00221-007-1024-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloem BR, Grimbergen YA, Cramer M, Willemsen M, Zwinderman AH 2001 Prospective assessment of falls in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology 248(11): 950–958. 10.1007/s004150170047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth FW, Roberts CK, Laye MJ 2012 Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases. Comprehensive Physiology 2: 1143–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brozova H, Stochl J, Roth J, Ruzicka E 2009 Fear of falling has greater influence than other aspects of gait disorders on quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neuro Endocrinology Letters 30(4): 453–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canning CG, Paul SS, Nieuwboer A 2014 Prevention of falls in Parkinson’s disease: A review of fall risk factors and the role of physical interventions. Neurodegenerative Disease Management 4(3): 203–221. 10.2217/nmt.14.22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choi H, Irwin M, Cho H 2015 Impact of social isolation on behavioral health in elderly: Systematic review. World Journal of Psychiatry 5(4): 432–438. 10.5498/wjp.v5.i4.432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chomiak T, Watts A, Burt J, Camicioli R, Tan SN, McKeown MJ, Hu B 2018 Differentiating cognitive or motor dimensions associated with the perception of fall-related self-efficacy in Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Parkinson’s Disease 4(1): 26. 10.1038/s41531-018-0059-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conradsson D, Lofgren N, Nero H, Hagstromer M, Stahle A, Lokk J, Franzen E 2015 The effects of highly challenging balance training in elderly with Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 29(9): 827–836. 10.1177/1545968314567150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conradsson D, Lofgren N, Stahle A, Hagstromer M, Franzen E 2012 A novel conceptual framework for balance training in Parkinson’s disease - Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Neurology 12(1): 111. 10.1186/1471-2377-12-111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crouse JJ, Phillips JR, Jahanshahi M, Moustafa AA 2016 Postural instability and falls in Parkinson’s disease. Reviews in the Neurosciences 27(5): 549–555. 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtze C, Nutt JG, Carlson-Kuhta P, Mancini M, Horak F 2015 Levodopa is a double-edged sword for balance and gait in people with Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders 30(10): 1361–1370. 10.1002/mds.26269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dauwan M, Begemann M, Slot M, Lee E, Scheltens P, Sommer IE 2021 Physical exercise improves quality of life, depressive symptoms, and cognition across chronic brain disorders: A trans-diagnostic systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Neurology 268(4): 1222–1246. 10.1007/s00415-019-09493-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Din S, Galna B, Lord S, Nieuwboer A, Bekkers EM, Pelosin E, Avanzino L, Bloem BR, Olde Rikkert MG, Nieuwhof F, et al. 2020 Falls risk in relation to activity exposure in high-risk older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 75(6): 1198–1205. 10.1093/gerona/glaa007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado-Alvarado M, Marano M, Santurtun A, Urtiaga-Gallano A, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Infante J 2020 Nonpharmacological, nonsurgical treatments for freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review. Movement Disorders 35(2): 204–214. 10.1002/mds.27913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennison AC, Noorigian J, Robinson K, Fisman DN, Cianci HJ, Moberg P, Bunting-Perry L, Martine R, Duda J, Stern MB 2007 Falling in Parkinson disease: Identifying and prioritizing risk factors in recurrent fallers. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 86(8): 621–632. 10.1097/PHM.0b013e311611583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshpande N, Metter EJ, Lauretani F, Bandinelli S, Guralnik J, Ferrucci L 2008 Activity restriction induced by fear of falling and objective and subjective measures of physical function: A prospective cohort study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 56(4): 615–620. 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01639.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobkin RD, Mann SL, Interian A, Gara MA, Menza M 2019 Cognitive behavioral therapy improves diverse profiles of depressive symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 34(5): 722–729. 10.1002/gps.5077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis T, Boudreau J, DeAngelis T, Brown L, Cavanaugh J, Earhart G, Ford MP, Foreman KB, Dibble LE 2013 Barriers to exercise in people with Parkinson disease. Physical Therapy 93(5): 628–636. 10.2522/ptj.20120279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis T, Motl RW 2013 Physical activity behavior change in persons with neurologic disorders: Overview and examples from Parkinson disease and multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 37(2): 85–90. 10.1097/NPT.0b013e31829157c0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsawy B, Higgins KE 2010 Physical activity guidelines for older adults. American Family Physician 81: 55–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasano A, Canning CG, Hausdorff JM, Lord S, Rochester L 2017 Falls in Parkinson’s disease: A complex and evolving picture. Movement Disorders 32(11): 1524–1536. 10.1002/mds.27195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn A, Allen NE, Dennis S, Canning CG, Preston E 2019 Home-based prescribed exercise improves balance-related activities in people with Parkinson’s disease and has benefits similar to centre-based exercise: A systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy 65(4): 189–199. 10.1016/j.jphys.2019.08.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franzen E, Conradsson D, Hagstromer M, Nilsson MH 2016 Depressive symptoms associated with concerns about falling in Parkinson’s disease. Brain and Behavior 6(10): e00524. 10.1002/brb3.524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuzeki E, Banzer W 2018 Physical activity recommendations for health and beyond in currently inactive populations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15(5): 1042. 10.3390/ijerph15051042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garber CE, Friedman JH 2003 Effects of fatigue on physical activity and function in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 60(7): 1119–1124. 10.1212/01.WNL.0000055868.06222.AB.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazibara T, Stankovic I, Tomic A, Svetel M, Tepavcevic D, Kostic VS, Pekmezovic T 2013 Validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Falls Efficacy Scale in patients with Parkinson’s disease in Serbia. Geriatrics & Gerontology International 13(4): 936–941. 10.1111/ggi.12034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazibara T, Tepavcevic DK, Svetel M, Tomic A, Stankovic I, Kostic VS, Pekmezovic T 2019 Change in fear of falling in Parkinson’s disease: A two-year prospective cohort study. International Psychogeriatrics 31(1): 13–20. 10.1017/S1041610217002514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginis P, Nackaerts E, Nieuwboer A, Heremans E 2018 Cueing for people with Parkinson’s disease with freezing of gait: A narrative review of the state-of-the-art and novel perspectives. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 61(6): 407–413. 10.1016/j.rehab.2017.08.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hely MA, Morris JG, Traficante R, Reid WG, O’Sullivan DJ, Williamson PM 1999 The sydney multicentre study of Parkinson’s disease: Progression and mortality at 10 years. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 67(3): 300–307. 10.1136/jnnp.67.3.300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herning MM, Cook JH, Schneider JK 2005 Cognitive behavioral therapy to promote exercise behavior in older adults: Implications for physical therapists. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 28(2): 34–38. 10.1519/00139143-200508000-00001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heyn P, Hirsch M, York M, Backus D 2016 Physical activity recommendations for the aging brain: A clinician-patient guide. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 97(6): 1045–1047. 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.02.003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hiorth YH, Larsen JP, Lode K, Tysnes OB, Godfrey A, Lord S, Rochester L, Pedersen KF 2016 Impact of falls on physical activity in people with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease 6(1): 175–182. 10.3233/JPD-150640.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howland J, Lachman ME, Peterson EW, Cote J, Kasten L, Jette A 1998 Covariates of fear of falling and associated activity curtailment. Gerontologist 38(5): 549–555. 10.1093/geront/38.5.549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howland J, Peterson EW, Levin WC, Fried L, Pordon D, Bak S 1993 Fear of falling among the community-dwelling elderly. Journal of Aging and Health 5(2): 229–243. 10.1177/089826439300500205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jayakody K, Gunadasa S, Hosker C 2014 Exercise for anxiety disorders: Systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine 48(3): 187–196. 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonasson SB, Ullen S, Iwarsson S, Lexell J, Nilsson MH 2015 Concerns about falling in Parkinson’s disease: Associations with disabilities and personal and environmental factors. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease 5(2): 341–349. 10.3233/JPD-140524.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kader M, Iwarsson S, Odin P, Nilsson MH 2016 Fall-related activity avoidance in relation to a history of falls or near falls, fear of falling and disease severity in people with Parkinson’s disease. BMC Neurology 16(1): 84. 10.1186/s12883-016-0612-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keus S, Munneke M, Graziano M, Paltamaa J, Pelosin E, Domingos J, Bruhlmann S, Ramaswamy B, Prins J, and Struiksma C, et al 2014 European Physiotherapy Guideline for Parkinson’s Disease: Development and Implementation. Netherlands: KNG/ParkinsonNet. Accessed January 24, 2022. https://www.parkinsonnet.nl/app/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/eu_guideline_parkinson_guideline_for_pt_s1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Klamroth S, Steib S, Devan S, Pfeifer K 2016 Effects of exercise therapy on postural instability in Parkinson disease: A meta-analysis. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 40(1): 3–14. 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohl HW, Craig CL, Lambert EV, Inoue S, Alkandari JR, Leetongin G, Kahlmeier S 2012 Lancet physical activity series working group 2012 The pandemic of physical inactivity: Global action for public health. Lancet 380(9838): 294–305. 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60898-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraepelien M, Schibbye R, Mansson K, Sundstrom C, Riggare S, Andersson G, Lindefors N, Svenningsson P, Kaldo V 2020 Individually tailored internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for daily functioning in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease 10(2): 653–664. 10.3233/JPD-191894.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kruisbrink M, Delbaere K, Kempen G, Crutzen R, Ambergen T, Cheung KL, Kendrick D, Iliffe S, Zijlstra GA 2021 Intervention characteristics associated with a reduction in fear of falling among community-dwelling older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gerontologist 61(6): e269–e282. 10.1093/geront/gnaa021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Delbaere K, Zijlstra GA, Carpenter H, Iliffe S, Masud T, Skelton D, Morris R, Kendrick D 2016 Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and Ageing 45(3): 345–352. 10.1093/ageing/afw036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaHue SC, Comella CL, Tanner CM 2016 The best medicine? The influence of physical activity and inactivity on Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders 31(10): 1444–1454. 10.1002/mds.26728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landers MR 2020 Evidence that exercise is neuroprotective in Parkinson’s disease, Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Neurology, United Kingdom: Synapse, 16–19.
   Google Scholar
• Landers MR, Backlund A, Davenport J, Fortune J, Schuerman S, Altenburger P 2008 Postural instability in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: Discriminating fallers from nonfallers based on standardized clinical measures. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 32(2): 56–61. 10.1097/NPT.0b013e3181761330.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Landers MR, Durand C, Powell DS, Dibble LE, Young DL 2011 Development of a scale to assess avoidance behavior due to a fear of falling: The fear of falling avoidance behavior questionnaire. Physical Therapy 91(8): 1253–1265. 10.2522/ptj.20100304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landers MR, Jacobson KM, Matsunami NE, McCarl HE, Regis MT, Longhurst JK 2021 A vicious cycle of fear of falling avoidance behavior in Parkinson’s disease: A path analysis. Clinical Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 4: 100089. 10.1016/j.prdoa.2021.100089.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Landers MR, Lopker M, Newman M, Gourlie R, Sorensen S, Vong R 2017 A cross-sectional analysis of the characteristics of individuals with Parkinson disease who avoid activities and participation due to fear of falling. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 41(1): 31–42. 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landers MR, Oscar S, Sasaoka J, Vaughn K 2016 Balance confidence and fear of falling avoidance behavior are most predictive of falling in older adults: Prospective analysis. Physical Therapy 96(4): 433–442. 10.2522/ptj.20150184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence RH, Tennstedt SL, Kasten LE, Shih J, Howland J, Jette AM 1998 Intensity and correlates of fear of falling and hurting oneself in the next year: Baseline findings from a Roybal Center fear of falling intervention. Journal of Aging and Health 10(3): 267–286. 10.1177/089826439801000301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindholm B, Hagell P, Hansson O, Nilsson MH 2014 Factors associated with fear of falling in people with Parkinson’s disease. BMC Neurology 14(1): 19. 10.1186/1471-2377-14-19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindholm B, Hagell P, Hansson O, Nilsson MH 2015 Prediction of falls and/or near falls in people with mild Parkinson’s disease. PloS One 10(1): e0117018. 10.1371/journal.pone.0117018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindh-Rengifo M, Jonasson SB, Mattsson N, Ullen S, Nilsson MH 2019 Predictive factors of concerns about falling in people with Parkinson’s disease: A 3-year longitudinal study. Parkinson’s Disease 2019: 4747320. 10.1155/2019/4747320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord S, Galna B, Yarnall AJ, Coleman S, Burn D, Rochester L 2016 Predicting first fall in newly diagnosed Parkinson’s disease: Insights from a fall-naïve cohort. Movement Disorders 31(12): 1829–1836. 10.1002/mds.26742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord S, Galna B, Yarnall AJ, Morris R, Coleman S, Burn D, Rochester L 2017 Natural history of falls in an incident cohort of Parkinson’s disease: Early evolution, risk and protective features. Journal of Neurology 264(11): 2268–2276. 10.1007/s00415-017-8620-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macleod AD, Taylor KS, Counsell CE 2014 Mortality in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Movement Disorders 29(13): 1615–1622. 10.1002/mds.25898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mactier K, Lord S, Godfrey A, Burn D, Rochester L 2015 The relationship between real world ambulatory activity and falls in incident Parkinson’s disease: Influence of classification scheme. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 21(3): 236–242. 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.12.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak MK, Pang MY 2009 Balance confidence and functional mobility are independently associated with falls in people with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology 256(5): 742–749. 10.1007/s00415-009-5007-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak MK, Pang MY, Mok V 2012 Gait difficulty, postural instability, and muscle weakness are associated with fear of falling in people with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsons Disease 2012: 901721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansoubi M, Pearson N, Clemes SA, Biddle SJ, Bodicoat DH, Tolfrey K, Edwardson CL, Yates T 2015 Energy expenditure during common sitting and standing tasks: Examining the 1.5 MET definition of sedentary behaviour. BMC Public Health 15(1): 516. 10.1186/s12889-015-1851-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matinolli M, Korpelainen JT, Korpelainen R, Sotaniemi KA, Matinolli VM, Myllyla VV 2009 Mobility and balance in Parkinson’s disease: A population-based study. European Journal of Neurology 16(1): 105–111. 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02358.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mille ML, Creath RA, Prettyman MG, Johnson Hilliard M, Martinez KM, Mackinnon CD, Rogers MW 2012 Posture and locomotion coupling: A target for rehabilitation interventions in persons with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s Disease 2012: 754186. 10.1155/2012/754186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris ME 2000 Movement disorders in people with Parkinson disease: A model for physical therapy. Physical Therapy 80(6): 578–597. 10.1093/ptj/80.6.578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris ME 2006 Locomotor training in people with Parkinson disease. Physical Therapy 86(10): 1426–1435. 10.2522/ptj.20050277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, Duncan PW, Judge JO, King AC, Macera CA, Castaneda-Sceppa C 2007 Physical activity and public health in older adults: Recommendation from the American college of sports medicine and the American heart association. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 39(8): 1435–1445. 10.1249/mss.0b013e3180616aa2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson MH, Drake AM, Hagell P 2010 Assessment of fall-related self-efficacy and activity avoidance in people with Parkinson’s disease. BMC Geriatrics 10(1): 78. 10.1186/1471-2318-10-78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson MH, Hariz GM, Iwarsson S, Hagell P 2012 Walking ability is a major contributor to fear of falling in people with Parkinson’s disease: Implications for rehabilitation. Parkinson’s Disease 2012: 713236. 10.1155/2012/713236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson MH, Hariz GM, Wictorin K, Miller M, Forsgren L, Hagell P 2010 Development and testing of a self administered version of the freezing of gait questionnaire. BMC Neurology 10(1): 85. 10.1186/1471-2377-10-85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nilsson MH, Jonasson SB, Zijlstra GA 2020 Predictive factors of fall-related activity avoidance in people with Parkinson disease: A longitudinal study with a 3-Year follow-up. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 44(3): 188–194. 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul SS, Allen N, Sherrington C, Heller G, Fung VS, Close J, Lord S, Canning CG 2014a Risk factors for frequent falls in people with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease 4(4): 699–703. 10.3233/JPD-140438.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paul SS, Sherrington C, Canning CG, Fung VS, Close JC, Lord SR 2014b The relative contribution of physical and cognitive fall risk factors in people with Parkinson’s disease: A large prospective cohort study. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 28(3): 282–290. 10.1177/1545968313508470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickering RM, Grimbergen YA, Rigney U, Ashburn A, Mazibrada G, Wood B, Gray P, Kerr G, Bloem BR 2007 A meta-analysis of six prospective studies of falling in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders 22(13): 1892–1900. 10.1002/mds.21598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinter B, Diem-Zangerl A, Wenning GK, Scherfler C, Oberaigner W, Seppi K, Poewe W 2015 Mortality in Parkinson’s disease: A 38-year follow-up study. Movement Disorders 30(2): 266–269. 10.1002/mds.26060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafferty M, Nettnin E, Goldman J, MacDonald J 2021 Frameworks for Parkinson’s disease rehab-ilitation addressing when, what, and how. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 21(3): 12. 10.1007/s11910-021-01096-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman S, Griffin HJ, Quinn NP, Jahanshahi M 2011 On the nature of fear of falling in Parkinson’s disease. Behavioural Neurology 24(3): 219–228. 10.1155/2011/274539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds GO, Saint-Hilaire M, Thomas C, Barlow D, Cronin-Golomb A 2020 Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in Parkinson’s disease. Behavior Modification 44(4): 552–579. 10.1177/0145445519838828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartor-Glittenberg C, Bordenave E, Bay C, Bordenave L, Alexander JL 2018 Effect of a matter of balance programme on avoidance behaviour due to fear of falling in older adults. Psychogeriatrics 18(3): 224–230. 10.1111/psyg.12310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen X, Wong-Yu IS, Mak MK 2016 Effects of exercise on falls, balance, and gait ability in Parkinson’s Disease: A meta-analysis. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 30(6): 512–527. 10.1177/1545968315613447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherrington C, Fairhall NJ, Wallbank GK, Tiedemann A, Michaleff ZA, Howard K, Clemson L, Hopewell S, Lamb SE 2019 Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1: CD012424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soh SE, McGinley JL, Watts JJ, Iansek R, Murphy AT, Menz HB, Huxham F, Morris ME 2013 Determinants of health-related quality of life in people with Parkinson’s disease: A path analysis. Quality of Life Research 22(7): 1543–1553. 10.1007/s11136-012-0289-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparling PB, Howard BJ, Dunstan DW, Owen N 2015 Recommendations for physical activity in older adults. BMJ 350(jan20 6): h100. 10.1136/bmj.h100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sparrow D, DeAngelis TR, Hendron K, Thomas CA, Saint-Hilaire M, Ellis T 2016 Highly challenging balance program reduces fall rate in Parkinson disease. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 40(1): 24–30. 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temlett JA, Thompson PD 2006 Reasons for admission to hospital for Parkinson’s disease. Internal Medicine Journal 36(8): 524–526. 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2006.01123.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhrbrand A, Stenager E, Pedersen MS, Dalgas U 2015 Parkinson’s disease and intensive exercise therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 353(1–2): 9–19. 10.1016/j.jns.2015.04.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Den Bos F, Speelman AD, Samson M, Munneke M, Bloem BR, Verhaar HJ 2013 Parkinson’s disease and osteoporosis. Age and Ageing 42(2): 156–162. 10.1093/ageing/afs161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Haastregt JC, Vlaeyen JW 2002 Catastrophizing About Falls Scale (CAFS). preventing falls and morbidity impairments in elderly people living in the community. Theses: Maastricht University, Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Vellas BJ, Wayne SJ, Romero LJ, Baumgartner RN, Garry PJ 1997 Fear of falling and restriction of mobility in elderly fallers. Age and Ageing 26(3): 189–193. 10.1093/ageing/26.3.189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss DS 2004 The Impact of Events Scale - Revised (2nd ed), New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wu PL, Lee M, Huang TT 2017 Effectiveness of physical activity on patients with depression and Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review. PloS One 12(7): e0181515. 10.1371/journal.pone.0181515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yardley L, Smith H 2002 A prospective study of the relationship between feared consequences of falling and avoidance of activity in community-living older people. Gerontologist 42(1): 17–23. 10.1093/geront/42.1.17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zung WW 1971 A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics 12(6): 371–379. 10.1016/S0033-3182(71)71479-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar