132
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

The first loss of freedom: early opium laws in Australia

Pages 439-453 | Published online: 12 Jul 2009

References

  • Holmes O. Collected legal papers. Goodhart. Precedent in English and Continental law. 1934; 50: 40–40, Law Q Rev, 48.
  • Drugs. Poisons and Controlled Substances Act 1981 (Vic) 1981; 78–78, No. 9719, ss. 24, 33, 87–94
  • Himmelstein J. Drug politics theory: analysis and critique. J Drug Issues 1978; 8: 37–52, As an example of this approach, see for example, Helmer J. Drugs and minority oppression. New York: Seabury Press, 1975; and Bonnie R, Whitebread C. The forbidden fruit and the tree of knowledge — the legal history of American marijuana prohibition. Virginia Law Rev 1970; 56: 971–1203.
  • Immigration Restriction Act 1901 (Cth.), Cth. No. 17. 1901
  • Hayter A. Opium and the romantic imagination. Faber & Faber, London 1968; 19–26, 67–81.
  • DeQuincey T. Confessions of an opium-eater. Walter Scott, London 1821
  • Clarke M. Cannabis Indica. The Colonial Monthly 1868; 1: 454–468, (n.s.), 460.
  • Henderson J. The opium slave and other verses. Gordon & Gotch, Brisbane 1913; 3–6
  • Carr-Saunders A. Professions. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1928; 3–31, Parson T. The social system. London: Tavistock, 1952: 428–4790; Larson M. The rise of professionalism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977; Freidson E. Professional dominance. Chicago: Aldine Publishing, 1970; Johnson T. Professions and power. London: Macmillan, 1972. Willis E. Medical dominance. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1983.
  • The Australian (Sydney). June, 1841; 2–2, 15
  • The Age (Melbourne). April, 1858; 4–4, 20
  • Bulletin (Sydney). July, 1895; 27–27, 6
  • Intercolonial Medical Journal of Australasia. 1897; 327–327, In: Pensabene T. The rise of the medical practitioner in Victoria. Canberra: A.N.U. Press, 1980: 32.
  • In:Victorian Hansard, Session. 1857–8; 3: 490–490, 491.
  • In:The rise of the medical practitioner in Victoria, Pensabene T. A.N.U. Press, Canberra, 6–15
  • The Age (Melbourne). October, 1876; 2–2, 2
  • Medical Witnesses Act 1838 (N.S.W.), 1 Vic No 3 and 2 Vic No 22. Medical Witnesses Amendment Act 1845 (NSW), 9 Vic No 12. Medical Practitioners Act 1855 (N.S.W.), 19 Vic No 17. Medical Practitioners Act 1898 (N.S.W.), Act No 26, 1898. See also: Hilder E. One hundred and twenty years of medical registration in New South Wales. ML Q610.3/3A1.
  • For evidence of the similar position in England, seeTaylor, Wilson, Brodie, Webster, Marshall-Hall. Select Committee on Pharmacy Bill. Report with minutes of evidence and index. 1852; XIII, 387, British Parliamentary Papers. Health — Food and Drugs 1 (1852–55). Shannon: Irish University Press, 1969: 9, 13, 45, 156, 145 and passim. See also Select Committee on Chemists and Druggists Bill, Special report with proceedings, minutes of evidence and appendix: 1865 (381) Vol XII; and also Select committee on the Sale of Poisons Bill. Report with proceedings, minutes of evidence and index: 1857 (294 Sess II) Vol XII. In: British Parliamentary Papers. Health — Food and Drugs 2 Shannon: I.U.P., 1969.
  • Cole E. The pound pamphlet word for word. Cole's, Melbourne, 106–111, [s.d]
  • Berridge V, Edwards G. Opium and the people. St. Martin's Press, London 1981; 30–52, See also Parsinnen T. Secret passions, secret remedies. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Institute for Studies of Human Issues, 1983. Parsinnen T. Opium and the people (Essay Review). Medical History 1982; 26: 458–62. Berridge V. Secret passions, secret remedies … (Essay Review). Medical History 1985; 29: 210–17.
  • The Chinese question in Australia, L Meng, C Cheong, L Ah Mouy. Bailliere, Melbourne 1879; 14–14
  • Bulletin (Sydney). 1882
  • Bulletin (Sydney). December, 1895; 28–28, 28
  • Carter. Victorian Parliamentary Debates. 1898; 90: 2989–2989, Session
  • The Age (Melbourne). October, 1892–1899, esp 27, 1893. See also 11 March 1892, 23 July 1892, 16 and 18 September 1893, 30 June 1894 (opium); 20 January 1892, 2 April 1892, 29 April 1892, 23 June 1893, 8 August 1893, 2 September 1893, 9 December 1893, 14 March 1895, 27 February 1897, 10 March 1898, 1 June 1898, 6 August 1898, 27 May 1899, 7 September 1899 (alcohol).
  • Sale and Use of Poisons Act 1876 (Vic), 40 Vic No 559 ss 3, 4, 6 & 13. Sale and Use of Poisons Act 1876 (N.S.W.), 40 Vic No 9 ss 7, 11 & 18.
  • Sale and Use of Poisons Act 1876 (Vic), ss 5 & 8; Sale and Use of Poisons Act 1876 (N.S.W.), ss 2 & 3.
  • Sale and Use of Poisons Act 1896 (Vic), Preamble
  • The U.K. Select Committee on Sale of Poisons Bill considered the English Act which was adopted in jurisdictions around Australia. See the evidence of J. Abrahams, S.J. Birch (Resident Medical Practitioner at London Hospital)Taylor, Professor A.S., Hammill, John. Select Committee on Sale of Poisons Bill, Report: 44–48, 64, 102, 59. See also Prof. Taylor in Select Committee on Chemists and Druggists Bill. Report 5 and 7.
  • Select Committee on Sale of Poisons Bill. 1857; 60–60, Report…
  • Select Committee on Sale of Poisons Bill. 1857; 102–102, Report…
  • N.S.W. Legislative Council Votes and Proceedings. 1858; 3: 305–305, 320.
  • Farrell J, Heancham W. to the N.S.W. Government. August, 1887, In: Sir Henry Parkes. Correspondence. Vol 20. ML A899, 242–4.
  • Chinese Restriction and Regulation Act 1888 (N.S.W.), 52 Vic No 4 (S.A.) 51 & 52 Vic No 439 (Vic) 52 Vic No 1005. 1889 (W.A.) 53 Vic No 3. (Qld) 53 Vic No 22. See also Tart Q. A plea for the abolition of the importation of opium. ML 178.82 B2, 11. McCoy A. Drug Traffic. Sydney: Harper & Row, 1980: 72.
  • Johnson. Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates. 1905; 26: 1773–1773, V Edw VII, 1777.
  • Inspector-General Fosbery E. Chinese, information respecting. N.S.W. Legislative Assembly Votes and Proceedings. 1878
  • Young W. Report on the conditions of the Chinese population in Victoria. Melbourne 1868, In: McLaren I. The Chinese in Victoria: Official Reports and Documents. Ascot Vale: Red Rooster Press, 1985: 33–58.
  • Yarwood A, Knowling M. Race relations in Australia. North Ryde 1982, See also Influx of Chinese Restriction Act 1881 (N.S.W.) 45 Vic No 11 at ss 4,5 & 10. (Vic) 45 Vic No 723 1881. (Qld) 47 Vic No 13 1884. A.O.N.S.W. Colonial Secretary special bundle: Chinese 1888, 4/884.1. Immigration Restriction Act 1901 (Cth), No 17, 1901.
  • Dibbs G. N.S.W. Parliamentary Debates. 1887–8; 51–51, Session, & 52 Vic: 2789 and 4793.
  • Keely Max. Secretary of the Country Storekeepers Association of N.S.W. Sydney Morning Herald. August, 1904; 6–6, 25
  • Bulletin (Sydney). January, 1889; 5–5, 12
  • The Worker (North Queensland). January, 1901; 4–4, 26, and 16 February: 10. C Powers, MLA. Policy of the Progressive Democratic Party. Maryborough: May 29 1902. In: Coloured Labour Question (Mitchell Library Press Cuttings; Vol 1. ML Q331.6 C).
  • “Humanity”. Sketches of Chinese character. F.Y. Beaham, Castlemaine 1878; 3–4
  • The Bulletin (Sydney). August, 1886; 11–14, 21, (See also the Supplement of April 14.)
  • The Bulletin (Sydney). August, 1886; 11–14, 21
  • Sydney City & Suburban Sewge and Health Board. Eleventh progress report. New South Wales Legislative Assembly Votes and Proceedings. 1875–6; V: 535–661, 568–9, 546, 661. See also 560, 603.
  • N.S.W. Legislative Assembly. Report of the Royal Commission on Alleged Chinese Gambling and Immorality. Govt Printer, Sydney 1892; 369–369, In: N.S.W. Legislative Assembly Votes and Proceedings 1891–2; Vol VIII: 836.
  • Bulletin (Sydney). September, 1886; 4–4, 4
  • Bulletin (Sydney). August, 1886; 14–14, 21
  • New South Wales Parliamentary Debates. 1892–3; 56–56, Session, Vic; Vol 64: 5128
  • Report from the Select Committee on Common Lodging Houses. New South Wales Legislative Assembly Votes & Proceedings. 1875–6; VI: 859–859, See also the evidence of Michael Chapman (Sewage and Health Commission), 864.
  • Report from the Select Committee on Common Lodging Houses. 859–859, Report of the Royal Commission on alleged Chinese gambling and immorality: 438.
  • N.S.W. Legislative Assembly Votes and Proceedings. 1883–4; 11: 661–661
  • Report of the Royal Commission on alleged Chinese gambling and immorality. 387–387, 399, 401. See also the evidence of Margaret, 405; Pauline, 413–4, Maud 452.
  • Report of the Royal Commission on alleged Chinese gambling and immorality. 21–21
  • Report of the Royal Commission on alleged Chinese gambling and immorality. 21–21
  • Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates 1905, V Edw VII, 26: 1768–1768
  • Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates. 1905; 1773–1773, On the introduction of opium duties in 1857, see A.O.N.S.W. Attorney-General special bundle 1836–76 Vols 1 & 2, 9/2697 A & B, 613–32, 305. The tax raised in the first year 164/5s.
  • Daily Telegraph (Sydney). January, 1884; 4–4, 7
  • Victorian Parliamentary Debates. 1890; 65: 2374–2374, Session
  • Vale J. Official report of anti-opium demonstration. Sydney 1894; 9–9
  • Opium Bill 1891 (Vic) cll. 13–13, 14, 17 & 18. In Victorian Parliamentary Debates, Session 1891; Vol 68: 2800.
  • Victorian Parliamentary Debates. 1891; 68: 2978–2978, Session, 2802, 2798
  • Victorian Parliamentary Debates. 1893; 73: 2650–2650, Session, See also for example Premier Patterson, Mr Bosisto, Dr Scott and Mr Graves, 2631–3, 2637–9, 2640–1 and 2649–50.
  • Victorian Parliamentary Debates. 1893; 2633–2677, Session
  • The Age (Melbourne). October, 1893; 4–4, 7
  • Opium Smoking Prohibition Act 1905 (Vic) 5 Edw VII No 2003, Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 (Qld) 61 Vic 17. Police Offences Amendment Act 1908 (N.S.W.) 8 Edw VII ch 12.
  • Constitution of the Commonwealth (enacted by Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (U.K.) 63 & 64 Vic ch12, s.9), ss 86, 88, 90
  • Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No. 64. December, 1905, 30, Customs Act 1901 (Cth), No 6 1901 ss. 50, 52(g) and 56.
  • Opium Smoking Prohibition Act 1905 (Vic) 5 Edw VII No 2003, ss 2–5, See also Police Offences (Amendment) Act 1908 (N.S.W.) 8 Edw. VII ch 12, ss 18–19.
  • New South Wales Parliamentary Debates2nd session. 1908; 31: 1677–1679, 8 Edw VII; Ser 2
  • SeeStory, Dooley. New South Wales Parliamentary Debates2nd session. 1908; 1707–1707, 1716.
  • Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates. 1905; 26: 1774–1774, V Edw VII
  • See the second reading speech ofAttorney-General Wade, or that of Mr Levy in New South Wales Parliamentary Debates2nd Session. 1908; 31: 1614–1614, 8 Edw VII; Ser 2, et seq & 1685 or the second reading speech of Mr Mackay or that of Mr Smith in Victorian Parliamentary Debates, Session 1905; Vol III: 2122 et seq & 2125.
  • Bosisto. Victorian Parliamentary Debates. 1893; 73: 2637–2637, Session
  • Johnson. Commonwealth Parliamentary Debats. 1905; 26: 1768–1768, 5 Edw VII
  • Wade. New South Wales Parliamentary Debates2nd Session. 1908; 30: 1614–1614, 8 Edw VII; Ser 2
  • Gaunson. Victorian Parliamentary Debates. 1905; III: 2124–2124, Session
  • Smith. Victorian Parliamentary Debates. 1905; III: 2125–2125, Session, Dr Scott. In Victorian Parliamentary Debates, Session 1893; Vol 73: 2640. See also the second reading speech by Mr Mackey and the reply by Mr Prendergast in Victorian Parliamentary Debates. Session 1905; Vol III: 2122–3; the second reading speech by Mr Wade in New South Wales Parliamentary Debates, 2nd Session 1908, 8 Edw VII; Ser 2 Vol 30: 1614–5; question and answer by Mr Johnson and Alfred Deak in Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates, 1904, IV Edw VII; Vol 18: 761 and the speech by Mr Johnson in Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates, 1905, V Edw VII; Vol 26: 1768.
  • Thompson J. Memo. January, 1905, 25, In A.O.N.S.W. Attorney-General special bundle, proposed amendments to Police Offences Act 1904–08, 5/7745.2.
  • Thompson J. Memo. January, 1905, 25, In A.O.N.S.W. Attorney-General special bundle, … 5/7745.2
  • For example, the evidence of Mrs Sims, Richard Kelly of the Anti-Chinese Gambling League and of various Chinese merchants including Lay Jong, Chow Kum, Quin Young; contrast the evidence ofHannah, Adelaide, Ellen, et al. Report of the Royal Commission on alleged Chinese gambling and immorality. 28–28, 382–418, 439–442.
  • New South Wales Parliamentary Debates2nd Session. 1908; 31: 1690–1691, 8 Edw VII; Ser 2
  • Smith. Victorian Parliamentary Debates. 1893; 73: 2634–2634, Session
  • Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates. 1905; 26: 1778–1778, V Edw VII

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.