Are there cognitive and neurobehavioural correlates of hormonal neuroprotection for women after TBI?

REFERENCES

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Gynecologic Practice . 2008 . ACOG Committee Opinion no. 420, November 2008: Hormone therapy and heart disease . Obstetrics and Gynecology , 112 : 1189 – 1192 . doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181 8e8782
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asbury , E. T. , Fritts , M. E. , Horton , J. E. and Isaac , W. L. 1998 . Progesterone facilitates the acquisition of avoidance learning and protects against subcortical neuronal death following prefrontal cortex ablation in the rat . Behavioural Brain Research , 97 : 99 – 106 . (doi:10.1016/S0166-4328(98)00031-X)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton , A. L. , Hamsher , K. and Sivan , A. B. 2000 . Multilingual aphasia examination. (3rd Edn). Manual of instructions , Iowa City , IA : AIA Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Broshek , D. K. , Kaushik , T. , Freeman , J. R. , Erlanger , D. , Webbe , F. and Barth , J. T. 2005 . Sex differences in outcome following sports-related concussion . Journal of Neurosurgery , 102 : 856 – 863 . doi:10.3171/jns.2005.102.5.0856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colantonio , A. , Mar , W. , Escobar , M. , Yoshida , K. , Velikonja , D. , Rizoli , S. and Cullen , N. 2010 . Women's health outcomes after traumatic brain injury . Journal of Women's Health , 19 : 1109 – 1116 . doi:10.1089/jwh.2009.1740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan , J. D. , Selassie , A. W. , Lineberry , L. A. , Millis , S. R. , Wood , K. D. , Pickelsimer , E. E. and Rosenthal , M. 2007 . Comparison of the traumatic brain injury (TBI) model systems national dataset to a population-based cohort of TBI hospitalizations . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 88 : 418 – 426 . (doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.01.010)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler , S. M. , Cekic , M. , Miller , D. M. , Wali , B. , VanLandingham , J. W. and Stein , D. G. 2007 . Progesterone improves acute recovery after traumatic brain injury in the aged rat . Journal of Neurotrauma , 24 : 1475 – 1486 . doi:10.1089/neu.2007.0294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , D. P. , Douglas , D. J. , Smith , W. , Sise , M. J. , Vilke , G. M. , Holbrook , T. L. and Hoyt , D. B. 2006 . Traumatic brain injury outcomes in pre- and post-menopausal females versus age-matched males . Journal of Neurotrauma , 23 : 140 – 148 . doi:10.1089/neu.2006.23.140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djebaili , M. , Hoffman , S. W. and Stein , D. G. 2004 . Allopregnanolone and progesterone decrease cell death and cognitive deficits after a contusion of the rat pre-frontal cortex . Neuroscience , 123 : 349 – 359 . (doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.09.023)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farin , A. , Deutsch , R. , Biegon , A. and Marshall , L. F. 2003 . Sex-related differences in patients with severe head injury: Greater susceptibility to brain swelling in female patients 50 years of age and younger . Journal of Neurosurgery , 98 : 32 – 36 . doi:10.3171/jns.2003.98.1.0032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson , C. L. , Gray , L. J. , Bath , P. M. and Murphy , S. P. 2008 . Progesterone for the treatment of experimental brain injury; a systematic review . Brain: A Journal of Neurology , 131 : 318 – 328 . doi:10.1093/brain/awm183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , W. A. , Zafonte , R. , Cicerone , K. , Cantor , J. , Brown , M. , Lombard , L. and Chandna , T. 2006 . Traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: State of the science . American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 85 : 343 – 382 . (doi:10.1097/01.phm.0000202106.01654.61)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goss , C. W. , Hoffman , S. W. and Stein , D. G. 2003 . Behavioral effects and anatomic correlates after brain injury: A progesterone dose-response study . Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior , 76 : 231 – 242 . (doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2003.07.003)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granger , C. V. , Divan , N. and Fiedler , R. C. 1995 . Functional assessment scales. A study of persons after traumatic brain injury . American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 74 : 107 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greendale , G. A. , Huang , M. H. , Wight , R. G. , Seeman , T. , Luetters , C. , Avis , N. E. and Karlamangla , A. S. 2009 . Effects of the menopause transition and hormone use on cognitive performance in midlife women . Neurology , 72 : 1850 – 1857 . doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a71193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groswasser , Z. , Cohen , M. and Keren , O. 1998 . Female TBI patients recover better than males . Brain Injury , 12 : 805 – 808 . (doi:10.1080/026990598122197)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo , Q. , Sayeed , I. , Baronne , L. M. , Hoffman , S. W. , Guennoun , R. and Stein , D. G. 2006 . Progesterone administration modulates AQP4 expression and edema after traumatic brain injury in male rats . Experimental Neurology , 198 : 469 – 478 . doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.12.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , K. M. and Johnston , M. V. 1994 . Outcomes evaluation in TBI rehabilitation. Part II: Measurement tools for a nationwide data system . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 75 : SC10 – 18 . discussion SC 27–28 (doi:10.1016/0003-9993(94)90112-0)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , K. M. , Mann , N. , High , W. M. , Wright , J. , Kreutzer , J. S. and Wood , D. 1996 . Functional measures after traumatic brain injury: Ceiling effects of FIM, FIM+FAM, DRS, and CIQ . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 11 : 27 – 39 . (doi:10.1097/00001199-199610000-00004)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison-Felix , C. , Newton , C. N. , Hall , K. M. and Kreutzer , J. S. 1996 . Descriptive findings from the traumatic brain injury model systems national database . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 11 : 1 – 14 . (doi:10.1097/00001199-199610000-00002)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton , R. K. , Chelune , G. J. , Talley , J. L. , Kay , G. G. and Curtiss , G. 1993 . Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual: Revised and expanded , Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Heaton , R. K. , Miller , W. , Taylor , M. J. and Grant , I. 2004 . Revised comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan battery: Demographically adjusted neuropsychological norms for African American and Caucasian adults , Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Hulley , S. , Grady , D. , Bush , T. , Furberg , C. , Herrington , D. , Riggs , B. and Vittinghoff , E. 1998 . Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) research group . Journal of the American Medical Association , 280 : 605 – 613 . (doi:10.1001/jama.280.7.605)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs , E. and D'Esposito , M. 2011 . Estrogen shapes dopamine-dependent cognitive processes: Implications for women's health . Journal of Neuroscience , 31 : 5286 – 5293 . doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6394-10.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokiko , O. N. , Murashov , A. K. and Hoane , M. R. 2006 . Administration of raloxifene reduces sensorimotor and working memory deficits following traumatic brain injury . Behavioural Brain Research , 170 : 233 – 240 . doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.02.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreutzer , J. S. , Gordon , W. , Rosenthal , M. and Marwitz , J. H. 1993 . Neuropsychological characteristics of patients with brain injury: Preliminary findings from a multi-center investigation . Journal Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 8 : 47 – 59 . (doi:10.1097/00001199-199308020-00007)
   Google Scholar
• Liossi , C. and Wood , R. L. 2009 . Gender as a moderator of cognitive and affective outcome after traumatic brain injury . Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 21 : 43 – 51 . doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21.1.43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masood , D. E. , Roach , E. C. , Beauregard , K. G. and Khalil , R. A. 2010 . Impact of sex hormone metabolism on the vascular effects of menopausal hormone therapy in cardiovascular disease . Current Drug Metabolism , 11 : 693 – 714 . (doi:10.2174/138920010794233477)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauritz , W. , Leitgeb , J. , Wilbacher , I. , Majdan , M. , Janciak , I. , Brazinova , A. and Rusnak , M. 2009 . Outcome of brain trauma patients who have a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3 and bilateral fixed and dilated pupils in the field . European Journal of Emergency Medicine , 16 : 153 – 158 . doi:10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32832a0864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMordie , W. R. , Barker , S. L. and Paolo , T. M. 1990 . Return to work (RTW) after head injury . Brain Injury , 4 : 57 – 69 . (doi:10.3109/02699059009026149)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore , D. W. , Ashman , T. A. , Cantor , J. B. , Krinick , R. J. and Spielman , L. A. 2010 . Does gender influence cognitive outcome after traumatic brain injury? . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 20 : 340 – 354 . doi:10.1080/09602010903250928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemeier , J. P. , Marwitz , J. H. , Lesher , K. , Walker , W. C. and Bushnik , T. 2007 . Gender differences in executive functions following traumatic brain injury . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 17 : 293 – 313 . doi:10.1080/09602010600814729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor , C. A. , Cernak , I. , Johnson , F. and Vink , R. 2007 . Effects of progesterone on neurologic and morphologic outcome following diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats . Experimental Neurology , 205 : 145 – 153 . doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottenbacher , K. J. , Hsu , Y. , Granger , C. V. and Fiedler , R. C. 1996 . The reliability of the functional independence measure: A quantitative review . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 77 : 1226 – 1232 . (doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(96)90184-7)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan , D. S. , Liu , W. G. , Yang , X. F. and Cao , F. 2007 . Inhibitory effect of progesterone on inflammatory factors after experimental traumatic brain injury . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences : BES , 20 : 432 – 438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks , J. K. , Diaz-Arrastia , R. , Gentilello , L. M. and Shafi , S. 2010 . Postinjury employment as a surrogate for functional outcomes: A quality indicator for trauma systems . Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center) , 23 : 355 – 358 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pettus , E. H. , Wright , D. W. , Stein , D. G. and Hoffman , S. W. 2005 . Progesterone treatment inhibits the inflammatory agents that accompany traumatic brain injury . Brain Research , 1049 : 112 – 119 . (doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.004)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponsford , J. L. , Myles , P. S. , Cooper , D. J. , McDermott , F. T. , Murray , L. J. , Laidlaw , J. and Bernard , S. A. 2008 . Gender differences in outcome in patients with hypotension and severe traumatic brain injury . Injury , 39 : 67 – 76 . doi:10.1016/j.injury.2007.08.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp , S. R. , Espeland , M. A. , Shumaker , S. A. , Henderson , V. W. , Brunner , R. L. , Manson , J. E. and WHIMS Investigators . 2003 . Effect of estrogen plus progestin on global cognitive function in postmenopausal women: The women's health initiative memory study: A randomized controlled trial . Journal of the American Medical Association , 289 : 2663 – 2672 . doi:10.1001/jama.289.20.2663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratcliff , J. J. , Greenspan , A. I. , Goldstein , F. C. , Stringer , A. Y. , Bushnik , T. , Hammond , F. M. and Wright , D. W. 2007 . Gender and traumatic brain injury: Do the sexes fare differently? . Brain Injury , 21 : 1023 – 1030 . doi:10.1080/02699050701633072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. 1992 . Trail making test: Manual for administration and scoring , Tucson , AZ : Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Ripley , D. L. , Harrison-Felix , C. , Sendroy-Terrill , M. , Cusick , C. P. , Dannels-McClure , A. and Morey , C. 2008 . The impact of female reproductive function on outcomes after traumatic brain injury . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 89 : 1090 – 1096 . doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.10.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roof , R. L. , Duvdevani , R. , Braswell , L. and Stein , D. G. 1992 . Progesterone treatment attenuates brain edema following contusion injury in male and female rats . Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience , 4 : 425 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roof , R. L. , Duvdevani , R. , Braswell , L. and Stein , D. G. 1994 . Progesterone facilitates cognitive recovery and reduces secondary neuronal loss caused by cortical contusion injury in male rats . Experimental Neurology , 129 : 64 – 69 . doi:10.1006/exnr.1994.1147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roof , R. L. , Duvdevani , R. , Heyburn , J. W. and Stein , D. G. 1996 . Progesterone rapidly decreases brain edema: Treatment delayed up to 24 hours is still effective . Experimental Neurology , 138 : 246 – 251 . doi:10.1006/exnr.1996.0063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw , J. E. , Anderson , G. L. , Prentice , R. L. , LaCroix , A. Z. , Kooperberg , C. , Stefanick , M. L. and Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators . 2002 . Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the women's health initiative randomized controlled trial . Journal of the American Medical Association , 288 : 321 – 333 . (doi:10.1001/jama.288.3.321)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , M. 1996 . Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test , Los Angeles : Western Psychological Services .
   Google Scholar
• Shumaker , S. A. , Legault , C. , Rapp , S. R. , Thal , L. , Wallace , R. B. , Ockene , J. K. and WHIMS Investigators . 2003 . Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: The women's health initiative memory study: A randomized controlled trial . Journal of the American Medical Association , 289 : 2651 – 2662 . doi:10.1001/jama.289.20.2651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slewa-Younan , S. , Baguley , I. J. , Heriseanu , R. , Cameron , I. D. , Pitsiavas , V. , Mudaliar , Y. and Nayyar , V. 2008 . Do men and women differ in their course following traumatic brain injury? A preliminary prospective investigation of early outcome . Brain Injury , 22 : 183 – 191 . doi:10.1080/02699050801888808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slewa-Younan , S. , van den Berg , S. , Baguley , I. J. , Nott , M. and Cameron , I. D. 2008 . Towards an understanding of sex differences in functional outcome following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: A systematic review . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 79 : 1197 – 1201 . doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.147983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , A. 1973 . Symbol Digit Modalities Test manual , Los Angeles , CA : Western Psychological Services .
   Google Scholar
• Soules , M. K. 2005 . Development of a staging system for the menopause transition: A work in progress . Menopause , 12 : 117 – 120 . (doi:10.1097/00042192-200512020-00001)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soules , M. R. , Sherman , S. , Parrott , E. , Rebar , R. , Santoro , N. Utian , W . 2001 . Executive summary: Stages of reproductive aging workshop (STRAW) . Menopause , 8 : 402 – 407 . (doi:10.1097/00042192-200111000-00004)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stein , D. G. 2001 . Brain damage, sex hormones and recovery: A new role for progesterone and estrogen? . Trends in Neurosciences , 24 : 386 – 391 . (doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01821-X)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , D. G. and Wright , D. W. 2010 . Progesterone in the clinical treatment of acute traumatic brain injury . Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs , 19 : 847 – 857 . doi:10.1517/13543784.2010.489549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , D. G. , Wright , D. W. and Kellermann , A. L. 2008 . Does progesterone have neuroprotective properties? . Annals of Emergency Medicine , 51 : 164 – 172 . doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vink , R. and Van Den Heuvel , C. 2004 . Recent advances in the development of multifactorial therapies for the treatment of traumatic brain injury . Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs , 13 : 1263 – 1274 . doi:10.1517/13543784.13.10.1263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vliet , E. L. 2002 . Menopause and perimenopause: The role of ovarian hormones in common neuroendocrine syndromes in primary care . Primary Care , 29 : 43 – 67 . vi (doi:10.1016/S0095-4543(03)00073-3)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner , A. K. , Willard , L. A. , Kline , A. E. , Wenger , M. K. , Bolinger , B. D. , Ren , D. and Dixon , C. E. 2004 . Evaluation of estrous cycle stage and gender on behavioral outcome after experimental traumatic brain injury . Brain Research , 998 : 113 – 121 . doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2003.11.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , D. W. , Hoffman , S. W. , Virmani , S. and Stein , D. G. 2008 . Effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on cerebral oedema and spatial learning performance after traumatic brain injury in rats . Brain Injury , 22 : 107 – 113 . doi:10.1080/02699050701867399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , D. W. , Kellermann , A. L. , Hertzberg , V. S. , Clark , P. L. , Frankel , M. , Goldstein , F. C. and Stein , D. G. 2007 . ProTECT: A randomized clinical trial of progesterone for acute traumatic brain injury . Annals of Emergency Medicine , 49 : 391 – 402 . 402.e1-2. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.07.932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao , G. , Wei , J. , Yan , W. , Wang , W. and Lu , Z. 2008 . Improved outcomes from the administration of progesterone for patients with acute severe traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled trial . Critical Care , 12 doi:10.1186/cc6887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung , J. H. , Mikocka-Walus , A. A. , Cameron , P. A. , Poon , W. S. , Ho , H. F. , Chang , A. and Rainer , T. H. 2011 . Protection from traumatic brain injury in hormonally active women vs men of a similar age: A retrospective international study . Archives of Surgery , 146 : 436 – 442 . doi:10.1001/archsurg.2011.46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar