An integrated biopsychosocial approach to understanding awareness deficits in Alzheimer's disease and brain injury

References

• Aalten , P. , van Valen , E. , Clare , L. , Kenny , G. and Verhey , F. in press . Awareness in dementia: A review of clinical correlates . Aging and Mental Health. ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew , S. K. and Morris , R. G. 1998 . The heterogeneity of anosognosia for memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: A review of the literature and a proposed model . Aging and Mental Health , 2 : 7 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , C. C. and Ruff , R. M. 1990 . Self-rating versus neurophysiological performance of moderate versus severe head-injured patients . Brain Injury , 4 : 7 – 17 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersson , S. , Gundersen , P. M. and Finset , A. 1999 . Emotional activation during therapeutic interaction in traumatic brain injury: Effect of apathy, self-awareness and implications for rehabilitation . Brain Injury , 13 : 393 – 404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogod , N. M. , Mateer , C. A. and Macdonald , S. W. S. 2003 . Self-awareness after traumatic brain injury: A comparison of measures and their relationship to executive functions . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 9 : 450 – 458 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bologna , S. M. and Camp , C. J. 1997 . Covert versus overt self-recognition in late stage Alzheimer's disease . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 3 : 195 – 198 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burgess , P. W. , Alderman , N. , Evans , J. , Emslie , H. and Wilson , B. A. 1998 . The ecological validity of tests of executive function . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 4 : 547 – 558 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheston , R. , Jones , K. and Gilliard , J. 2003 . Group psychotherapy and people with dementia . Aging and Mental Health , 7 : 452 – 461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clare , L. 2002 . We'll fight it as long as we can: Coping with the onset of Alzheimer's disease . Aging and Mental Health , 6 : 139 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clare , L. 2003 . Managing threats to self: Awareness in early-stage Alzheimer's disease . Social Science and Medicine , 57 : 1017 – 1029 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clare , L. 2004a . The construction of awareness in early-stage Alzheimer's disease: A review of concepts and models . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 43 : 155 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clare , L. 2004b . Awareness in early-stage Alzheimer's disease: A review of methods and evidence . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 43 : 177 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clare , L. , Marková , I. , Verhey , F. and Kenny , G. in press . Awareness in dementia: A review of assessment methods and measures . Aging and Mental Health ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clare , L. , Roth , I. and Pratt , R. in press . Perceptions of change over time in early-stage Alzheimer's disease, and implications for understanding awareness and coping style . Dementia ,
   Google Scholar
• Clare , L. , Wilson , B. A. , Carter , G. , Roth , I. and Hodges , J. R. 2002 . Assessing awareness in early-stage Alzheimer's disease: Development and piloting of the Memory Awareness Rating Scale . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 12 : 341 – 362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clare , L. , Wilson , B. A. , Carter , G. , Roth , I. and Hodges , J. R. 2004 . Awareness in early-stage Alzheimer's disease: Relationship to outcome of cognitive rehabilitation . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 26 : 215 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotrell , V. and Lein , L. 1993 . Awareness and denial in the Alzheimer's disease victim . Journal of Gerontological Social Work , 19 : 115 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotrell , V. and Wild , K. 1999 . Longitudinal study of self-imposed driving restrictions and deficit awareness in patients with Alzheimer disease . Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders , 13 : 151 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosson , B. C. , Barco , P. P. , Velozo , C. A. , Bolseta , M. M. , Werts , D. and Brobeck , T. 1989 . Awareness and compensation in post-acute head injury rehabilitation . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 4 : 46 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Derouesné , C. , Thibault , S. , Lagha-Pierucci , S. , Baudouin-Madec , V. , Ancri , D. and Lacomblez , L. 1999 . Decreased awareness of cognitive deficits in patients with mild dementia of the Alzheimer type . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 14 : 1019 – 1030 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feher , E. P. , Mahurin , R. K. , Inbody , S. B. , Crook , T. H. and Pirozzolo , F. J. 1991 . Anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioural Neurology , 4 : 136 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Fleming , J. M. and Strong , J. 1999 . A longitudinal study of self-awareness: Functional deficits underestimated by persons with brain injury . Occupational Therapy Journal of Research , 19 : 3 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Fleming , J. M. , Strong , J. and Ashton , R. 1996 . Self-awareness of deficits in adults with traumatic brain injury: How best to measure? . Brain Injury , 10 : 1 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming , J. M. , Strong , J. and Ashton , R. 1998 . Cluster analysis of self-awareness levels in adults with traumatic brain injury and relationship to outcome . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 13 : 39 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gainotti , G. 1975 . Confabulation of denial in senile dementia: An experimental study . Psychiatric Clinics , 8 : 99 – 108 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gainotti , G. 1993 . Emotional and psychosocial problems after brain injury . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 3 : 259 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannetti , T. , Libon , D. J. and Hart , T. 2002 . Awareness of naturalistic action errors in dementia . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 8 : 633 – 644 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfrey , H. P. D. , Partridge , F. M. , Knight , R. G. and Bishara , S. 1993 . Course of insight disorder and emotional dysfunction following closed head injury: A controlled cross-sectional follow-up study . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 15 : 503 – 515 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , J. , Goldstein , F. C. , Sirockman , B. E. and Green , R. C. 1993 . Variable awareness of deficits in Alzheimer's disease . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioural Neurology , 6 : 159 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , T. , Giovannetti , T. , Montgomery , M. W. and Schwartz , M. F. 1998 . Awareness of errors in naturalistic action after traumatic brain injury . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 13 : 16 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbard , M. R. and Gordon , W. A. 1992 . Awareness of disability in patients following stroke . Rehabilitation Psychology , 37 : 103 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaszniak , A. W. and Christenson , G. D. 1996 . “ Self-awareness of deficit in patients with Alzheimer's disease ” . In Towards a science of consciousness: the first Tucson discussions and debates , Edited by: Hameroff , S. R. , Kaszniak , A. W. and Scott , A. C. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kihlstrom , J. F. and Tobias , B. A. 1991 . “ Anosognosia, consciousness and the self ” . In Awareness of deficits after brain injury: Clinical and theoretical issues , Edited by: Prigatano , G. P. and Schacter , D. L. 198 – 222 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kortte , K. B. , Wegner , S. T. and Chwalisz , K. 2003 . Anosognosia and denial: Their relationship to coping and depression in acquired brain injury . Rehabilitation Psychology , 48 : 131 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krefting , L. 1989 . Reintegration into the community after head injury: The results of an ethnographic study . Occupational Therapy Journal of Research , 9 : 67 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Langer , K. G. and Padrone , F. J. 1992 . Psychotherapeutic treatment of awareness in acute rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 2 : 59 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• McGlynn , S. M. and Schacter , D. L. 1989 . Unawareness of deficits in neuropsychological syndromes . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 11 : 143 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinlay , W. W. and Brooks , D. N. 1984 . Methodological problems in assessing psychosocial recovery following severe head injury . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 6 : 87 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malec , J. F. , Machulda , M. M. and Moessner , A. M. 1997 . Differing problem perceptions of staff, survivors, and significant others after brain injury . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 12 : 1 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangone , C. A. , Hier , D. B. , Gorelick , P. D. , Ganellen , R. J. , Langenberg , P. , Boarman , R. and Dollear , W. C. 1991 . Impaired insight in Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology , 4 : 189 – 193 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marcel , A. J. , Tegner , R. and Nimmo-Smith , I. 2004 . Anosognosia for plegia: Specificity, extension, partiality and disunity of bodily unawareness . Cortex , 40 : 19 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marková , I. S. and Berrios , G. E. 2000 . “ Insight into memory deficits ” . In Memory disorders in psychiatric practice , Edited by: Berrios , G. E. and Hodges , J. R. 204 – 233 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marková , I. S. and Berrios , G. E. 2001 . The ‘object’ of insight assessment: Relationship to insight ‘structure’ . Psychopathology , 34 : 245 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marková , I. S. , Clare , L. , Wang , M. , Romero , B. and Kenny , G. in press . Awareness in dementia; conceptual issues . Aging and Mental Health. ,
   Google Scholar
• Mayhew , P. , Acton , G. J. , Yauk , S. and Hopkins , B. A. 2001 . Communication from individuals with advanced DAT: Can it provide clues to their sense of awareness and well-being? . Geriatric Nursing , 22 : 106 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michon , A. , Deweer , B. , Pillon , B. , Agid , Y. and Dubois , B. 1994 . Relation of anosognosia to frontal lobe dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 57 : 805 – 809 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , R. G. and Hannesdottir , K. 2004 . “ Loss of ‘awareness’ in Alzheimer's disease ” . In The cognitive neuropsychology of Alzheimer's disease , Edited by: Morris , R. G. and Becker , J. T. 275 – 296 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nathanson , M. , Bergman , P. S. and Gordon , G. 1952 . Denial of illness . Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry , 68 : 380 – 387 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ownsworth , T. L. and Fleming , J. in press . The relative importance of metacognitive skills, emotional status and executive functioning in psychosocial adjustment following acquired brain injury . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ownsworth , T. L. and McFarland , K. 2004 . Investigation of psychological and neuropsychological factors associated with clinical outcome following a group rehabilitation programme . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 14 : 535 – 562 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ownsworth , T. L. , McFarland , K. and Young , R. McD. 2000 . Development and standardisation of the Self-regulation Skills Interview (SRSI): A new clinical assessment tool for acquired brain injury . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 14 : 76 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ownsworth , T. L. , McFarland , K. and Young , R. McD. 2002 . Investigation of factors underlying deficits in self-awareness and self-regulation . Brain Injury , 16 : 291 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ownsworth , T. L. and Oei , T. P. S. 1998 . Depression after traumatic brain injury: Conceptualisation and treatment considerations . Brain Injury , 12 : 735 – 751 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pia , L. , Neppi-Modona , M. , Ricci , R. and Berti , A. 2004 . The anatomy of anosognosia for hemiplegia: A meta-analysis . Cortex , 40 : 367 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigatano , G. P. 1999 . Principles of neuropsychological rehabilitation , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Prigatano , G. P. , Altman , I. M. and O'Brien , K. P. 1990 . Behavioural limitations that brain-injured patients tend to underestimate . Clinical Neuropsychologist , 4 : 27 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Prigatano , G. P. and Klonoff , P. S. 1998 . A clinician's rating scale for evaluating impaired self-awareness and denial of disability after brain injury . Clinical Neuropsychologist , 12 : 56 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigatano , G. P. and Leathem , J. M. 1993 . Awareness of behavioural limitations after traumatic brain injury: A cross-cultural study of New Zealand Maoris and non-Maoris . Clinical Neuropsychologist , 7 : 123 – 135 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prigatano , G. P. , Ogano , M. and Amakusa , B. 1997 . A cross-cultural study on impaired self-awareness in Japanese patients with brain dysfunction . Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychology and Behavioural Neurology , 10 : 135 – 143 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prigatano , G. P. and Weinstein , E. A. 1996 . Edwin A. Weinstein's contributions to neuropsychological rehabilitation . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 6 : 305 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed , B. R. , Jagust , W. J. and Coulter , L. 1994 . Anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease: Relationships to depression, cognitive function and cerebral perfusion . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 15 : 231 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sbordone , R. J. , Seyranian , G. D. and Ruff , R. M. 1998 . Are the subjective complaints of traumatically brain injured patients reliable? . Brain Injury , 12 : 505 – 515 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schacter , D. L. 1990 . Toward a cognitive neuropsychology of awareness: Implicit knowledge and anosognosia . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 12 : 155 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schacter , D. L. and Prigatano , G. P. 1991 . “ Forms of unawareness ” . In Awareness of deficit after brain injury: Clinical and theoretical issues , Edited by: Prigatano , G. P. and Schacter , D. L. 258 – 262 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Seiffer , A. , Clare , L. and Harvey , R. in press . The role of personality and coping in relation to awareness of current functioning in early-stage dementia . Aging and Mental Health ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer , M. , Boake , C. , Levin , E. , Silver , B. V. , Ringholz , G. and High , W. M. 1998 . Characteristics of impaired awareness after traumatic brain injury . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 4 : 380 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmonds , M. and Fleming , J. M. 2003 . Occupational therapy assessment of self-awareness following traumatic brain injury . British Journal of Occupational Therapy , 66 : 447 – 453 .
   Google Scholar
• Sohlberg , M. M. , Mateer , C. A. , Penkman , L. , Gland , A. and Todis , B. 1998 . Awareness intervention: Who needs it? . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 13 : 62 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkstein , S. E. , Fedoroff , J. P. , Price , T. R. , Leiguarda , R. and Robinson , R. G. 1993 . Neuropsychological deficits in patients with anosognosia . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioural Neurology , 6 : 43 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Starkstein , S. E. , Vazquez , S. , Migliorelli , R. , Teson , A. , Sabe , L. and Leiguarda , R. 1995 . A single-photon emission computed tomographic study of anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease . Archives of Neurology , 52 : 415 – 420 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuss , D. T. 1991 . “ Disturbance of self-awareness after frontal system damage ” . In Awareness of deficit after brain injury: Clinical and theoretical issues , Edited by: Prigatano , G. P. and Schacter , D. L. 63 – 83 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stuss , D. T. and Benson , D. F. 1986 . The Frontal Lobes , New York : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stuss , D. T. , Picton , T. W. and Alexander , M. P. 2001 . “ Consciousness, self-awareness and the frontal lobes ” . In The frontal lobes and neuropsychiatric illness , Edited by: Salloway , S. , Malloy , P. and Duffy , J. 101 – 109 . Washington DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Toglia , J. and Kirk , U. 2000 . Understanding awareness deficits following brain injury . NeuroRehabilitation , 15 : 57 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trosset , M. W. and Kaszniak , A. W. 1996 . Measures of deficit unawareness for predicted performance experiments . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 2 : 315 – 322 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trudel , T. M. , Tryon , W. W. and Purdum , C. M. 1998 . Awareness of disability and long-term outcome after traumatic brain injury . Rehabilitation Psychology , 43 : 267 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Weilingen , L. E. , Tuokko , H. A. , Cramer , K. , Mateer , C. A. and Hultsch , D. F. 2004 . Awareness of financial skills in dementia . Aging and Mental Health , 8 : 374 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuilleumier , P. 2004 . Anosognosia: The neurology of beliefs and uncertainties . Cortex , 40 : 9 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein , E. A. 1991 . “ Anosognosia and denial of illness ” . In Awareness of deficit after brain injury: Clinical and theoretical issues , Edited by: Prigatano , G. P. and Schacter , D. L. 240 – 257 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein , E. A. , Friedland , R. P. and Wagner , E. E. 1994 . Denial/unawareness of impairment and symbolic behaviour in Alzheimer's disease . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioural Neurology , 3 : 176 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein , E. A. and Kahn , R. L. 1955 . Denial of illness: Symbolic and physiological aspects , Springfield, IL : Charles C Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Zaitchik , D. and Albert , M. 2004 . “ Cognition and emotion ” . In Cognitive neuropsychology of Alzheimer's disease , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Morris , R. and Becker , J. 267 – 274) . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zeman , A. 2001 . Consciousness . Brain , 124 : 1263 – 1289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar