Non-fatal heroin overdose, treatment exposure and client characteristics: Findings from the Australian treatment outcome study (ATOS)

References

• Hulse G K, English D R, Milne E, Holman C DJ. The quantification of mortality resulting from the regular use of illicit opiates. Addiction 1999; 94: 221–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hser Y, Hoffman V, Grella C, Anglin M D. A 33-year follow-up of narcotic addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 503–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossop M, Stewart D, Treacy S, Marsden J. A prospective study of mortality among drug misusers during a 4-year period after seeking treatment. Addiction 2002; 97: 39–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaglio G, Talamini G, Lechi A, Venturini L, Lugoboni F, Gruppo Intersert Di Collaborazione Scientifica, Mezzelani P. Study of heroin-related deaths in north-eastern Italy 1985–98 to establish main causes of death. Addiction 2001; 96: 127–137, Addiction
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darke S, Mattick R, Degenhardt L. The ratio of non-fatal to fatal overdose. Addiction 2003; 98: 1169–1170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochoa K C, Hahn J A, Seal K H, Moss A R. Overdosing among young injection drug users in San Francisco. Addict Behav 2001; 26: 453–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett G, Higgins D. Accidental overdose among injecting drug users in Dorset, UK. Addiction 1999; 94: 1179–1190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best D, Gossop M, Man L, Finch E, Greenwood J, Strang J. Accidental and deliberate overdose among opiate users in methadone maintenance treatment: are deliberate overdoses systematically different?. Drug Alcohol Rev 2000; 19: 213–216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossop M, Griffiths P, Powis B, Williamson S, Strang J. Frequency of non-fatal heroin overdose: survey of heroin users recruited in non-clinical settings. BMJ 1996; 313: 402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strang J, Griffiths P, Powis B, Fountain J, Williamson S, Gossop M. Which drugs cause overdose among opiate users? Study of personal and witnessed overdoses. Drug Alcohol Rev 1999; 18: 253–261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darke S, Ross J, Hall W. Overdose among heroin users in Sydney, Australia I. Prevalence and correlates of non-fatal overdose. Addiction 1996; 91: 405–411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor C, Darke S, Christie P, Ali R. Experience of non-fatal overdose among heroin users in Adelaide: circumstances and risk perception. Addiction 1998; 93: 701–711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner-Smith M, Darke S, Day C. Morbidity associated with non-fatal heroin overdose. Addiction 2002; 97: 963–967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart D, Gossop M, Marsden J. Reductions in non-fatal overdose after drug misuse treatment: results from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS). J Subst Abuse Treat 2002; 22: 1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner-Smith M, Darke S, Lynskey M, Hall W. Heroin overdose: causes and consequences. Addiction 2001; 96: 1113–1125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powis B, Strang J, Griffiths P, et al. Self-reported overdose among injecting drug users in London: extent and nature of the problem. Addiction 1999; 94: 471–478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour A, Oliver J S, Black M. Drug-related deaths among recently released prisoners in the Strathclyde region of Scotland. J Forensic Sci 2000; 45: 649–654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darke S, Ross J, Zador D, Sunjic S. Heroin-related deaths in New South Wales, Australia, 1992–1996. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000; 60: 141–150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darke S, Hetherington K, Ross J, Lynskey M, Teesson M. Non-injecting routes of administration among entrants to three treatment modalities for heroin dependence. Drug Alcohol Rev 2004; 23: 177–183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift W, Maher L, Sunjic S. Transitions between routes of heroin administration: a study of Caucasian and Indochinese heroin users in south-western Sydney, Australia. Addiction 1999; 94: 71–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darke S, Ross J. Fatal heroin overdoses resulting from non-injecting routes of administration, NSW, Australia, 1992–1996. Addiction 2000; 95: 596–599
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossow I, Lauritzen G. Balancing on the edge of death: suicide attempts and life-threatening overdoses among drug addicts. Addiction 1999; 94: 209–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darke S, Williamson A, Ross J, Teesson M, Lynskey M. Borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder and risk-taking among heroin users: findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS). Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 74: 77–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutpa B, Trzepacz P T. Serious overdosers admitted a general hospital: comparison with nonoverdose self-injuries and medically ill patients with suicidal ideation. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1997; 19: 209–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffin P O, Galea S, Ahern J, Leon A C, Vlahov D, Tardiff K. Opiate, cocaine and alcohol combinations in accidental drug overdose deaths in New York City, 1990–1998. Addiction 2003; 98: 739–747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossop M, Marsden J, Stewart D, Rolfe A. Treatment retention and 1 year outcomes for residential programmes in England. Drug Alcohol Depend 1999; 57: 89–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplehorn J RM. Risk factors for non-HIV-related death among methadone maintenance patients. Eur Addict Res 1996; 2: 49–52
   Google Scholar
• Fugelstad A, Rajs J, DeVerdier M G. Mortality among HIV-infected intravenous drug addicts in Stockholm in relation to methadone treatment. Addiction 1995; 90: 711–716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronbladh L, Ohland L S, Gunne L M. Mortality in heroin addiction: impact of methadone treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1990; 82: 223–227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joe G W, Broome K M, Simpson D D. Retention and patient engagement in models for different treatment modalities in DATOS. Drug Alcohol Depend 1999; 57: 113–125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darke S, Hall W, Heather N, Wodak A, Ward J. Development and validation of a multi-dimensional instrument for assessing outcome of treatment among opioid users: the Opiate Treatment Index. Br J Addict 1992; 87: 593–602
   Google Scholar
• Ware J E, Kosinski M, Keller S D. A 12-item Short-Form health survey: construction of scales, and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care 1996; 34: 220–233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Composite International Diagnostic Interview (version 1.1). World Health Organization, Vienna 1993
   Google Scholar
• Robins L N, Helzer J E, Croughan J, Ratcliff K S. National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its history, characteristics, and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38: 381–389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPSS Inc. SPSS for Windows, 11.0. SPSS Inc, Chicago 2001
   Google Scholar
• Darke S, Ross J. Suicide among heroin users: rates, risk factors and methods. Addiction 2002; 97: 1383–1394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar