Crowdwork, digital liminality and the enactment of culturally recognised alternatives to Western precarity: beyond epistemological terra nullius

References

• Abraham, I. (2017). The new black middle class in South Africa [book review]. Australasian Review of African Studies, 38(1), 136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert, S. M., & Cattell, M. G. (1994) Old age in global perspective: Cross-cultural and cross-national views.
   Google Scholar
• Allison, A. (2014). Precarious Japan. Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anwar, M. (2017). Digital gig work and outsourcing in Africa- update on geonet (Vol. 2017). Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Anwar, M. A., & Graham, M. (2020). Hidden transcripts of the gig economy: Labour agency and the new art of resistance among African gig workers. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 52(7), 1269–1291. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19894584
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anwar, M. A., & Graham, M. (2021). Between a rock and a hard place: Freedom, flexibility, precarity and vulnerability in the gig economy in Africa. Competition & Change, 25(2), 237–258. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1024529420914473
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asongu, S. A., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2019). Challenges of doing business in Africa: A systematic review. Journal of African Business, 20(2), 259–268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2019.1582294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnard, H., Cuervo-Cazurra, A., & Manning, S. (2017). Africa business research as a laboratory for theory-building: Extreme conditions, new phenomena, and alternative paradigms of social relationships. Management and Organization Review, 13(3), 467–495. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/mor.2017.34
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beech, N. (2011). Liminality and the practices of identity reconstruction. Human Relations, 64(2), 285–302. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726710371235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beerepoot, N., & Lambregts, B. (2015). Competition in online job marketplaces: Towards a global labour market for outsourcing services? Global Networks, 15(2), 236–255. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berente, N., & Yoo, Y. (2012). Institutional contradictions and loose coupling: Postimplementation of NASA’s enterprise information system. Information Systems Research, 23(2), 376–396. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1110.0373
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, J. (2016) Income security in the on-demand economy: Findings and policy lessons from a survey of crowdworkers. In: Conditions of Work and Employment Series No. 74. International Labour Organization (ILO).
   Google Scholar
• Berg, J., Furrer, M., Harmon, E., Rani, U., & Silberman, M. S. (2018) Digital labour platforms and the future of work. International Labour Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Bhandari, R., Chatterjee, S., Gupta, K., & Panda, B. (2018). How to avoid the pitfalls of IT crowdsourcing to boost speed, find talent, and reduce costs (Vol. 2019). Mckinsey.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., Clarke, V., & Terry, G. (2014). Thematic analysis. In P. Rohleder & A. C. Lyons (Eds.), Qualitative research in clinical and health psychology (pp. 95–114). Macmillan International Higher Education.
   Google Scholar
• Charmes, J. (2012). The informal economy worldwide: Trends and characteristics. Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, 6(2), 103–132. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/097380101200600202
   Google Scholar
• Cheney, G. (2014) Alternative organization and alternative organizing. Critical Management. Retrieved 20 July 2020, from. http://www.criticalmanagement.org/node/3182
   Google Scholar
• Cowgill, D. O. (1986). Aging around the world. Wadsworth Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Dados, N., & Connell, R. (2012). The global south. Contexts, 11(1), 12–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1536504212436479
   Google Scholar
• Davison, R. M., & Díaz Andrade, A. (2018). Promoting indigenous theory. Information Systems Journal, 28(5), 759–764. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davison, R. M., & Martinsons, M. G. (2016). Context is king! Considering particularism in research design and reporting. Journal of Information Technology, 31(3), 241–249. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2015.19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Stefano, V. (2015). The rise of the just-in-time workforce: On-demand work, crowdwork, and labor protection in the gig-economy. Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 37, 471. International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/publication/wcms_443267.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Deng, X., Joshi, K., & Galliers, R. D. (2016). The duality of empowerment and marginalization in microtask crowdsourcing: Giving voice to the less powerful through value sensitive design. Mis Quarterly, 40(2), 279–302. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2016/40.2.01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, X. N., & Joshi, K. D. (2016). Why individuals participate in micro-task crowdsourcing work environment: Revealing crowdworkers’ perceptions. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 17(10), 648. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, M. (2020). Making gigs work: Digital platforms, job quality and worker motivations. New Technology, Work and Employment, 35(2), 232–249. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12167
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durward, D., Blohm, I., & Leimeister, J. M. (2020). The nature of crowd work and its effects on individuals’ work perception. Journal of Management Information Systems, 37(1), 66–95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2019.1705506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eboiyehi, F. A. (2015). Perception of old age: its implications for care and support for the aged among the esan of South-South Nigeria. Journal of International Social Research, 8(36), 340. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2015369511
   Google Scholar
• Elbanna, A., & Idowu, A. (2021). Crowdwork as an elevator of human capital - a sustainable human development perspective. The Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, 33(3). Forthcoming.
   Google Scholar
• Felstiner, A. (2011). Working the crowd: Employment and labor law in the crowdsourcing industry. The Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law, 32, 143–203.
   Google Scholar
• Fisscher, O., Frenkel, D., Lurie, Y., & Nijhof, A. (2005). Stretching the frontiers: Exploring the relationships between entrepreneurship and ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 60(3), 207–209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-0128-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillwald, A., Mothobi, O., & Schoentgen, A. (2017). What is the state of microwork in Africa? A view from seven countries. In Policy paper. Research ICT africa. https://researchictafrica.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/After-Access_The-state-of-microwork-in-Africa.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Graham, M., Hjorth, I., & Lehdonvirta, V. (2017). Digital labour and development: Impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods. European Review of Labour, 23(2), 135–162. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258916687250
   Google Scholar
• Gray, M. L., & Suri, S. (2019). Ghost work: How to stop silicon valley from building a new global underclass. Eamon Dolan Books.
   Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, E. (2010). Migration, domestic work and affect: A decolonial approach on value and the feminization of labor. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Heckathorn, D. D. (1997). Respondent-driven sampling: A new approach to the study of hidden populations. Social Problems, 44(2), 174–199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/3096941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeks, R. (2017). Decent work and the digital gig economy (Vol. WP7). Global Development Institute. University of Manchester.
   Google Scholar
• Hodkinson, P. (2008). Grounded theory and inductive research. Researching Social Life, 3, 81–100. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/researching-social-life/book242913
   Google Scholar
• Howcroft, D., & Bergvall-Kåreborn, B. (2018). A typology of crowdwork platforms. Work, Employment and Society 33 (1): 21-38, 0950017018760136.
   Google Scholar
• Ibarra, H., & Obodaru, O. (2016). Betwixt and between identities: Liminal experience in contemporary careers. Research in Organizational Behavior, 36, 47–64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2016.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idowu, A., & Elbanna, A. (2020). Digital platforms of work and the crafting of career path: The crowdworkers’ perspective. Information Systems Frontiers. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-020-10036-1
   Google Scholar
• Irani, L. C., & Silberman, M. S. (2013) Turkopticon: Interrupting worker invisibility in amazon mechanical turk. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, 611–620.
   Google Scholar
• Kalleberg, A. L. (2009). Precarious work, insecure workers: employment relations in transition. American Sociological Review, 74(Feburary), 1–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400101
   Google Scholar
• Kalleberg, A. L., & Vallas, S. P. (2018). Probing precarious work: Theory, research, and politics. Research in the Sociology of Work, 31(1), 1–30. https://arnekalleberg.web.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/7550/2018/01/Precarious-Work-CH-1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kässi, O., & Lehdonvirta, V. (2018). Online labour index: Measuring the online gig economy for policy and research. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 137, 241–248. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.07.056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitching, J., & Smallbone, D. (2012). Are freelancers a neglected form of small business? Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 19(1), 74–91. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001211196415
   Google Scholar
• Kittur, A., Nickerson, J. V., Bernstein, M., Gerber, E., Shaw, A., Zimmerman, J., Lease, M., & Horton, J. (2013) The future of crowd work. Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work, 1301–1318. ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Kshetri, N. (2019). Cybercrime and cybersecurity in Africa. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 22(2), 77–81. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198X.2019.1603527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuada, J. (2009). Gender, social networks, and entrepreneurship in Ghana. Journal of African Business, 10(1), 85–103. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15228910802701445
   Google Scholar
• Lee, A. S., & Baskerville, R. L. (2003). Generalizing generalizability in information systems research. Information Systems Research, 14(3), 221–243. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.14.3.221.16560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, A. S., & Baskerville, R. L. (2012). Conceptualizing generalizability: New contributions and a reply. MIS Quarterly, 36(3), 749–761. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/41703479
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehdonvirta, V. (2016). Algorithms that divide and unite: Delocalisation, identity and collective action in ‘microwork’. In  Flecker, Jorg (Ed.)., Space, place and global digital work (pp. 53–80). Palgrave-Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Levina, N., & Ross, J. W. (2003). From the vendor’s perspective: Exploring the value proposition in information technology outsourcing. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 331–364. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/30036537
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz, D. W. (2009). African Ubuntu philosophy and global management. Journal of Business Ethics, 84(3), 313–328. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0204-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, X., Khansa, L., & Kim, S. S. (2018). Active community participation and crowdworking turnover: A longitudinal model and empirical test of three mechanisms. Journal of Management Information Systems, 35(4), 1154–1187. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2018.1523587
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackellar, J. (2013). Participant observation at events: Theory, practice and potential. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 4(1), 56–65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/17582951311307511
   Google Scholar
• Magubane, N. N. (2017) Black tax: The emerging middle class reality [Doctoral dissertation], University of Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Mann, L., & Graham, M. (2016). The domestic turn: Business process outsourcing and the growing automation of Kenyan organisations. The Journal of Development Studies, 52(4), 530–548. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2015.1126251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, K., & Mirraboopa, B. (2003). Ways of knowing, being and doing: A theoretical framework and methods for indigenous and indigenist re‐search. Journal of Australian Studies, 27(76), 203–214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14443050309387838
   Google Scholar
• Matlala, R., & Shambare, R. (2017) Black tax and its influence on youth entrepreneurship intentions in South Africa. Unit for Enterprise Studies, Faculty of Management Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State Hosted at the Hotel School 5-7 April 2017, 75.
   Google Scholar
• McKeown, T. (2015) What’s in a Name? The value of “Entrepreneurs” compared to “Self-Employed” … But what about “Freelancing” or “IPro”. The handbook of research on freelancing and self-employment, 121.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, E. (2010). Solidarity economy: Key concepts and issues. Solidarity Economy I: Building Alternatives for People and Planet, 25–41.
   Google Scholar
• Motta, S. (2021). (Dis)ordering epistemological terra nullius: Or yes, the other can speak. The Journal of Critical Southern Studies, Call for Papers. https://jcss.demontfortuniversitypress.org/announcement/
   Google Scholar
• Munck, R. (2013). The precariat: A view from the South. Third World Quarterly, 34(5), 747–762. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.800751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naderifar, M., Goli, H., & Ghaljaie, F. (2017) Snowball sampling: A purposeful method of sampling in qualitative research.
   Google Scholar
• Neilson, B., & Rossiter, N. (2008). Precarity as a political concept, or, Fordism as exception. Theory, Culture & Society, 25(7–8), 51–72. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276408097796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1609406917733847. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyamnjoh, F. B. (2012). ‘Potted plants in greenhouses’: A critical reflection on the resilience of colonial education in Africa. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 47(2), 129–154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909611417240
   Google Scholar
• Osaghae, E. (1999a). Democratization in sub‐saharan Africa: Faltering prospects, new hopes. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 17(1), 5–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02589009908729636
   Google Scholar
• Osaghae, E. E. (1999b). Exiting from the State in Nigeria. African Journal of Political Science/Revue Africaine De Science Politique, 4(1), 83–98.
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, N., D’Adderio, L., Williams, R., & Leforestier, L. (2018). Conforming or transforming? How organizations respond to multiple rankings. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 64, 55–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2017.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramachandran, V., Obado-Joel, J., Fatai, R., Masood, J. S., & Omakwu, B. (2019) The new economy of Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Reed, C., & Thomas, R. (2019). Embracing indeterminacy: On being a liminal professional. British Journal of Management 32(18), p. 219-234. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467–8551.12385
   Google Scholar
• Saldana, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Scholz, T. (2017). Uberworked and underpaid: How workers are disrupting the digital economy. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Schor, J. B., & Attwood‐Charles, W. (2017). The “sharing” economy: Labor, inequality, and social connection on for‐profit platforms. Sociology Compass, 11(8), e12493. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12493
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schor, J. B., Attwood-Charles, W., Cansoy, M., Ladegaard, I., & Wengronowitz, R. (2020). Dependence and precarity in the platform economy. Theory and Society, 49(5), 833–861. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-020-09408-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Söderlund, J., & Borg, E. (2018). Liminality in management and organization studies: Process, position and place. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20(4), 880–902. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standing, G. (2014). Understanding the precariat through labour and work. Development and Change, 45(5), 963–980. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suri, H. (2011). Purposeful sampling in qualitative research synthesis. Qualitative Research Journal, 11(2), 63–75. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ1102063
   Google Scholar
• Szakolczai, A. (2000). Reflexive historical sociology. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tan, Z. M., Aggarwal, N., Cowls, J., Morley, J., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2021). The ethical debate about the gig economy: A review and critical analysis. Technology in Society, 65, 101594. Available online from 29th April 2021 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X21000695),101594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, D. R. (2006). A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(2), 237–246. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214005283748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomassen, B. (2012). Revisiting liminality: The danger of empty spaces. In Hazel Andrews, Les Roberts., Liminal landscapes: Remapping the field (pp. 21–35). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Thomassen, B. (2015). Thinking with liminality. In A. Horvath, B. Thomassen, & F. Wydra (Eds.), Breaking boundaries: Varieties of liminality (pp. 39–58). Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Trovalla, E., & Trovalla, U. (2015). Infrastructure as a divination tool: Whispers from the grids in a Nigerian city. City, 19(2–3), 332–343. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2015.1018061
   Google Scholar
• Turner, V. (1969). The ritual process: structure and anti-structure. Aldine De Gruyter Press.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, V. (1974) Liminal to liminoid, in play, flow, and ritual: An essay in comparative symbology 60(3). Rice Institute Pamphlet - Rice University Studies. https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/63159/article_RIP603_part4.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Turner, V. (1987). Betwixt and between: The liminal period in rites of passage. In L. C. Mahdi, S. Foster, & M. Little (Eds.), Betwixt & between: Patterns of masculine and feminine initiation (pp. 3–23). Open Court Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, V., Abrahams, R. D., & Harris, A. (2017). The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Urquhart, C. (2012). Grounded theory for qualitative research: A practical guide. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Urquhart, C., & Fernández, W. (2016). Using grounded theory method in information systems: The researcher as blank slate and other myths. In Willcocks, Leslie P., Sauer, Chris, Lacity, Mary C., Enacting research methods in information systems: Volume 1 (pp. 129–156). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Urquhart, C., Lehmann, H., & Myers, M. D. (2010). Putting the ‘theory’back into grounded theory: Guidelines for grounded theory studies in information systems. Information Systems Journal, 20(4), 357–381. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2009.00328.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenduc, G., & Vendramin, P. (2016). Work in the digital economy sorting the old from the new. European Trade Union Institute Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• Van Gennep, A. (1960 [1909])). The rites of passage. Routledge and Kegan Paul.
   Google Scholar
• Van Maanen, J. (1995). Representation in ethnography. SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, A. J., Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., & Hjorth, I. (2019). Good gig, bad gig: Autonomy and algorithmic control in the global gig economy. Work, Employment and Society, 33(1), 56–75. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017018785616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar