Visual restoration in cortical blindness: Insights from natural and TMS-induced blindsight

References

• Balliet , R. , Blood , K. M. and Bach-y-Rita , P. 1985 . Visual field rehabilitation in the cortically blind? . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgy, and Psychiatry , 48 : 1113 – 1124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbur , J. L. , Watson , J. D. , Frackowiak , R. S. and Zeki , S. 1993 . Conscious visual perception without V1 . Brain , 116 ( Pt 6 ) : 1293 – 1302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baylis , G. , Driver , J. and Rafal , R. 1993 . Extinction and stimulus repetition . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 5 : 453 – 466 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrmann , M. and Moscovitch , M. 1994 . Object-centered neglect in patients with unilateral neglect: Effects of left-right coordinates of objects . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 6 : 1 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrmann , M. and Tipper , S. P. 1994 . “ Object-based visual attention: Evidence from unilateral neglect ” . In Attention and performance. XIV: Conscious and nonconscious processing and cognitive functioning , Edited by: Moscovitch , M. 351 – 376 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Berti , A. and Rizzolatti , G. 1992 . Visual processing without awareness: Evidence from unilateral neglect . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 4 : 345 – 351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blythe , I. M. , Kennard , C. and Ruddock , K. H. 1987 . Residual vision in patients with retrogeniculate lesions of the visual pathways . Brain , 110 ( Pt 4 ) : 887 – 905 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer , J. , Harrison , S. and Ro , T. Unconscious processing of orientation and color without primary visual cortex . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Vol. 102 , pp. 16875 – 16879 .
   Google Scholar
• Cowey , A. 1967 . Perimetric study of field defects in monkeys after cortical and retinal ablations . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 19 : 232 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowey , A. 2004 . The 30th Sir Frederick Bartlett lecture. Fact, artefact, and myth about blindsight . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 57A : 577 – 609 .
   Google Scholar
• Danziger , S. , Fendrich , R. and Rafal , R. D. 1997 . Inhibitory tagging of locations in the blind field of hemianopic patients . Consciousness and Cognition , 6 : 291 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danziger , S. , Kingstone , A. and Rafal , R. 1998 . Reflexive orienting to signals in the neglected visual field . Psychological Science , 9 : 119 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehaene , S. and Naccache , L. 2001 . Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: Basic evidence and a workspace framework . Cognition , 79 : 1 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennett , D. 2001 . Are we explaining consciousness yet? . Cognition , 79 : 221 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desimone , R. , Schein , S. J. , Moran , J. and Ungerleider , L. G. 1985 . Contour, color and shape analysis beyond the striate cortex . Vision Research , 25 : 441 – 452 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodds , C. , Machado , L. , Rafal , R. and Ro , T. 2002 . A temporal/nasal asymmetry for blindsight in a localisation task: Evidence for extrageniculate mediation . Neuroreport , 13 : 655 – 658 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driver , J. , Baylis , G. C. , Goodrich , S. J. and Rafal , R. D. 1994 . Axis-based neglect of visual shapes . Neuropsychologia , 32 : 1353 – 1365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driver , J. , Baylis , G. and Rafal , R. 1993 . Preserved figure–ground segmentation and symmetry perception in a patient with neglect . Nature , 360 : 73 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driver , J. and Halligan , P. W. 1991 . Can visual neglect operate in object-centered coordinates? An affirmative single case study . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 8 : 475 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fendrich , R. , Wessinger , C. M. and Gazzaniga , M. S. 1992 . Residual vision in a scotoma: Implications for blindsight [see comments] . Science , 258 : 1489 – 1491 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferber , S. and Karnath , H. O. 2001 . How to assess spatial neglect—line bisection or cancellation tasks? . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 23 : 599 – 607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fries , W. The projection from the lateral geniculate nucleus to the prestriate cortex in macaque monkeys . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Vol. 213 , pp. 73 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Gallant , J. L. , Braun , J. and Van Essen , D. C. 1993 . Selectivity for polar, hyperbolic, and Cartesian gratings in macaque visual cortex . Science , 259 : 100 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodale , M. A. and Milner , A. D. 1992 . Separate visual pathways for perception and action . Trends in Neurosciences , 15 : 20 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graziano , M. S. A. , Yap , G. S. and Gross , C. G. 1994 . Coding of visual space by premotor neurons . Science , 266 : 1054 – 1057 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallett , M. 2000 . Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the human brain . Nature , 406 : 147 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halligan , P. W. and Marshall , J. C. 1988 . How long is a piece of string? A study of line bisection in a case of visual neglect . Cortex , 24 : 321 – 328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes , G. 1918 . Disturbances of vision by cerebral lesions . British Journal of Ophthalmology , 2 : 353 – 384 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hubel , D. H. and Wiesel , T. N. Ferrier lecture. Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B Biological Science . Vol. 198 , pp. 1 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Jahanshahi , M. and Rothwell , J. 2000 . Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies of cognition: an emerging field . Experimental Brain Research , 131 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaas , J. H. and Huerta , M. F. 1988 . “ The subcortical visual system of primates ” . In Comparative primate biology: Vol. 4. Neurosciences , Edited by: Steklis , H. and Erwin , J. 327 – 391 . New York : Wiley-Liss .
   Google Scholar
• Kasten , E. , Poggel , D. A. and Sabel , B. A. 2000 . Computer-based training of stimulus detection improves color and simple pattern recognition in the defective field of hemianopic subjects . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 12 : 1001 – 1012 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasten , E. , Wust , S. , Behrens-Baumann , W. and Sabel , B. A. 1998 . Computer-based training for the treatment of partial blindness . Natural Medicine , 4 : 1083 – 1087 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kentridge , R. W. , Heywood , C. A. and Weiskrantz , L. 1997 . Residual vision in multiple retinal locations within a scotoma: Implications for blindsight . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 9 : 191 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kentridge , R. W. , Heywood , C. A. and Weiskrantz , L. Attention without awareness in blindsight . Proceedings of Biological Science . Vol. 266 , pp. 1805 – 1811 .
   Google Scholar
• Kerkhoff , G. , Munssinger , U. and Meier , E. K. 1994 . Neurovisual rehabilitation in cerebral blindness . Archives of Neurology , 51 : 474 – 481 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , R. 2000 . Inhibition of return: What, where, when, why and how . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 4 : 138 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kustov , A. A. and Robinson , D. L. 1996 . Shared neural control of attentional shifts and eye movements . Nature , 384 : 74 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzi , C. A. , Tassinari , G. , Aglioti , S. and Lutzemberger , L. 1986 . Spatial summation across the vertical meridian in hemianopics: A test of blindsight . Neuropsychologia , 24 : 749 – 758 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlinchey-Berroth , R. , Milberg , W. P. , Verfaellie , M. , Alexander , M. and Kilduff , P. T. 1993 . Semantic processing in the neglected visual field: Evidence from a lexical decision task . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 10 : 79 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner , A. D. and Goodale , M. A. 1995 . “ The visual brain in action ” . Vol. 27 , Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mohler , C. W. and Wurtz , R. H. 1977 . Role of striate cortex and superior colliculus in visual guidance of saccadic eye movements in monkeys . Journal of Neurophysiology , 40 : 74 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morland , A. B. , Le , S. , Carroll , E. , Hoffmann , M. B. and Pambakian , A. 2004 . The role of spared calcarine cortex and lateral occipital cortex in the responses of human hemianopes to visual motion . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 16 : 204 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz , D. P. and Wurtz , R. H. 1995 . Saccade-related activity in monkey superior colliculus. I. Characteristics of burst and buildup cells . Journal of Neurophysiology , 73 : 2313 – 2333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadeau , S. E. and Heilman , K. M. 1991 . Gaze-dependent hemianopia without hemispatial neglect . Neurology , 41 : 1244 – 1250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pambakian , A. L. and Kennard , C. 1997 . Can visual function be restored in patients with homonymous hemianopia? . British Journal of Ophthalmology , 81 : 324 – 328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pambakian , A. L. , Mannan , S. K. , Hodgson , T. L. and Kennard , C. 2004 . Saccadic visual search training: A treatment for patients with homonymous hemianopia . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 75 : 1443 – 1448 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peli , E. 2000 . Field expansion for homonymous hemianopia by optically induced peripheral exotropia . Optometry and Vision Science , 77 : 453 – 464 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perenin , M. T. and Jeannerod , M. 1975 . Residual vision in cortically blind hemifields . Neuropsychologia , 13 : 1 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perenin , M. T. and Jeannerod , M. 1978 . Visual function within the hemianopic field following early cerebral hemidecortication in man—I. Spatial localization . Neuropsychologia , 16 : 1 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poppel , E. , Held , R. and Frost , D. 1973 . Residual visual function after brain wounds involving the central visual pathways in man . Nature , 243 : 295 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner , M. I. and Cohen , Y. 1980 . “ Attention and the control of movements ” . In Tutorials in motor behavior , Edited by: Requin , J. 243 – 258 . Amsterdam : North Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Posner , M. I. , Walker , J. A. , Friedrich , F. J. and Rafal , R. D. 1987 . How do the parietal lobes direct covert attention? . Neuropsychologia , 25 : 135 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafal , R. , Danziger , S. , Grossi , G. , Machado , L. and Ward , R. Visual detection is gated by attending for action: Evidence from hemispatial neglect . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA . Vol. 26 , pp. 26
   Google Scholar
• Rafal , R. D. , Posner , M. I. , Friedman , J. H. , Inhoff , A. W. and Bernstein , E. 1988 . Orienting of visual attention in progressive supranuclear palsy . Brain , 111 : 267 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafal , R. , Smith , J. , Krantz , J. , Cohen , A. and Brennan , C. 1990 . Extrageniculate vision in hemianopic humans: Saccade inhibition by signals in the blind field . Science , 250 : 118 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ro , T. , Noser , E. , Boake , C. , Wallace , R. , Gaber , M. , Bernstein , M. , Speroni , A. , De Joya , A. , Burgin , S. W. , Zhang , L. , Grotta , J. and Levin , H. in press . Functional reorganization and recovery after constraint induced movement therapy in acute stroke: Case reports . Neurocase ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ro , T. , Shelton , D. , Lee , O. L. and Chang , E. Extrageniculate mediation of unconscious vision in transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced blindsight . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA . Vol. 101 , pp. 9933 – 9935 .
   Google Scholar
• Robertson , E. M. , Theoret , H. and Pascual-Leone , A. 2003 . Studies in cognition: The problems solved and created by transcranial magnetic stimulation . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 15 : 948 – 960 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , D. L. and Kertzman , C. 1995 . Covert orienting of attention in macaques. III. Contributions of the superior colliculus . Journal of Neurophysiology , 74 : 713 – 721 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , D. L. and McClurkin , J. W. 1989 . The visual superior colliculus and pulvinar . Reviews of Oculomotor Research , 3 : 337 – 360 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rossi , P. W. , Kheyfets , S. and Reding , M. J. 1990 . Fresnel prisms improve visual perception in stroke patients with homonymous hemianopia or unilateral visual neglect . Neurology , 40 : 1597 – 1599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schendel , K. and Robertson , L. C. 2004 . Reaching out to see: Arm position can attenuate human visual loss . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 16 : 935 – 943 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sincich , L. C. , Park , K. F. , Wohlgemuth , M. J. and Horton , J. C. 2004 . Bypassing V1: A direct geniculate input to area MT . Nature Neuroscience , 7 : 1123 – 1128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprague , J. M. 1966 . Interaction of cortex and superior colliculus in mediation of peripherally summoned behavior in the cat . Science , 153 : 1544 – 1547 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoerig , P. and Cowey , A. 1989 . Wavelength sensitivity in blindsight . Nature , 342 : 916 – 918 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoerig , P. and Cowey , A. 1991 . Increment-threshold spectral sensitivity in blindsight. Evidence for colour opponency . Brain , : 1487 – 1512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoerig , P. and Cowey , A. 1997 . Invited review. Blindsight in man and monkey . Brain , 120 : 535 – 559 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoerig , P. , Kleinschmidt , A. and Frahm , J. 1998 . No visual responses in denervated V1: High-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging of a blindsight patient . Neuroreport , 9 : 21 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taub , E. , Harger , M. , Grier , H. C. and Hodos , W. 1980 . Some anatomical observations following chronic dorsal rhizotomy in monkeys . Neuroscience , 5 : 389 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taub , E. , Heitmann , R. D. and Barro , G. 1977 . Alertness, level of activity, and purposive movement following somatosensory deafferentation in monkeys . Annals of the New York Academy Science , 290 : 348 – 365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomaiuolo , F. , Ptito , M. , Marzi , C. A. , Paus , T. and Ptito , A. 1997 . Blindsight in hemispherectomized patients as revealed by spatial summation across the vertical meridian . Brain , 120 ( Pt 5 ) : 795 – 803 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tootell , R. B. , Silverman , M. S. , Switkes , E. and De Valois , R. L. 1982 . Deoxyglucose analysis of retinotopic organization in primate striate cortex . Science , 218 : 902 – 904 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , R. , Mannan , S. , Maurer , D. , Pambakian , A. L. and Kennard , C. The oculomotor distractor effect in normal and hemianopic vision . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B Biological Science . Vol. 267 , pp. 431 – 438 .
   Google Scholar
• Walsh , V. and Cowey , A. 2000 . Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive neuroscience . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 1 : 73 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiskrantz , L. , Warrington , E. K. , Sanders , M. D. and Marshall , J. 1974 . Visual capacity in the hemianopic field following a restricted occipital ablation . Brain , 97 : 709 – 728 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessinger , C. M. , Fendrich , R. and Gazzaniga , M. S. 1997 . Islands of residual vision in hemianopic patients . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 9 : 203 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , C. , Azzopardi , P. and Cowey , A. 1995 . Nasal and temporal retinal ganglion cells projecting to the midbrain: Implications for “Blindsight” . Neuroscience , 65 : 577 – 586 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yukie , M. and Iwai , E. 1981 . Direct projection from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus to the prestriate cortex in macaque monkeys . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 201 : 81 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeki , S. 1980 . The representation of colours in the cerebral cortex . Nature , 284 : 412 – 418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeki , S. and Ffytche , D. H. 1998 . The Riddoch syndrome: Insights into the neurobiology of conscious vision . Brain , 121 ( Pt 1 ) : 25 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zihl , J. 1980 . Blindsight: Improvment of visually guided eye movements by systematic practice in patients with cerebral blindness . Neuropsychologia , 18 : 71 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zihl , J. 1981 . Recovery of visual functions in patients with cerebral blindness. Effect of specific practice with saccadic localization . Experimental Brain Research , 44 : 159 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zihl , J. 2000 . “ Rehabilitation of visual disorders after brain injury ” . UK : Psychology Press Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Zihl , J. and von Cramon , D. 1979 . Restitution of visual function in patients with cerebral blindness . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 42 : 312 – 322 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zihl , J. and von Cramon , D. 1985 . Visual field recovery from scotoma in patients with postgeniculate damage. A review of 55 cases . Brain , 108 ( Pt 2 ) : 335 – 365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar