Publication Cover
Physiotherapy Theory and Practice
An International Journal of Physical Therapy
Volume 40, 2024 - Issue 6
160
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Reports

High level of post-traumatic stress symptoms in patients with chronic neck pain is associated with poor mental health but does not moderate the outcome of a multimodal physiotherapy programme

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 1150-1163 | Received 18 Jan 2021, Accepted 07 Oct 2022, Published online: 31 Oct 2022

References

  • Åkerblom S, Perrin S, Fischer MR, McCracken LM 2017 The impact of PTSD on functioning in patients seeking treatment for chronic pain and validation of the posttraumatic diagnostic scale. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 24: 249–259. 10.1007/s12529-017-9641-8.
  • Åkerblom S, Perrin S, Fischer MR, McCracken LM 2020 Treatment outcomes in group-based cognitive behavioural therapy for chronic pain: An examination of PTSD symptoms. European Journal of Pain 24: 807–817. 10.1002/ejp.1530.
  • American Psychiatric Association 2000 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th, Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Andersen TE, Andersen LA, Andersen PG 2014 Chronic pain patients with possible co-morbid post-traumatic stress disorder admitted to multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation-a 1-year cohort study. European Journal of Psychotraumatoly 5: 23235. 10.3402/ejpt.v5.23235.
  • Andersen TE, Elklit A, Brink O 2013 PTSD Symptoms mediate the effect of attachment on pain and somatisation after whiplash injury. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 9: 75–83. 10.2174/1745017901309010075.
  • Andersen TE, Hansen M, Ravn SL, Vaegter HB 2022 The association of probable PTSD at baseline and pain-related outcomes after chronic pain rehabilitation: A comparison of DSM-5 and ICD-11 criteria for PTSD. European Journal of Pain 26: 709–718. 10.1002/ejp.1899.
  • Andersen TE, Karstoft KI, Brink O 2016 Elklit A 2016 Pain-catastrophizing and fear-avoidance beliefs as mediators between post-traumatic stress symptoms and pain following whiplash injury - A prospective cohort study. European Journal of Pain 20: 1241–1252. 10.1002/ejp.848.
  • Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J 1961 An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 4: 561–571. 10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004.
  • Bjorner JB, Damsgaard MT, Watt T, Bech P, Rasmussen NK, Søndergaard TK, Modvig J, Thunedborg K 1997 Dansk manual til SF-36: Et Spørgeskema om helbredsstatus [Danish manual for SF-36: A questionnaire on health status] Denmark: Lif.
  • Bjorner JB, Thunedborg K, Kristensen TS, Modvig J, Bech P 1998 The Danish SF-36 Health Survey: Translation and preliminary validity studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 51: 991–999. 10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00091-2.
  • Blanpied PR, Gross AR, Elliott JM, Devaney LL, Clewley D, Walton DM, Sparks C, Robertson EK 2017 Neck pain: Revision 2017. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 47: A1–A83. 10.2519/jospt.2017.0302.
  • Bodkin JA, Pope HG, Detke MJ, Hudson JI 2007 Is PTSD caused by traumatic stress? Journal of Anxiety Disorders 21: 176–182. 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.09.004.
  • Booth J, Moseley GL, Schiltenwolf M, Cashin A, Davies M, Hübscher M 2017 Exercise for chronic musculoskeletal pain: A biopsychosocial approach. Musculoskeletal Care 15: 413–421. 10.1002/msc.1191.
  • Brookes ST, Whitely E, Egger M, Smith GD, Mulheran PA, Peters TJ 2004 Subgroup analyses in randomized trials: Risks of subgroup-specific analyses; power and sample size for the interaction test. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 57: 229–236. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2003.08.009.
  • Buitenhuis J, de Jong Pj, Jaspers JP, Groothoff JW 2006 Relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and the course of whiplash complaints. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 61: 681–689. 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.07.008.
  • Campbell L, Kenardy J, Andersen T, McGregor L, Maujean A, Sterling M 2015 Trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy and exercise for chronic whiplash: Protocol of a randomised, controlled trial. Appendix A (Full protocol). Journal of Physiotherapy 61: 218. 10.1016/j.jphys.2015.07.003.
  • Campbell L, Smith A, McGregor L, Sterling M 2018 Psychological factors and the development of chronic whiplash-associated disorder(s): A systematic review. Clinical Journal of Pain 34: 755–768. 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000597.
  • Cleland JA, Fritz JM, Childs JD 2008 Psychometric properties of the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia in patients with neck pain. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 87: 109–117. 10.1097/PHM.0b013e31815b61f1.
  • Côté P, Wong JJ, Sutton D, Shearer HM, Mior S, Randhawa K, Ameis A, Carroll LJ, Nordin M, Yu H, et al. 2016 Management of neck pain and associated disorders: A clinical practice guideline from the Ontario protocol for traffic injury management (OPTIMA) collaboration. European Spine Journal 25: 2000–2022. 10.1007/s00586-016-4467-7.
  • Craig A, Tran Y, Guest R, Gopinath B, Jagnoor J, Bryant RA, Collie A, Tate R, Kenardy J, Middleton JW, et al. 2016 Psychological impact of injuries sustained in motor vehicle crashes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 6: e011993. 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011993.
  • DeCarvalho LT 2010 Important missing links in the treatment of chronic low back pain patients. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 18: 11–22. 10.3109/10582450903495981.
  • De Pauw R, Coppieters I, Kregel J, De Meulemeester K, Danneels L, Cagnie B 2016 Does muscle morphology change in chronic neck pain patients? - A systematic review. Manual Therapy 22: 42–49. 10.1016/j.math.2015.11.006.
  • Dunne-Proctor RL, Kenardy J, Sterling M 2016 The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on physiological arousal, disability, and sensory pain thresholds in patients with chronic whiplash. Clinical Journal of Pain 32: 645–653. 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000309.
  • Elliott J, Pedler A, Kenardy J, Galloway G, Jull G, Sterling M 2011 The temporal development of fatty infiltrates in the neck muscles following whiplash injury: An association with pain and posttraumatic stress. PloS One 6: e21194. 10.1371/journal.pone.0021194.
  • Gold SD, Marx BP, Soler-Baillo JM, Sloan DM 2005 Is life stress more traumatic than traumatic stress? Journal of Anxiety Disorders 19: 687–698. 10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.06.002.
  • Grønne DT, Roos EM, Skou ST 2020 GLA:D(r) Årsrapport 2019. [ GLA:D ® Annual Report 2019] https://www.glaid.dk/pdf/GLAD%20%C3%85rsrapport%202019_f.pdf.
  • Hansen IR, Søgaard K, Christensen R, Thomsen B, Manniche C, Juul-Kristensen B 2011 Neck exercises, physical and cognitive behavioural-graded activity as a treatment for adult whiplash patients with chronic neck pain: Design of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 12: 274. 10.1186/1471-2474-12-274.
  • Harvold M, MacLeod C, Vaegter HB 2018 Attentional avoidance is associated with increased pain sensitivity in patients with chronic posttraumatic pain and comorbid posttraumatic stress. Clinical Journal of Pain 34: 22–29. 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000505.
  • Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W 1979 Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine 41: 209–218. 10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004.
  • Jørgensen R, Ris I, Falla D, Juul-Kristensen B 2014 Reliability, construct and discriminative validity of clinical testing in subjects with and without chronic neck pain. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 15: 408. 10.1186/1471-2474-15-408.
  • Joseph S 2000 Psychometric evaluation of horowitz’s impact of event scale: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress 13: 101–113. 10.1023/A:1007777032063.
  • Jull GA, Falla D, Treleaven J, Hodges P, Vicenzino B 2007 Retraining cervical joint position sense: The effect of two exercise regimes. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 25: 404–412. 10.1002/jor.20220.
  • Jull GA, Falla D, Vicenzino B, Hodges PW 2009 The effect of therapeutic exercise on activation of the deep cervical flexor muscles in people with chronic neck pain. Manual Therapy 14: 696–701. 10.1016/j.math.2009.05.004.
  • Jull GA, Kristjansson E, Dall’Alba P 2004 Impairment in the cervical flexors: A comparison of whiplash and insidious onset neck pain patients. Manual Therapy 9: 89–94. 10.1016/S1356-689X(03)00086-9.
  • Jull GA, O’Leary S, Falla D 2008 Clinical assessment of the deep cervical flexor muscles: The cranio-cervical flexion test. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 31: 525–533. 10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.08.003.
  • Kahlaee AH, Rezasoltani A, Ghamkhar L 2017 Is the clinical cervical extensor endurance test capable of differentiating the local and global muscles? Spine Journal 17: 913–921. 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.01.014.
  • Karimi M, Brazier J 2016 Health, health-related quality of life, and quality of life: What is the difference? Pharmacoeconomics 34: 645–649. 10.1007/s40273-016-0389-9.
  • Kassebaum NJ, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA 2016 Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet 388: 1603–1658.
  • Kongsted A, Bendix T, Qerama E, Kasch H, Bach FW, Korsholm L, Jensen TS 2008 Acute stress response and recovery after whiplash injuries. A one-year prospective study. European Journal of Pain 12: 455–463. 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.07.008.
  • Langford DJ, Theodore BR, Balsiger D, Tran C, Doorenbos AZ, Tauben DJ, Sullivan MD 2018 Number and type of post-traumatic stress disorder symptom domains are associated with patient-reported outcomes in patients with chronic pain. Journal of Pain 19: 506–514. 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.12.262.
  • Lauridsen HH, O’Neill L, Kongsted A, Hartvigsen J 2017 The Danish neck disability index: new insights into factor structure, generalizability, and responsiveness. Pain Practice 4: 480–493. 10.1111/papr.12477.
  • Li C 2013 Little’s test of missing completely at random. Stata Journal 13: 795–809. 10.1177/1536867X1301300407.
  • Linton SJ 2005 Att Förstå Patienter med Smärta [understanding patients with pain] Lund, Sweden: Studentlitteratur.
  • Lundberg MK, Styf J, Carlsson SG 2004 A psychometric evaluation of the Tampa scale for kinesiophobia - from a physiotherapeutic perspective. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 20: 121–133. 10.1080/09593980490453002.
  • MacDermid JC, Walton DM, Avery S, Blanchard A, Etruw E, McAlpine C, Goldsmith CH 2009 Measurement properties of the neck disability index: A systematic review. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 39: 400–417. 10.2519/jospt.2009.2930.
  • Malfliet A, Kregel J, Cagnie B, Kuipers M, Dolphens M, Roussel N, Meeus M, Danneels L, Bramer WM, Nijs J 2015 Lack of evidence for central sensitization in idiopathic, non-traumatic neck pain: A systematic review. Pain Physician 18: 223–236.
  • McLean SA, Clauw DJ, Abelson JL, Liberzon I 2005 The development of persistent pain and psychological morbidity after motor vehicle collision: Integrating the potential role of stress response systems into a biopsychosocial model. Psychosomatic Medicine 67: 783–790. 10.1097/01.psy.0000181276.49204.bb.
  • Michaleff ZA, Maher CG, Lin CW, Rebbeck T, Jull G, Latimer J, Connelly L, Sterling M 2014 Comprehensive physiotherapy exercise programme or advice for chronic whiplash (PROMISE): A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet 384: 133–141. 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60457-8.
  • Miller RP, Kori SH, Todd DD 1991 The Tampa Scale: A measure of kinisophobia. Clinical Journal of Pain 7: 51–52. 10.1097/00002508-199103000-00053.
  • Ravn SL, Hartvigsen J, Hansen M, Sterling M, Andersen TE 2018 Do post-traumatic pain and post-traumatic stress symptomatology mutually maintain each other? A systematic review of cross-lagged studies. Pain 159: 2159–2169. 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001331.
  • Ravn SL, Karstoft KI, Sterling M, Andersen TE 2019 Trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptoms after whiplash: A prospective cohort study. European Journal of Pain 23: 515–525. 10.1002/ejp.1325.
  • Ravn SL, Vaegter HB, Cardel T, Andersen TE 2018 The role of posttraumatic stress symptoms on chronic pain outcomes in chronic pain patients referred to rehabilitation. Journal of Pain Research 11: 527–536. 10.2147/JPR.S155241.
  • Ris Hansen I, Kongsted A, Hartvigsen J, Kjaer P, Thomassen L 2020 GLA:D Ryg Årsrapport 2019 [GLA:D Back Annual report 2019]. https://gladryg.sdu.dk/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/%C3%85rsrapport-2019-English-2.pdf.
  • Ris I, Juul-Kristensen B, Boyle E, Kongsted A, Manniche C, Søgaard K 2017 Chronic neck pain patients with traumatic or non-traumatic onset: Differences in characteristics. A cross-sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Pain 14: 1–8. 10.1016/j.sjpain.2016.08.008.
  • Ris I, Søgaard K, Gram B, Agerbo K, Boyle E, Juul-Kristensen B 2016 Does a combination of physical training, specific exercises and pain education improve health-related quality of life in patients with chronic neck pain? A randomised control trial with a 4-month follow up. Manual Therapy 26: 132–140. 10.1016/j.math.2016.08.004.
  • Ritchie C, Hendrikz J, Jull G, Elliott J, Sterling M 2015 External validation of a clinical prediction rule to predict full recovery and ongoing moderate/severe disability following acute whiplash injury. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 45: 242–250. 10.2519/jospt.2015.5642.
  • Ritchie C, Hendrikz J, Kenardy J, Sterling M 2013 Derivation of a clinical prediction rule to identify both chronic moderate/severe disability and full recovery following whiplash injury. Pain 154: 2198–2206. 10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.001.
  • Rubinstein SM, Pool JJ, van Tulder Mw, Riphagen I, de Vet Hc 2007 A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of provocative tests of the neck for diagnosing cervical radiculopathy. European Spine Journal 16: 307–319. 10.1007/s00586-006-0225-6.
  • Siqveland J, Hussain A, Lindstrøm JC, Ruud T, Hauff E 2017 Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in persons with chronic pain: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry 8: 164. 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00164.
  • State Insurance Regulatory Authority 2014 Guidelines for the management of acute whiplash associated disorders for health professionals 3rd, Sydney, Australia: State Insurance Regulatory Authority. https://www.sira.nsw.gov.au/resources-library/motor-accident-resources/publications/for-professionals/whiplash-resources/SIRA08104-Whiplash-Guidelines-1117-396479.pdf
  • Sterling M 2008 The Impact of Event Scale (IES). Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 54: 78. 10.1016/S0004-9514(08)70074-6.
  • Sterling M 2014 Physiotherapy management of whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). Journal of Physiotherapy 60: 5–12. 10.1016/j.jphys.2013.12.004.
  • Sterling M, Jull G, Kenardy J 2006 Physical and psychological factors maintain long-term predictive capacity post-whiplash injury. Pain 122: 102–108. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.01.014.
  • Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Sinha R 2014 The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise. Sports Medicine 44: 81–121. 10.1007/s40279-013-0090-5.
  • Sundin EC, Horowitz MJ 2002 Impact of event scale: Psychometric properties. British Journal of Psychiatry 180: 205–209. 10.1192/bjp.180.3.205.
  • Vaegter HB, Andersen TE, Harvold M, Andersen PG, Graven-Nielsen T 2018 Increased pain sensitivity in accident-related chronic pain patients with comorbid posttraumatic stress. Clinical Journal of Pain 34: 313–321. 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000543.
  • Van Oosterwijck J, Nijs J, Meeus M, Paul L 2013 Evidence for central sensitization in chronic whiplash: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Pain 17: 299–312. 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00193.x.
  • Verhagen AP, Lewis M, Schellingerhout JM, Heymans MW, Dziedzic K, de Vet Hc, Koes BW 2011 Do whiplash patients differ from other patients with non-specific neck pain regarding pain, function or prognosis? Manual Therapy 16: 456–462. 10.1016/j.math.2011.02.009.
  • Vernon H, Mior S 1991 The neck disability index: A study of reliability and validity. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 14: 409–415.
  • Walton DM, Macdermid JC, Nielson W, Teasell RW, Chiasson M, Brown L 2011 Reliability, standard error, and minimum detectable change of clinical pressure pain threshold testing in people with and without acute neck pain. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 41: 644–650. 10.2519/jospt.2011.3666.
  • Wang YP, Gorenstein C 2013 Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: A comprehensive review. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry 35: 416–431. 10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048.
  • Woodhouse A, Liljebäck P, Vasseljen O 2010 Reduced head steadiness in whiplash compared with non-traumatic neck pain. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 42: 35–41. 10.2340/16501977-0484.
  • Woodhouse A, Vasseljen O 2008 Altered motor control patterns in whiplash and chronic neck pain. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 9: 90. 10.1186/1471-2474-9-90.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.