Models of co-occurring substance misuse and psychosis: are personality traits the missing link?

References

• Addington J, Addington D. Effect of substance misuse in early psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 1998;172(Suppl. 33):134 – 6.
   Google Scholar
• Degenhardt L, Hall W. The association between psychosis and problematical drug use among Australian adults: findings from the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Psychol Med 2001; 31: 659–68.
   Google Scholar
• Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, et al. Co-morbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) study. JAMA 1990; 264: 2511–18.
   Google Scholar
• Drake R, Wallach MA. Substance abuse among the chronic mentally ill. Hosp Commun Psychiatry 1989; 40: 1041–6.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer EP, Owen RR, Cuffel BJ. Substance abuse, community service, and symptom severity of urban and rural residents with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv 1996; 47: 980–4.
   Google Scholar
• Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg F, et al. Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. Psychol Med 1991;Suppl. 20: 1–97.
   Google Scholar
• Mueser KT, Bellack AS, Blanchard JJ. Co-morbidity of schizophrenia and substance abuse: Implications for treatment. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992; 60: 845–56.
   Google Scholar
• Brunette MF, Mueser KT, Xie H, Drake R. Relationships between symptoms of schizophrenia and substance abuse. J Nerv Ment Dis 1997; 185: 13–20.
   Google Scholar
• Cleghorn JM, Kaplan MD, Szechtman B, Szechtman H, Brown GM, Franco S. Substance abuse and schizophre- nia: effect on symptoms but not neurocognitive function. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52: 26–30.
   Google Scholar
• Drake RE, Mercer-McFadden C, Mueser KT, McHugo GJ, Bond GR. Review of integrated mental health and substance abuse treatment for patients with dual disorders. Schizophr Bull 1998; 24: 589–608.
   Google Scholar
• Linszen DH, Dingemans PM, Lenior ME. Cannabis abuse and the course of recent-onset schizophrenic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 273–9.
   Google Scholar
• Negrete JC, Knapp WP, Douglas DE, Smith WB. Cannabis affects the severity of schizophrenic symptoms: results of a clinical survey. Psychol Med 1986; 16: 515–20.
   Google Scholar
• Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications. Harvard Rev Psychiatry 1997; 4: 231–44.
   Google Scholar
• Mueser KT, Drake RE, Wallach MA. Dual diagnosis: a review of etiological theories. Addict Behav 1998; 23: 717–34.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard JJ, Brown SA, Horan WP, Sherwood AR. Substance use disorders in schizophrenia: review, integra- tion, and a proposed model. Clin Psychol Review 2000; 20: 207–34.
   Google Scholar
• Chambers RA, Krystal JH, Self DW. A neurobiological basis for substance abuse co-morbidity in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50: 71–83.
   Google Scholar
• Allebeck P, Adamsson C, Engstrom A, Rydberg U. Cannabis and schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of cases treated in Stockholm County. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993; 88: 21–4.
   Google Scholar
• Arndt S, Tyrrell G, Flaum M, Andreasen NC. Co- morbidity of substance abuse and schizophrenia: the role of pre-morbid adjustment. Psychol Med 1992; 22: 379–88.
   Google Scholar
• Baigent M, Holme G, Hafner RJ. Self reports of the interaction between substance abuse and schizophrenia. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1995; 29: 69–74.
   Google Scholar
• Mueser KT, Pallavi N, Tracy JI, DeGirolamo J, Molinaro M. Expectations and motives for substance use in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1995; 21: 367–78.
   Google Scholar
• Fibiger HC. The dopamine hypotheses of schizophrenia and mood disorders: contradictions and speculations. In: Scheel-Kruger PWJ, ed. The mesolimbic dopamine system: from motivation to action. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1991; 615 – 37.
   Google Scholar
• LeDuc PA, Mittleman G. Schizophrenia and psychosti- mulant abuse: a review and re-analysis of clinical evidence. Psychopharmacology 1995; 121: 407–27.
   Google Scholar
• Dawe S, McKetin R. Co-morbidity in stimulant use and abuse. In: Baker A, Lee NK, Jenner L, eds. Models of intervention and care for psychostimulant users. Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, 2004;154 – 87.
   Google Scholar
• Allebeck P. Cannabis and schizophrenia: is there a causal association? Adv Biosci 1991; 80: 23–37.
   Google Scholar
• Andreasson S, Allebeck P, Engstrom A, Rydberg U. Cannabis and schizophrenia. A longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts. Lancet 1987; 2: 1483–6.
   Google Scholar
• Andreasson S, Allebeck P, Rydberg U. Schizophrenia in users and nonusers of cannabis. A longitudinal study in Stockholm County. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 79: 505–10.
   Google Scholar
• Arseneault L, Cannon M, Poulton R, Murray R, Avshalam C, Moffitt TE. Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study. Br Med J 2002; 325: 1195–9.
   Google Scholar
• Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Swain-Campbell NR. Cannabis dependence and psychotic symptoms in young people. Psychol Med 2003; 33: 15–21.
   Google Scholar
• van Os J, Bak M, Hanssen M, Bijl R, de Graaf R, Verdoux H. Cannabis use and psychosis: a longitudinal population based study. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156: 319–27.
   Google Scholar
• Zammit S, Allebeck P, Andreasson S, Lundberg I, Lewis G. Self reported cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia in Swedish conscripts of 1969: historical cohort study. Br Med J 2002; 325: 1199–204.
   Google Scholar
• Miller P, Lawrie SM, Hodges A, Clafferty R, Cosway R, Johnstone EC. Genetic liability, illicit drug use, life stress and psychotic symptoms: preliminary findings from the Edinburgh study of people at high risk for schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2001; 36: 338–42.
   Google Scholar
• Verdoux H, Gindre C, Sorbora F, Tournier M, Swendsen JD. Effects of cannabis and psychosis vulnerability in daily life: an experience sampling test study. Psychol Med 2003; 33: 23–32.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips LJ, Curry C, Yung AR, Yuen HP, Adlard S, McGorry PD. Cannabis use is not associated with the development of psychosis in an ‘ultra’ high-risk group. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2002; 36: 800–6.
   Google Scholar
• Janowsky DS, El-Yousef MK, Davis JM, Sekerke JH. Provocation of schizophrenic symptoms by intravenous administration of methylphenadate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973; 28: 185–91.
   Google Scholar
• Janowsky DS, Davis JM. Methylphenidate, dextroamphe- tamine and levanfetamine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33: 304–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorbara F, Liraud F, Assens F, Abalon F, Verdoux H. Substance use and the course of early psychosis: a 2 year follow-up of first-admitted subjects. Eur Psychiatry 2003; 18: 133–6.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez-Arevalo MJ, Calcedo-Ordonez A, Varo-Prieto JR. Cannabis consumption as a prognostic factor in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164: 679–81.
   Google Scholar
• Hides L. An examination of the influence of cannabis use on psychotic symptoms and relapse in early psychosis [PhD thesis]. Brisbane: Griffith University, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Boydell J, van Os J, Lambri M, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia in south-east London between 1965 and 1997. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 182: 45–9.
   Google Scholar
• Thornicroft G. Cannabis and psychosis: is there epide- miological evidence for an association? Br J Psychiatry 1990: 15725–33.
   Google Scholar
• Hamera E, Schneider JK, Deviney S. Alcohol, cannabis, nicotine, and caffeine use and symptom distress in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 1995; 183: 559–65.
   Google Scholar
• Kwapil TR. A longitudinal study of drug and alcohol use by psychosis-prone and impulsive-nonconforming indivi- duals. J Abnorm Psychol 1996; 105: 114–23.
   Google Scholar
• Degenhardt L, Hall W. The relationship between tobacco use, substance-use disorders and mental health: results from the National Survey of Mental Health and Well- being. Nicotine Tobacco Res 2001; 3: 225–34.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon L, Haas GH, Dulit RA, Weiden PJ, Sweeney J, Hien D. Substance use in schizophrenia: preferences, predictors and psychopathology. Schizophr Res 1989;2:6.
   Google Scholar
• Warner R, Taylor D, Wright J, et al. Substance use among the mentally ill: prevalence, reasons for use, and effects on illness. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1994; 64: 30–9.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer C, Castle D, Michie PT. Motivations that maintain substance use among individuals with psychotic disorders. Schizophr Bull 2002; 28: 233–47.
   Google Scholar
• Test MA, Wallisch LS, Allness DJ, Ripp K. Substance use in young adults with schizophrenic disorders. Schizophr Bull 1989; 15: 465–76.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon L, Haas G, Weiden PJ, Sweeney J, Frances AJ. Drug abuse in schizophrenic patients: clinical correlates and reasons for use. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 224–30.
   Google Scholar
• Noordsy DL, Drake RE, Teague GB, et al. Subjective experiences related to alcohol use among schizophrenics. J Nerv Ment Dis 1991; 179:410 – 14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acton GS. Measurement of impulsivity in a hierarchical model of personality traits: implications for substance use. Subst Use Misuse 2003; 38: 67–83.
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck HJ. The biological basis of personality. Spring- field, IL: Charles C. Thompson, 1967.
   Google Scholar
• Cloninger CR. A systematic method for clinical descrip- tion and classification of personality variants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44: 573–88.
   Google Scholar
• Gray JA. The psychophysiological basis of introversion – extraversion. Behav Res Ther 1970; 8: 249–66.
   Google Scholar
• Gray JA, McNaughton N. The neuropsychology of anxiety: an enquiry into the functions of the septo- hippocampal system, 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Pickering AD, Gray JA. The neuroscience of personality. In: John OP, ed. Handbook of personality: theory and research. New York: Guilford Press, 1999: 277–99.
   Google Scholar
• Tellegen A. Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety with an emphasis on self- report. In: Tuma AH, Maser JD, eds. Anxiety and the anxiety disorders. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1985;681 – 706.
   Google Scholar
• Chassin L, Pillow DR, Curran PJ, Brooke SG, Milina SG, Barrera M. Relation of parental alcoholism to early adolescent substance use. J Abnorm Psychol 1993; 102: 3–19.
   Google Scholar
• Shanmugam TE. Personality factors underlying drug abuse among college students. Psychol Stud 1979; 24: 24–34.
   Google Scholar
• Simons JS, Carey KB. Risk and vulnerability for marijuana use problems: the role of affect dysregulation. Psychol Addict Behav 2002; 16: 72–5.
   Google Scholar
• Wills TA, Sandy JM, Shinar O, Yaeger A. Contributions of positive and negative affect to adolescent substance use: test of a bidimensional model in a longitudinal study. Psychol Addict Behav 1999; 13: 327–38.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor LE, Berry JW, Morrison A, Brown S. The drug- of-choice phenomenon: psychological differences among drug users who preferred different drugs. Int J Addict 1995; 30: 541–55.
   Google Scholar
• Sher KJ, Walitzer KS, Wood PK, Brent EE. Character- istics of children of alcoholics: putative risk factors, substance use and abuse, and psychopathology. J Abnorm Psychol 1991; 100: 427–48.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson V, Pandina RJ. Affectivity, family drinking history, and the development of problem drinking: a longitudinal analysis. J Appl Soc Psychol 1993; 23: 2055–73.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger RF. Personality traits in late adolescence predict mental disorders in early adulthood: a prospective- epidemiological study. J Pers 1999; 67: 39–65.
   Google Scholar
• Labouvie EW, Pandina RJ, White HR, Johnson V. Risk factors of adolescent drug use: an affect-based interpreta- tion. J Subst Abuse 1990; 2: 265–85.
   Google Scholar
• Prescott CA, Neale MC, Corey LA, Kendler KS. Predictors of problem drinking and alcohol dependence in a population-based sample of female twins. J Stud Alcohol 1997; 58: 167–81.
   Google Scholar
• Sher KJ, Bartholow BD, Wood MD. Personality and substance use disorders: a prospective study. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68: 818–29.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard JJ, Squires DBS, Henry TBS, et al. Examining an affect regulation model of substance abuse in schizo- phrenia: the role of traits and coping. J Nerv Ment Dis 1999;187:72 – 9.
   Google Scholar
• Gleeson JF. Early signs and risk factors for relapse in early psychosis [PhD thesis]. Melbourne: University of Mel- bourne, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Subotnick KL, Nuechterlein KH, Green MF. Trait versus state aspects of the MMPI during the early course of schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 1999; 33: 275–84.
   Google Scholar
• Claridge G, Davis C. What’s the use of neuroticism? Pers Individ Diff 2001; 31: 393–400.
   Google Scholar
• Tarter RE, Vanyukov M, Giancola P, et al. Etiology of early age of onset substance use disorder: a maturational perspective. Dev Psychopathol 1999; 11: 657–83.
   Google Scholar
• Tarter RE. Etiology of adolescent substance abuse: a developmental perspective. Am J Addict 2002; 11: 171–91.
   Google Scholar
• Masse LC, Tremblay RE. Behaviour of boys in kindergar- ten and the onset of substance use during adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:62–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacono WG, Carlson SR, Taylor JR, Elkins IJ, McGue M. Behavioural disinhibition and the development of sub- stance use disorders: findings from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Dev Psychopathol 1999; 11: 869–900.
   Google Scholar
• Cloninger CR, Sigvardsson S, Bohman M. Childhood personality predicts alcohol abuse in young adults. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1988; 12: 494–505.
   Google Scholar
• Howard MO, Kivlahan D, Walker RD. Cloninger’s tridimensional theory of personality and psychopathology: applications to substance use disorders. J Stud Alcohol 1997; 58: 48–66.
   Google Scholar
• McGue M, Iacono WG, Legrand LN, Malone S, Elkins I. Origins and consequences of age at first drink: I. Associations with substance-use disorders, disinhibitory behaviour and psychopathology, and P3 amplitude. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25: 1156–65.
   Google Scholar
• Baker JR, Yardley JK. Moderating effect of gender on the relationship between sensation seeking-impulsivity and substance use in adolescents. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse 2002; 12: 27–43.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson MJ, Galen LW, DeLuca JW. Temperament style and substance abuse characteristics. Subst Abuse 1998; 19: 61–70.
   Google Scholar
• Shillington AM, Clapp JD. Beer and bongs: differential problems experienced by older adolescents using alcohol only compared to combined alcohol and marijuana use. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2002; 28: 379–97.
   Google Scholar
• Soloff PH, Lynch KG, Moss HB. Serotonin, impulsivity, and alcohol use disorders in the older adolescent: a psychobiological study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24: 1609–19.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett ME, McCrady BS, Johnson V, Pandina RJ. Problem drinking from young adulthood to adulthood: patterns, predictors and outcomes. J Stud Alcohol 1999; 60: 605–14.
   Google Scholar
• Dervaux A, Bayle FJ, Laqueille X, et al. Is substance abuse in schizophrenia related to impulsivity, sensation seeking, or anhedonia? Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 492–4.
   Google Scholar
• Gut-Fayand A, Dervaux A, Olie J-P, Loo H, Poirier M-F, Krebs M-O. Substance abuse and suicidality in schizo- phrenia: a common risk factor linked to impulsivity. Psychiatr Res 2001; 102: 65–72.
   Google Scholar
• Liraud F, Verdoux H. Which temperamental character- istics are associated with substance use in subjects with psychotic and mood disorders? Psychiatr Res 2000; 93: 63–72.
   Google Scholar
• van Ammers EC, Sellman JD, Mulder RT. Temperament and substance abuse in schizophrenia: is there a relation- ship? J Nerv Ment Dis 1997;185:283 – 8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zuckerman M, Eysenck S, Eysenck HJ. Sensation seeking in England and America: cross-cultural age and sex comparisons. J Consult Clin Psychol 1978; 46: 139–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett ES. Impulsiveness subtraits: arousal and informa- tion processing. In: Spence JT, Izard CE, eds. Motivation, emotion and personality. North-Holland: Elsevier Science, 1985;137 – 46.
   Google Scholar
• Evenden JL. Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology 1999; 146: 348–61.
   Google Scholar
• Caseras X, Avila C, Torrubia R. The measurement of individual differences in behavioural inhibition and beha- vioural activation systems: a comparison of personality scales. Pers Individ Diff 2003; 34: 999–1013.
   Google Scholar
• Miller E, Joseph S, Tudway J. Assessing the component structure of four self-report measures of impulsivity. Pers Individ Diff 2004; 37: 349–58.
   Google Scholar
• Quilty LC, Oakman JM. The assessment of behavioural activation—the relationship between impulsivity and be- havioural activation. Pers Individ Diff 2004; 37: 429–42.
   Google Scholar
• Zelenski JM, Larsen RJ. Susceptibility to affect: a comparison of three personality taxonomies. J Pers 1999; 67: 761–91.
   Google Scholar
• Dawe S, Loxton NJ. The role of impulsivity in the development of substance use and eating disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2004; 28: 343–51.
   Google Scholar
• Lubman DI, Yu¨ cel M, Pantelis C. Addiction, a condition of compulsive behaviour: neuroimaging and neuropsycho- logical evidence of inhibitory dysregulation. Addiction, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson SL, Turner RJ, Iwata N. BIS/BAS levels and psychiatric disorder: an epidemiological study. J Psycho- pathol Behav Assess 2003; 25: 25–36.
   Google Scholar
• Jorm AF, Christensen H, Henderson AS, Jacomb PA, Korten AE, Rodgers B. Using the BIS/BAS scales to measure behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation: factor structure, validity and norms in a large community sample. Pers Individ Diff 1999; 26: 49–58.
   Google Scholar
• Bolger N, Schilling EA. Personality and the problems of everyday life: the role of neuroticism in exposure and reactivity to daily stressors. J Pers 1991; 59: 355–86.
   Google Scholar
• Bolger N, Zuckerman A. A framework for studying personality in the stress process. J Pers Soc Psychol 1995; 69: 890–902.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper ML, Russell M, Skinner JB, Frone MR, Mudar P. Stress and alcohol use: moderating effects of gender, coping, and alcohol expectancies. J Abnorm Psychol 1992; 101: 139–52.
   Google Scholar
• Pallanti S, Quercioli L, Pazzagli A. Relapse in young paranoid schizophrenic patients: a prospective study of stressful life events, P300 measures, and coping. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 792–98.
   Google Scholar
• Sinha R. How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse? Psychopharmacology 2001; 158: 343–59.
   Google Scholar
• Ventura J, Nuechterlein KH, Hardesty JP, Gitlin M. Life events and schizophrenic relapse after withdrawal from medication. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 161: 615–20.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper ML, Frone MR, Russell M, Mudar P. Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: a motivational model of alcohol use. J Pers Soc Psychol 1995; 69: 990–1005.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper ML, Agocha VB, Sheldon MS. A motivational perspective on risky behaviours: the role of personality and affect regulatory processes. J Pers 2000; 68: 1059–88.
   Google Scholar
• Winter LA. Personality and the use of coping resources in addicted populations. Dissertation Abstracts Int: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering 2001;61(11-B):6155.
   Google Scholar