1,076
Views
63
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Gender differences in executive functions following traumatic brain injury

, , , &
Pages 293-313 | Received 01 Jul 2005, Published online: 24 Sep 2010

REFERENCES

  • Alexander , M. P. and Stuss , D. T. 2006 . Frontal injury: Impairments of fundamental processes lead to functional consequences . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 12 ( 2 ) : 192 – 193 .
  • Anderson , S. W. , Damasio , H. , Jones , R. D. and Tranel , D. 1991 . Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 13 ( 6 ) : 909 – 922 .
  • Axelrod , B. N. , Goldman , R. S. , Heaton , R. K. , Curtiss , G. , Thompson , L. L. , Chelune , G. J. and Kay , G. G. 1996 . Discriminability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test using the standardization sample . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 18 ( 3 ) : 338 – 342 .
  • Barcelo , F. and Santome-Calleja , A. 2000 . A critical review of the specificity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test for the assessment of prefrontal function . Revista de Neurologia , 30 ( 9 ) : 855 – 864 .
  • Barr , W. B. 2003 . Neuropsychological testing of high school athletes. Preliminary norms and test–retest indices . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 18 ( 1 ) : 91 – 101 .
  • Bartok , E. , Berecz , R. , Glaub , T. and Degrell , I. 2005 . Cognitive functions in prepsychotic patients . Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry , 29 ( 4 ) : 621 – 625 .
  • Basso , A. , Capitani , E. and Moraschini , S. 1982 . Sex differences in recovery from aphasia . Cortex , 18 ( 3 ) : 469 – 475 .
  • Bengtson , M. , Martin , R. , Sawrie , S. , Gilliam , F. , Faught , E. , Morawetz , R. and Kuzniecky , R. 2000 . Gender, memory, and hippocampal volumes: Relationships in temporal lobe epilepsy . Epilepsy and Behavior , 1 ( 2 ) : 112 – 119 .
  • Blume , A. W. , Schmaling , K. B. and Marlatt , G. A. 2005 . Memory, executive cognitive function, and readiness to change drinking behavior . Addictive Behaviors , 30 ( 2 ) : 301 – 314 .
  • Bounds , T. A. , Schopp , L. , Johnstone , B. , Unger , C. and Goldman , H. 2003 . Gender differences in a sample of vocational rehabilitation clients with TBI . NeuroRehabilitation , 18 ( 3 ) : 189 – 196 .
  • Brodsky , M. B. , McNeil , M. R. , Doyle , P. J. , Fossett , T. R. , Timm , N. H. and Park , G. H. 2003 . Auditory serial position effects in story retelling for non-brain-injured participants and persons with aphasia . Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research , 46 ( 5 ) : 1124 – 1137 .
  • Chelune , G. J. and Baer , R. A. 1986 . Developmental norms for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 ( 3 ) : 219 – 228 .
  • Committee on School Health . 2003 . Out-of-school suspension and expulsion . Pediatrics , 112 : 1206 – 1209 .
  • Crockett , D. , Bilsker , D. , Hurwitz , T. and Kozak , J. 1986 . Clinical utility of three measures of frontal lobe dysfunction in neuropsychiatric samples . International Journal of Neuroscience , 30 ( 4 ) : 241 – 248 .
  • Dahmer , E. R. , Shilling , M. A. , Hamilton , B. B. , Bontke , C. F. , Englander , J. , Kreutzer , J. S. , Ragnarsson , K. T. and Rosenthal , M. 1993 . A model systems database for traumatic brain injury . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 8 ( 2 ) : 12 – 25 .
  • Denckla , M. B. 1994 . “ Measurement of executive function ” . In Frames of reference for the assessment of learning disabilities: New views on measurement issues , Edited by: Lyon , G. R. 117 – 142) . Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes .
  • Dolan , M. , Millington , J. and Park , I. 2002 . Personality and neuropsychological function in violent, sexual and arson offenders . Medical Science and Law , 42 ( 1 ) : 34 – 43 .
  • Donders , J. and Hoffman , N. M. 2002 . Gender differences in learning and memory after pediatric traumatic brain injury . Neuropsychology , 16 ( 4 ) : 491 – 499 .
  • Drake , R. J. and Lewis , S. W. 2003 . Insight and neurocognition in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 62 ( 1–2 ) : 165 – 173 .
  • Englander , J. , Cifu , D. , Wright , J. , Zafonte , R. , Mann , N. , Yablon , S. and Ivanhoe , C. 1996 . The impact of acute complications, fractures, and motor deficits on functional outcome and length of stay after traumatic brain injury: A multi-center analysis . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 11 : 15 – 26 .
  • Fey , E. T. 1951 . The performance of young schizophrenics and young normals on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 15 ( 4 ) : 311 – 319 .
  • Gansler , D. A. , Covall , S. , McGrath , N. and Oscar-Berman , M. 1996 . Measures of prefrontal dysfunction after closed head injury . Brain and Cognition , 30 ( 2 ) : 194 – 204 .
  • Geraldina , P. , Mariarosaria , L. , Annarita , A. , Susanna , G. , Michela , S. , Alessandro , D. , Sandra , S. and Enrico , C. 2003 . Neuropsychiatric sequelae in TBI: A comparison across different age groups . Brain Injury , 17 ( 10 ) : 835 – 846 .
  • Gerhart , K. A. , Mellick , D. C. and Weintraub , A. H. 2003 . Violence-related traumatic brain injury: a population-based study . Journal of Trauma , 55 ( 6 ) : 1045 – 1053 .
  • Goranson , T. E. , Graves , R. E. , Allison , D. and La Freniere , R. 2003 . Community integration following multidisciplinary rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury . Brain Injury , 17 ( 9 ) : 759 – 774 .
  • Gouvier , W. D. , Blanton , P. D. , LaPorte , K. K. and Nepomuceno , C. 1987 . Reliability and validity of the Disability Rating Scale and the Levels of Cognitive Functioning Scale in monitoring recovery from severe head injury . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 68 ( 2 ) : 94 – 97 .
  • Grafman , J. , Jonas , B. and Salazar , A. 1990 . Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance based on location and size of neuroanatomical lesion in Vietnam veterans with penetrating head injury . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 71 ( 3 ) : 1120 – 1122 .
  • Granger , C. V. 1997 . Guide for the Uniform Data Set for Medical Rehabilitation (including the FIM[TM] instrument), Version 5.1 , Buffalo, NY : State University of New York at Buffalo .
  • Granger , C. V. , Hamilton , B. B. , Keith , R. A. , Zielesny , M. and Sherwin , F. S. 1986 . Advances in functional assessment for medical rehabilitation . Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation , 1 : 59 – 74 .
  • Grant , D. A. and Berg , E. A. 1948 . A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card sorting problem . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 34 : 404 – 411 .
  • Groswasser , Z. , Cohen , M. and Keren , O. 1998 . Female TBI patients recover better than males . Brain Injury , 12 ( 9 ) : 805 – 808 .
  • Haaland , K. Y. , Vranes , L. F. , Goodwin , J. S. and Garry , P. J. 1987 . Wisconsin Card Sort Test performance in a healthy elderly population . Journal of Gerontology , 42 ( 3 ) : 345 – 346 .
  • Hall , K. , Cope , D. N. and Rappaport , M. 1985 . Glasgow Outcome Scale and Disability Rating Scale: Comparative usefulness in following recovery in traumatic head injury . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 66 ( 1 ) : 35 – 37 .
  • Hall , K. , Hamilton , B. B. , Gordon , W. A. and Zasler , N. 1993 . Characteristics and comparisons of functional assessment indices: Disability Rating Scale, Functional Independence Measure, and Functional Assessment Measure . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 8 ( 2 ) : 60 – 74 .
  • Hall , K. M. and Johnston , M. V. 1994 . Outcomes evaluation in TBI Rehabilitation. Part II: measurement tools for a nationwide data system . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 75 ( 12 ) : SC10 – 18 . discussion SC 27–28
  • Hall , K. M. , Mann , N. , High , W. M. , Wright , J. , Kreutzer , J. S. and Wood , D. 1997 . Functional measures after traumatic brain injury: Ceiling effects of FIM, FIM + FAM, DRS, and CIQ . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 11 : 27 – 39 .
  • Harrison-Felix , C. , Newton , C. N. , Hall , K. M. and Kreutzer , J. S. 1996 . Descriptive findings from the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems National Database . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 11 ( 5 ) : 1 – 14 .
  • Heaton , R. K. 1981 . A Manual for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
  • Heaton , R. K. , Chelune , G. J. , Talley , J. L. , Kay , G. G. and Curtiss , G. 1993 . Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual: Revised and Expanded , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
  • Heck , E. T. and Bryer , J. B. 1986 . Superior sorting and categorizing ability in a case of bilateral frontal atrophy: An exception to the rule . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 ( 3 ) : 313 – 316 .
  • Heyer , E. J. , Sharma , R. , Winfree , C. J. , Mocco , J. , McMahon , D. J. , McCormick , P. A. , Quest , D. O. and McMurtry , J. G. 2000 . Severe pain confounds neuropsychological test performance . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 22 ( 5 ) : 633 – 639 .
  • Jensen , O. K. and Thulstrup , A. M. 2001 . Gender differences of post-traumatic headache and other post-commotio symptoms. A follow-up study after a period of 9-12 months . Ugeskr Laeger , 163 ( 37 ) : 5029 – 5033 .
  • Kadyan , V. , Mysiw , W. J. , Bogner , J. A. , Corrigan , J. D. , Fugate , L. P. and Clinchot , D. M. 2004 . Gender differences in agitation after traumatic brain injury . American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 83 ( 10 ) : 747 – 752 .
  • Kimura , D. 1983 . Sex differences in cerebral organization for speech and praxic functions . Canadian Journal of Psychology , 37 ( 1 ) : 19 – 35 .
  • Konishi , S. , Kawazu , M. , Uchida , I. , Kikyo , H. , Asakura , I. and Miyashita , Y. 1999 . Contribution of working memory to transient activation in human inferior prefrontal cortex during performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test . Cerebral Cortex , 9 ( 7 ) : 745 – 753 .
  • Lacerda , A. L. , Dalgalarrondo , P. , Caetano , D. , Haas , G. L. , Camargo , E. E. and Keshavan , M. S. 2003 . Neuropsychological performance and regional cerebral blood flow in obsessive-compulsive disorder . Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry , 27 ( 4 ) : 657 – 665 .
  • LaCreuse , A. , Chhabra , R. K. , Hall , M. J. and Herndon , J. G. 2004 . Executive function is less sensitive to estradiol than spatial memory: Performance on an analog of the card sorting test in ovariectomized aged rhesus monkeys . Behavioral Processes , 67 ( 2 ) : 313 – 319 .
  • Levin , H. S. , Benton , A. L. and Grossman , R. G. 1982 . Neurobehavioral Consequences of Closed Head Injury , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Lezak , M. D. 1995 . Neuropsychological assessment , (3rd ed.). , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Lyon , G. R. 1994 . Frames of reference for the assessment of learning disabilities: New views on measurement issues , Edited by: Lyon , G. R. Baltimore, MD : Paul H. Brookes .
  • McCauley , S. R. , Boake , C. , Levin , H. S. , Contant , C. F. and Song , J. X. 2001 . Postconcussional disorder following mild to moderate traumatic brain injury: Anxiety, depression, and social support as risk factors and comorbidities . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 23 ( 6 ) : 792 – 808 .
  • Morrison , W. E. , Arbelaez , J. J. , Fackler , J. C. , De Maio , A. and Paidas , C. N. 2004 . Gender and age effects on outcome after pediatric traumatic brain injury . Pediatric Critical Care Medicine , 5 ( 2 ) : 145 – 151 .
  • Perecman , E. 1987 . The frontal lobes revisited , Edited by: Perecman , E. New York : The IRBN Press .
  • Pettus , E. H. , Wright , D. W. , Stein , D. G. and Hoffman , S. W. 2005 . Progesterone treatment inhibits the inflammatory agents that accompany traumatic brain injury . Brain Research , 1049 ( 1 ) : 112 – 119 .
  • Putukian , M. , Echemendia , R. J. and Mackin , S. 2000 . The acute neuropsychological effects of heading in soccer: A pilot study . Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine , 10 ( 2 ) : 104 – 109 .
  • Rappaport , M. , Hall , K. M. , Hopkins , K. , Belleza , T. and Cope , D. N. 1982 . Disability rating scale for severe head trauma: Coma to community . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 63 ( 3 ) : 118 – 123 .
  • Roof , R. L. , Duvdevani , R. , Braswell , L. and Stein , D. G. 1992 . Progesterone treatment attenuates brain edema following contusion injury in male and female rats . Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience , 4 : 425 – 427 .
  • Roof , R. L. , Duvdevani , R. , Braswell , L. and Stein , D. G. 1994 . Progesterone facilitates cognitive recovery and reduces secondary neuronal loss caused by cortical contusion injury in male rats . Experimental Neurology , 129 ( 1 ) : 64 – 69 .
  • Roof , R. L. , Duvdevani , R. and Stein , D. G. 1993 . Gender influences outcome of brain injury: Progesterone plays a protective role . Brain Research , 607 ( 1–2 ) : 333 – 336 .
  • Schopp , L. H. , Shigaki , C. L. , Johnstone , B. and Kirkpatrick , H. A. 2001 . Gender differences in cognitive and emotional adjustment to traumatic brain injury . Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings , 8 ( 3 ) : 181 – 188 .
  • Schwartz , J. R. , Nelson , M. T. , Schwartz , E. R. and Hughes , R. J. 2004 . Effects of modafinil on wakefulness and executive function in patients with narcolepsy experiencing late-day sleepiness . Clinical Neuropharmacology , 27 ( 2 ) : 74 – 79 .
  • Shad , M. U. , Muddasani , S. , Prasad , K. , Sweeney , J. A. and Keshavan , M. S. 2004 . Insight and prefrontal cortex in first-episode schizophrenia . Neuroimage , 22 ( 3 ) : 1315 – 1320 .
  • Sherer , M. , Nick , T. G. , Sander , A. M. , Hart , T. , Hanks , R. , Rosenthal , M. , High , W. M. Jr and Yablon , S. A. 2003 . Race and productivity outcome after traumatic brain injury: Influence of confounding factors . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 18 ( 5 ) : 408 – 424 .
  • Steadman-Pare , D. , Colantonio , A. , Ratcliff , G. , Chase , S. and Vernich , L. 2001 . Factors associated with perceived quality of life many years after traumatic brain injury . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 16 ( 4 ) : 330 – 342 .
  • Stein , D. G. , Roof , R. L. and Fulop , Z. L. 1999 . “ Brain damage, sex hormones and recovery ” . In Cognitive neurorehabilitation , Edited by: Stuss , D. T. , Winocur , G. and Robertson , I. H. 73 – 93 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Stuss , D. T. and Alexander , M. P. 2000 . Executive functions and the frontal lobes: A conceptual view . Psychological Research , 63 ( 3–4 ) : 289 – 298 .
  • Summerfelt , A. T. , Alphs , L. D. , Wagman , A. M. , Funderburk , F. R. , Hierholzer , R. M. and Strauss , M. E. 1991 . Reduction of perseverative errors in patients with schizophrenia using monetary feedback . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 100 ( 4 ) : 613 – 616 .
  • van der Naalt , J. , van Zomeren , A. H. , Sluiter , W. J. and Minderhoud , J. M. 2000 . Acute behavioural disturbances related to imaging studies and outcome in mild-to-moderate head injury . Brain Injury , 14 ( 9 ) : 781 – 788 .
  • Wagner , A. K. Gender and neurosteroids in pathogenesis, treatment, and recovery after TBI . 65th Annual American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation conference . Phoenix, AZ, USA.
  • Weigl , E. 1941 . On the psychology of so-called processes of abstraction . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 36 : 3 – 33 .
  • Weinberger , D. R. , Berman , K. F. and Zec , R. F. 1986 . Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence . Archives of General Psychiatry , 43 ( 2 ) : 114 – 124 .
  • Welsh , M. C. , Pennington , B. F. and Groisser , D. B. 1991 . A normative-developmental study of executive function: A window on prefrontal function in children . Developmental Neuropsychology , 7 : 131 – 149 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.