Examining the diagnostic accuracy of common physical examination and functional tests in the diagnosis of patellofemoral pain syndrome among patients with anterior knee pain

References

• Boonstra AM, Schiphorst Preuper HR, Balk GA, Stewart RE 2014 Cut-off points for mild, moderate, and severe pain on the visual analogue scale for pain in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain 155: 2545–2550 10.1016/j.pain.2014.09.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Glasziou PP, Irwig LM, Lijmer JG, Moher D, Rennie D, de Vet HC 2004 Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: The STARD initiative. Family Practice 21: 4–10 10.1093/fampra/cmh103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Glasziou PP, Irwig L, Lijmer JG, Moher D, Rennie D, de Vet HC, et al. 2015 STARD 2015: An updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies. BMJ 351: h5527 10.1136/bmj.h5527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi BR, Kang SY 2015 Intra and inter-examiner reliability of goniometer and inclinometer use in Craig’s test. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 27: 1141–1144 10.1589/jpts.27.1141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cleland J, Koppenhaver S, Su J 2015 Netter’s orthopaedic clinical examination. Philadelphia: Elsevier Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Cook C, Cleland J, Huijbregts P 2007 Creation and critique of studies of diagnostic accuracy: Use of the STARD and QUADAS methodological quality assessment tools. Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy 15: 93–102 10.1179/106698107790819945.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cook C, Hegedus E 2014 Orthopedic physical examination tests: An evidence-based approach 2nd. Harlow. Essex: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Cook C, Hegedus E, Hawkins R, Scovell F, Wyland D 2010 Diagnostic accuracy and association to disability of clinical test findings associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Physiotherapy Canada 62: 17–24 10.3138/physio.62.1.17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crossley KM, Stefanik JJ, Selfe J, Collins NJ, Davis IS, Powers CM, McConnell J, Vicenzino B, Bazett-Jones DM, Esculier JF, et al. 2016a Patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th international patellofemoral pain research retreat, manchester. Part 1: Terminology, definitions, clinical examination, natural history, patellofemoral osteoarthritis and patient-reported outcome measures. British Journal of Sports Medicine 50: 839–843 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crossley KM, van Middelkoop M, Callaghan MJ, Collins NJ, Rathleff MS, Barton CJ 2016b Patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th international patellofemoral pain research retreat, manchester. Part 2: recommended physical interventions (exercise, taping, bracing, foot orthoses and combined interventions). British Journal of Sports Medicine 50: 844–852 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Décary S, Frémont P, Pelletier B, Fallaha M, Belzile S, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier J-P, Feldman D, Sylvestre M-P, Vendittoli P-A, et al. 2018 Validity of combining history elements and physical examination tests to diagnose patellofemoral pain. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 99: 607–614 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.10.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Décary S, Ouellet P, Vendittoli PA, Roy JS, Desmeules F 2017 Diagnostic validity of physical examination tests for common knee disorders: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Physical Therapy in Sport 23: 143–155 10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.08.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denegar CR, Fraser M 2006 How useful are physical examination procedures? Understanding and applying likelihood ratios. Journal of Athletic Training 41: 201–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson F, Hinman RS, Roos EM, Abbott J, Stratford P, Davis AM, Buchbinder R, Snyder-Mackler L, Henrotin Y, Thumboo J, et al. 2013 OARSI recommended performance-based tests to assess physical function in people diagnosed with Hip or knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / OARS, Osteoarthritis Research Society 21: 1042–1052 10.1016/j.joca.2013.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eusebi P 2013 Diagnostic accuracy measures. Cerebrovascular Diseases 36: 267–272 10.1159/000353863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florkowski CM 2008 Sensitivity, specificity, receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves and likelihood ratios: Communicating the performance of diagnostic tests. Clinical Biochemist Reviews 29 Suppl 1: S83–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fluss R, Faraggi D, Reiser B 2005 Estimation of the youden index and its associated cutoff point. Biometrical Journal 47: 458–472 10.1002/bimj.200410135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredericson M, Yoon K 2006 Physical examination and patellofemoral pain syndrome. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 85: 234–243 10.1097/01.phm.0000200390.67408.f0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz JM, Wainner RS 2001 Examining diagnostic tests: An evidence-based perspective. Physical Therapy 81: 1546–1564 10.1093/ptj/81.9.1546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greiner M, Pfeiffer D, Smith RD 2000 Principles and practical application of the receiver-operating characteristic analysis for diagnostic tests. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 45: 23–41 10.1016/S0167-5877(00)00115-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haim A, Yaniv M, Dekel S, Amir H 2006 Patellofemoral pain syndrome: Validity of clinical and radiological features. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 451: 223–228 10.1097/01.blo.0000229284.45485.6c.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hinman RS, Lentzos J, Vicenzino B, Crossley KM 2014 Is patellofemoral osteoarthritis common in middle-aged people with chronic patellofemoral pain? Arthritis Care and Research 66: 1252–1257 10.1002/acr.22274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasitinon D, Li WX, Wang EX, Fredericson M 2021 Physical examination and patellofemoral pain syndrome: An updated review. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 14: 406–412 10.1007/s12178-021-09730-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knottnerus JA, Muris JW 2003 Assessment of the accuracy of diagnostic tests: The cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 56: 1118–1128 10.1016/S0895-4356(03)00206-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lack S, Neal B, De Oliveira Silva D, Barton C 2018 How to manage patellofemoral pain – Under-standing the multifactorial nature and treatment options. Physical Therapy in Sport 32: 155–166 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.04.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landis JR, Koch GG 1977 The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33: 159–174 10.2307/2529310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankhorst NE, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, van Middelkoop M 2012 Risk factors for patellofemoral pain syndrome: A systematic review. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 42: 81–94 10.2519/jospt.2012.3803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankhorst NE, van Middelkoop M, Crossley KM, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Oei EH, Vicenzino B, Collins NJ 2016 Factors that predict a poor outcome 5-8 years after the diagnosis of patellofemoral pain: A multicentre observational analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine 50: 881–886 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loudon JK, Wiesner D, Goist-Foley HL, Asjes C, Loudon KL 2002 Intrarater reliability of functional performance tests for subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Journal of Athletic Training 37: 256–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magee DJ 2014 Orthopedic physical assessment. st. Louis, MO: Saunders.
   Google Scholar
• Malanga GA, Andrus S, Nadler SF, McLean J 2003 Physical examination of the knee: A review of the original test description and scientific validity of common orthopedic tests. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 84: 592–603 10.1053/apmr.2003.50026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manske RC, Davies GJ 2016 Examination of the patellofemoral joint. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 11: 831–853.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neal BS, Lack SD, Lankhorst NE, Raye A, Morrissey D, van Middelkoop M 2019 Risk factors for patellofemoral pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine 53: 270–281 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negahban H, Mostafaee N, Sohani SM, Mazaheri M, Goharpey S, Salavati M, Zahednejad S, Meshkati Z, Montazeri A 2011 Reliability and validity of the tegner and marx activity rating scales in Iranian patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury. Disability and Rehabilitation 33: 2305–2310 10.3109/09638288.2011.570409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijs J, Van Geel C, Van der Auwera C, VanVanVan de Velde B 2006 Diagnostic value of five clinical tests in patellofemoral pain syndrome. Manual Therapy 11: 69–77 10.1016/j.math.2005.04.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes GS, Stapait EL, Kirsten MH, de Noronha M, Santos GM 2013 Clinical test for diagnosis of patellofemoral pain syndrome: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Physical Therapy in Sport 14: 54–59 10.1016/j.ptsp.2012.11.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins NJ, Schisterman EF 2006 The inconsistency of “optimal” cutpoints obtained using two criteria based on the receiver operating characteristic curve. American Journal of Epidemiology 163: 670–675 10.1093/aje/kwj063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piva SR, Fitzgerald GK, Irrgang JJ, Fritz JM, Wisniewski S, McGinty GT, Childs JD, Domenech MA, Jones S, Delitto A 2009 Associates of physical function and pain in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 90: 285–295 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.08.214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piva SR, Fitzgerald K, Irrgang JJ, Jones S, Hando BR, Browder DA, Childs JD 2006 Reliability of measures of impairments associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 7: 33 10.1186/1471-2474-7-33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathleff MS, Rathleff CR, Olesen JL, Rasmussen S, Roos EM 2016 Is knee pain during adolescence a self-limiting condition? Prognosis of patellofemoral pain and other types of knee pain. American Journal of Sports Medicine 44: 1165–1171 10.1177/0363546515622456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards J, Thewlis D, Selfe J, Cunningham A, Hayes C 2008 A biomechanical investigation of a single-limb squat: Implications for lower extremity rehabilitation exercise. Journal of Athletic Training 43: 477–482 10.4085/1062-6050-43.5.477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selfe J, Harper L, Pedersen I, Breen-Turner J, Waring J 2001 Four outcome measures for patellofemoral joint problems. Physiotherapy 87: 507–515 10.1016/S0031-9406(05)65448-X.
   Google Scholar
• Simel DL, Rennie D, Bossuyt PM 2008 The STARD statement for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies: Application to the history and physical examination. Journal of General Internal Medicine 23: 768–774 10.1007/s11606-008-0583-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Šimundić AM 2009 Measures of diagnostic accuracy: Basic definitions. Electronic Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 19: 203–211.
   Google Scholar
• Sweitzer BA, Cook C, Steadman JR, Hawkins RJ, Wyland DJ 2010 The inter-rater reliability and diagnostic accuracy of patellar mobility tests in patients with anterior knee pain. Physician and Sportsmedicine 38: 90–96 10.3810/psm.2010.10.1813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolk JJ, Janssen RP, Prinsen CA, Latijnhouwers D, van der Steen MC, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Reijman M 2019 The OARSI core set of performance-based measures for knee osteoarthritis is reliable but not valid and responsive. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 27: 2898–2909 10.1007/s00167-017-4789-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utting MR, Davies G, Newman JH 2005 Is anterior knee pain a predisposing factor to patellofemoral osteoarthritis? Knee 12: 362–365 10.1016/j.knee.2004.12.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijden RA, Oei EH, Bron EE, van Tiel J, van Veldhoven PL, Klein S, Verhaar JA, Krestin GP, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, van Middelkoop M 2016 No difference on quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in patellofemoral cartilage composition between patients with patellofemoral pain and healthy controls. American Journal of Sports Medicine 44: 1172–1178 10.1177/0363546516632507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir JP 2005 Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 19: 231–240 10.1519/15184.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikstrom EA, Tillman MD, Chmielewski T, Cauraugh JH, Naugle KE, Borsa PA 2012 Discriminating between copers and people with chronic ankle instability. Journal of Athletic Training 47: 136–142 10.4085/1062-6050-47.2.136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witvrouw E, Crossley K, Davis I, McConnell J, Powers CM 2014 The 3rd International Patellofemoral Research Retreat: An international expert consensus meeting to improve the scientific understanding and clinical management of patellofemoral pain. British Journal of Sports Medicine 48: 408 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyndow N, Collins N, Vicenzino B, Tucker K, Crossley K 2016 Is there a biomechanical link between patellofemoral pain and osteoarthritis? A narrative review. Sports Medicine 46: 1797–1808 10.1007/s40279-016-0545-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar