No pain, no gain: The military overtraining hypothesis of musculoskeletal stress and injury

References

• Andersen KA, Grimshaw PN, Kelso RM, Bentley DJ 2016 Musculoskeletal lower limb injury risk in army populations. Sports Medicine - Open 2: 22. 10.1186/s40798-016-0046-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson M, Grier T, Canham-Chervak M, Bushman T, Jones BH 2015 Occupation and other risk factors for injury among enlisted US Army Soldiers. Public Health 129: 531–538. 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.02.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antosh IJ, Patzkowski JC, Racusin AW, Aden JK, Waterman SM 2018 Return to military duty after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Military Medicine 183: e83–e89. 10.1093/milmed/usx007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch 2020 Absolute and relative morbidity burdens attributable to various illnesses and injuries, active component. Vol. 27 pp. 2–9.U.S. Armed Forces, 2019. MSMR.
   Google Scholar
• Barringer ND, Pasiakos SM, McClung HL, Crombie AP, Margolis LM 2018 Prediction equation for estimating total daily energy requirements of special operations personnel. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 15: 15. 10.1186/s12970-018-0219-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belmont P, McCriskin B, Hsiao M, Burks R, Nelson K, Schoenfeld A 2013 The nature and incidence of musculoskeletal combat wounds in Iraq and Afghanistan. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 27: e107–e113. 10.1097/BOT.0b013e3182703188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blais RK, Renshaw KD, Jakupcak M 2014 Posttraumatic stress and stigma in active‐duty service members relate to lower likelihood of seeking support. Journal of Traumatic Stress 27: 116–119. 10.1002/jts.21888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulathsinhala L, Hill OT, Scofield DE, Haley TF, Kardouni JR 2015 Epidemiology of ankle sprains and the risk of separation from service in US Army soldiers. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 45: 477–484. 10.2519/jospt.2015.5733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellani JW, Delany JP, O’Brien C, Hoyt RW, Santee WR, Young AJ 2006 Energy expenditure in men and women during 54 h of exercise and caloric deprivation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 38: 894–900. 10.1249/01.mss.0000218122.59968.eb.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson PM, Tremblay I 1988 Exercise-induced muscle damage, repair, and adaptation in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 65: 1–6. 10.1152/jappl.1988.65.1.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defroda SF, Cameron K, Posner M, Kriz P, Owens B 2017 Bone stress injuries in the military: Diagnosis, management, and prevention. American Journal of Orthopedics 46: 176–183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deuster PA, O’Connor FG 2015 O’Connor FG 2015 Human performance optimization: Culture change and paradigm shift. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 29: S52–56. 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dye SF 1996 The knee as a biologic transmission with an envelope of function: A theory. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 325: 10–18. 10.1097/00003086-199604000-00003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser JJ, Schmied E, Rosenthal MD, Davenport TE 2020 Physical therapy as a force multiplier: Population health perspectives to address short-term readiness and long-term health of military service members. Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal 31: 22–28. 10.1097/CPT.0000000000000129.
   Google Scholar
• Gastmann U, Lehmann MJ 1998 Overtraining and the BCAA hypothesis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30: 1173–1178. 10.1097/00005768-199807000-00025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halson SL, Jeukendrup AE 2004 Does overtraining exist? Sports Medicine 34: 967–981. 10.2165/00007256-200434140-00003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauret KG, Jones BH, Bullock SH, Canham-Chervak M, Canada S 2010a Musculoskeletal injuries description of an under-recognized injury problem among military personnel. American Journal of Preventative Medicine 38: S61–70. 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauret KG, Pacha L, Taylor BJ, Jones BH 2016 Surveillance of disease and nonbattle injuries during US Army Operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. U.S. Army Medical Department Journal 2016: 15–23.
   Google Scholar
• Hauret KG, Taylor BJ, Clemmons N, Block S, Jones BH 2010b Frequency and causes of nonbattle injuries air evacuated from operations Iraqi freedom and enduring freedom, US Army, 2001-2006. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 38: S94–107. 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henning PC, Park BS, Kim JS 2011 Physiological decrements during sustained military operational stress. Military Medicine 176: 991–997. 10.7205/MILMED-D-11-00053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollander IE, Bell NS 2010 Physically demanding jobs and occupational injury and disability in the US Army. Military Medicine 175: 705–712. 10.7205/MILMED-D-09-00214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyt R, Buller M, Delany J, Stultz D, Warren K 2001 Warfighter physiological status monitoring (WPSM): Energy balance and thermal status during a 10-day cold weather US Marine Corps infantry officer course field exercise. Natick, MA:Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA396133/page/n3/mode/2up
   Google Scholar
• Jones BH, Canham-Chervak M, Canada S, Mitchener TA, Moore S 2010 Medical surveillance of injuries in the U.S. Military descriptive epidemiology and recommendations for improvement. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 38: S42–60. 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones BH, Perrotta DM, Canham-Chervak ML, Nee MA, Brundage JF 2000 Injuries in the military: A review and commentary focused on prevention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 18: 71–84. 10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00169-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones DA, Rutherford OM, Parker DF 1989 Physiological changes in skeletal muscle as a result of strength training. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 74: 233–256. 10.1113/expphysiol.1989.sp003268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis J, Johnell O, Gullberg B, Allander E, Elffors L, Ranstam J, Dequeker J, Dilsen G, Gennari C, Vaz AL 1999 Risk factors for hip fracture in men from southern Europe: The MEDOS study. Osteoporosis International 9: 45–54. 10.1007/s001980050115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman KR, Brodine S, Shaffer R 2000 Military training-related injuries: Surveillance, research, and prevention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 18: 54–63. 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00114-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotani G, Usami M, Kasahara H, Saitoh Y 1996 The relationship of IL-6 to hormonal mediators, fuel utilization, and systemic hypermetabolism after surgical trauma. Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences 42: 187–205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lappe J, Cullen D, Haynatzki G, Recker R, Ahlf R, Thompson K 2008 Calcium and vitamin D supplementation decreases incidence of stress fractures in female navy recruits. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 23: 741–749. 10.1359/jbmr.080102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leal LG, Lopes MA, Batista ML 2018 Physical exercise-induced myokines and muscle-adipose tissue crosstalk: A review of current knowledge and the implications for health and metabolic diseases. Frontiers in Physiology 9: 1307. 10.3389/fphys.2018.01307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester ME, Urso ML, Evans RK, Pierce JR, Spiering BA, Maresh CM, Hatfield DL, Kraemer WJ, Nindl BC 2009 Nindl BC 2009 influence of exercise mode and osteogenic index on bone biomarker responses during short-term physical training. Bone 45: 768–776. 10.1016/j.bone.2009.06.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln AE, Smith GS, Amoroso PJ, Bell NS 2002 The natural history and risk factors of musculoskeletal conditions resulting in disability among US Army personnel. Work 18: 99–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magnusson DM, Eisenhart M, Gorman I, Kennedy VK, Davenport TE 2019 Adopting population health frameworks in physical therapist practice, research, and education: The urgency of now. Physical Therapy 99: 1039–1047. 10.1093/ptj/pzz048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolis L, Rood J, Champagne C, Young A, Castellani J 2013 Energy balance and body composition during US Army special forces training. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 38: 396–400. 10.1139/apnm-2012-0323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeusen R, Duclos M, Foster C, Fry A, Gleeson M, Nieman D, Raglin J, Rietjens G, Steinacker J, Urhausen A 2013 European College of Sport Science; American College of Sports Medicine 2013 prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 45: 186–205. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318279a10a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montain S 2006 Physiological demands of combat operationsIn: Nutrient composition of rations for short-term, high-intensity combat operations, pp. 169–179. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nindl BC, Barnes B, Alemany J, Frykman P, Shippee R, Friedl K 2007 Physiological consequences of US Army Ranger training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 39: 1380–1387. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318067e2f7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nindl BC, Friedl K, Frykman P, Marchitelli L, Shippee R, Patton J 1997 Physical performance and metabolic recovery among lean, healthy men following a prolonged energy deficit. International Journal of Sports Medicine 18: 317–324. 10.1055/s-2007-972640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nindl BC, Williams TJ, Deuster PA, Butler NL, Jones BH 2013 Strategies for optimizing military physical readiness and preventing musculoskeletal injuries in the 21st century. U.S. Army Medical Department Journal 2013: 5–23.
   Google Scholar
• O’Leary TJ, Saunders SC, McGuire SJ, Venables M, Izard R 2018 Sex differences in training loads during British army basic training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 50: 2565–2574. 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Leary TJ, Wardle SL, Greeves JP 2020 Energy deficiency in soldiers: The risk of the athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sport syndromes in the military. Frontiers in Nutrition 7: 142. 10.3389/fnut.2020.00142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasiakos SM, Margolis LM, Orr JS 2015 Optimized dietary strategies to protect skeletal muscle mass during periods of unavoidable energy deficit. FASEB Journal 29: 1136–1142. 10.1096/fj.14-266890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quartana PJ, Wilk JE, Thomas JL, Bray RM, Rae Olmsted KL, Brown JM, Williams J, Kim PY, Clarke-Walper K, Hoge CW 2014 Trends in mental health services utilization and stigma in US soldiers from 2002 to 2011. American Journal of Public Health 104: 1671–1679. 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhon DI 2010 A physical therapist experience, observation, and practice with an infantry brigade combat team in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Military Medicine 175: 442–447. 10.7205/MILMED-D-09-00097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson DS 1991 Feedback theory and Darwinian evolution. Journal of Theoretical Biology 152: 469–484. 10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80393-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy TC, Lopez HP 2013 A comparison of deployed occupational tasks performed by different types of military battalions and resulting low back pain. Military Medicine 178: e937–e943. 10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00539.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schoenfeld AJ, Dunn JC, Belmont PJ 2013 Pelvic, spinal and extremity wounds among combat-specific personnel serving in Iraq and Afghanistan (2003–2011): A new paradigm in military musculoskeletal medicine. Injury 44: 1866–1870. 10.1016/j.injury.2013.08.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuh-Renner A, Grier TL, Canham-Chervak M, Hauschild V, Roy TC, Fletcher J, Jones BH 2017 Risk factors for injury associated with low, moderate, and high mileage road marching in a US Army infantry brigade. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 20: S28–S33. 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.07.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selye H 1936 A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature 138: 32. 10.1038/138032a0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skiller B, Booth C, Coad R, Forbes-Ewan C 2005 Assessment of nutritional status and fatigue among army recruits during the army common recruit training course: Part A: Catering services and diet. Australian Government, Department of Defence. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA447856.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Smith LL 2000 Cytokine hypothesis of overtraining: A physiological adaptation to excessive stress? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 32: 317–331. 10.1097/00005768-200002000-00011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahlman S, Taubman SB 2018 Incidence of acute injuries, active component, US Armed Forces, 2008-2017. MSMR 25: 2–9.
   Google Scholar
• Steinacker JM, Lormes W, Reecker S, Liu Y 2004 New aspects of the hormone and cytokine response to training. European Journal of Applied Physiology 91: 382–391. 10.1007/s00421-003-0960-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tharion W, Hoyt R, Delany J, Cline A, Lieberman H 1997 Effect of a carbohydrate drink on energy and fluid balance during a military field exercise in the desert. FASEB Journal 11: 2558.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM 2016 Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics, dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: nutrition and athletic performance. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 116: 501–528. 10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrijkotte S, Roelands B, Pattyn N, Meeusen R 2019 The overtraining syndrome in soldiers: Insights from the sports domain. Military Medicine 184: e192–e200. 10.1093/milmed/usy274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waitzkin H, Cruz M, Shuey B, Smithers D, Muncy L, Noble M 2018 Military personnel who seek health and mental health services outside the military. Military Medicine 183: e232–e240. 10.1093/milmed/usx051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker A, McKune A, Ferguson S, Pyne DB, Rattray B 2016 Chronic occupational exposures can influence the rate of PTSD and depressive disorders in first responders and military personnel. Extreme Physiology and Medicine 5: 8. 10.1186/s13728-016-0049-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar