Neuropsychological assessment without upper limb involvement: a systematic review of oral versions of the Trail Making Test and Symbol-Digit Modalities Test

References

• Abraham, E., Axelrod, B. N., & Ricker, J. H. (1996). Application of the oral trail making test to a mixed clinical sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11(8), 697–701. doi:10.1016/S0887-6177(96)80005-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbar, N., Honarmand, K., & Feinstein, A. (2011). Self-assessment of cognition in multiple sclerosis: The role of personality and anxiety. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 24(3), 115–121. doi:10.1097/WNN.0b013e31822a20ae
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbar, N., Honarmand, K., Kou, N., Levine, B., Rector, N., & Feinstein, A. (2010). Validity of an internet version of the multiple sclerosis neuropsychological questionnaire. Multiple Sclerosis, 16(12), 1500–1506. doi:10.1177/1352458510379615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albinet, C. T., Boucard, G., Bouquet, C. A., & Audiffren, M. (2012). Processing speed and executive functions in cognitive aging: How to disentangle their mutual relationship? Brain and Cognition, 79, 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amato, M. P., Portaccio, E., Goretti, B., Zipoli, V., Iudice, A., Della Pina, D., … De Stefano, N. (2010). Relevance of cognitive deterioration in early relapsing-remitting MS: A 3-year follow-up study. Multiple Sclerosis, 16(12), 1474–1482. doi:10.1177/1352458510380089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amato, M. P., Portaccio, E., Goretti, B., Zipoli, V., Ricchiuti, L., De Caro, M. F., … Trojano, M. (2006). The Rao’s brief repeatable battery and Stroop Test: Normative values with age, education and gender corrections in an Italian population. Multiple Sclerosis, 12(6), 787–793. doi: 10.1177/1352458506070933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association. (2014). The standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Army Individual Test Battery. (1944). Manual of directions and scoring. Washington, DC: War Department, Adjutant General's Office.
   Google Scholar
• Arnett, P. A., Smith, M. M., Barwick, F. H., Benedict, R. H., & Ahlstrom, B. P. (2008). Oralmotor slowing in multiple sclerosis: Relationship to neuropsychological tasks requiring an oral response. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14, 454–462. doi: 10.1017/S1355617708080508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrondo, G., Alegre, M., Sepulcre, J., Iriarte, J., Artieda, J., & Villoslada, P. (2009). Abnormalities in brain synchronization are correlated with cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 15(4), 509–516. doi:10.1177/1352458508101321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arsalidou, M., Duerden, E. G., & Taylor, M. J. (2013). The centre of the brain: Topographical model of motor, cognitive, affective, and somatosensory functions of the basal ganglia. Human Brain Mapping, 34, 3031–3054. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashendorf, L., Jefferson, A. L., O’Connor, M. K., Chaisson, C., Green, R. C., & Stern, R. A. (2008). Trail making test errors in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23(2), 129–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barulli, M. R., Fontana, A., Panza, F., Copetti, M., Bruno, S., Tursi, M., … Logroscino, G. (2015). Frontal assessment battery for detecting executive dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis without dementia: A retrospective observational study. BMJ Open, 5(9), e007069. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastug, G., Ozel-Kizil, E. T., Sakarya, A., Altintas, O., Kirici, S., & Altunoz, U. (2013). Oral trail making task as a discriminative tool for different levels of cognitive impairment and normal aging. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28(5), 411–417. doi:10.1093/arclin/act035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty, W. W., Paul, R. H., Blanco, C. R., Hames, K. A., & Wilbanks, S. L. (1995). Attention in multiple sclerosis: correlates of impairment on the WAIS-R digit span test. Applied Neuropsychology, 2, 139–144. doi: 10.1080/09084282.1995.9645351
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benedict, R. H., Cookfair, D., Gavett, R., Gunther, M., Munschauer, F., Garg, N., & Weinstock-Guttman, B. (2006). Validity of the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MACFIMS). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12(4), 549–558. doi: 10.1017/S1355617706060723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, R. H., Fischer, J. S., Archibald, C. J., Arnett, P. A., Beatty, W. W., Bobholz, J., … Munschauer, F. (2002). Minimal neuropsychological assessment of MS patients: A consensus approach. The Clinical Neuropsychologist (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section D), 16(3), 381–397. doi:10.1076/clin.16.3.381.13859
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, R. H., & Zivadinov, R. (2006). Predicting neuropsychological abnormalities in multiple sclerosis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 245(1-2), 67–72. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2005.05.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, R. H., & Zivadinov, R. (2007). Reliability and validity of neuropsychological screening and assessment strategies in MS. Journal of Neurology, 254( Suppl. 2), II22–II25. doi:10.1007/s00415-007-2007-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, R. H. B. (2005). Effect of using same- versus alternate-form memory tests during short-interval repeated assessments in multiple sclerosis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 727–736. doi: 10.1017/S1355617705050782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, R. H. B., Bruce, J., Dwyer, M. G., Weinstock-Guttmam, B., Tjoa, C., Tavazzi, E., … Zivadinov, R. (2007). Diffusion-weighted imaging predicts cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis, 13, 722–730. doi: 10.1177/1352458507075592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, R. H. B., Duquin, J. A., Jurgensen, S., Rudick, R. A., Feitcher, J., Munschauer, F. E., … Weinstock-Guttmam, B. (2008). Repeated assessment of neuropsychological deficits in multiple sclerosis using the symbol digit modalities test and the MS neuropsychological screening questionnaire. Multiple Sclerosis, 14, 940–946. doi: 10.1177/1352458508090923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, R. H. B., Weinstock-Guttman, B., Fishman, I., Sharma, J., Tjoa, C. W., & Bakshi, R. (2004). Prediction of neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology, 61, 226–230. doi: 10.1001/archneur.61.2.226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bercaw, E. L., Hanks, R. A., Millis, S. R., & Gola, T. J. (2011). Changes in neuropsychological performance after traumatic brain injury from inpatient rehabilitation to 1-year follow-up in predicting 2-year functional outcomes. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25(1), 72–89. doi:10.1080/13854046.2010.532813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, D., Maurer, M., Warmuth-Metz, M., Rieckmann, P., & Becker, G. (2000). The correlation between ventricular diameter measured by transcranial sonography and clinical disability and cognitive dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology, 57(9), 1289–1292. doi: 10.1001/archneur.57.9.1289
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berrigan, L. I., Fisk, J. D., Walker, L. A., Wojtowicz, M., Rees, L. M., Freedman, M. S., & Marrie, R. A. (2014). Reliability of regression-based normative data for the oral symbol digit modalities test: An evaluation of demographic influences, construct validity, and impairment classification rates in multiple sclerosis samples. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(2), 281–299. doi:10.1080/13854046.2013.871337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilgi, E., Ozdemir, H. H., Bingol, A., & Bulut, S. (2015). Evaluation of the effects of group psychotherapy on cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis with cognitive dysfunction and depression. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 73(2), 90–95. doi:10.1590/0004-282x20140144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billick, S. B., Siedenburg, E., Burgert, W., & Bruni-Solhkhah, S. M. (2001). Validation of the mental alternation test with the mini-mental state examination in geriatric psychiatric inpatients and normal controls. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42(3), 202–205. doi:10.1053/comp.2001.23146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghi, M., Cavallo, M., Carletto, S., Ostacoli, L., Zuffranieri, M., Picci, R. L., … Malucchi, S. (2013). Presence and significant determinants of cognitive impairment in a large sample of patients with multiple sclerosis. PLoS One, 8(7), e69820. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boringa, J. B., Lazeron, R. H., Reuling, I. E., Ader, H. J., Pfennings, L., Lindeboom, J., … Polman, C. H. (2001). The brief repeatable battery of neuropsychological tests: Normative values allow application in multiple sclerosis clinical practice. Multiple Sclerosis, 7(4), 263–267. doi: 10.1177/135245850100700409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brochet, B., Deloire, M. S. A., Bonnet, M., Salort-Campana, E., Ouallet, J. C., Petry, K. G., & Dousset, V. (2008). Should SDMT substitute for PASAT in MSFC? A 5-year longitudinal study. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 14, 1242–1249. doi: 10.1177/1352458508094398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, J. B., Borela, M. C., & Fragoso, Y. D. (2011). Assessment of cognition using the Rao’s brief repeatable battery of neuropsychological tests on a group of Brazilian patients with multiple sclerosis. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 69(6), 887–891. doi: 10.1590/S0004-282X2011000700007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, J. M., Bruce, A. S., & Arnett, P. A. (2007). Mild visual acuity disturbances are associated with performance on tests of complex visual attention in MS. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(3), 544–548. doi:10.1017/s1355617707070658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cercy, S. P. (2012). Diagnostic accuracy of a new instrument for detecting cognitive dysfunction. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27, 914–923. doi: 10.1002/gps.2802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cercy, S. P., Simakhodskaya, Z., & Elliott, A. (2010). Diagnostic accuracy of a new instrument for detecting cognitive dysfunction in an emergent psychiatric population: The brief cognitive screen. Academic Emergency Medicine, 17(3), 307–315. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00682.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiaravalloti, N., & DeLuca, J. (2008). Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. The Lancet Neurology, 7(12), 1139–1151. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70259-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christodoulou, C., Krupp, L. B., Liang, Z., Huang, W., Melville, P., Roque, C., … Peyster, R. (2003). Cognitive performance and MR markers of cerebral injury in cognitively impaired MS patients. Neurology, 60(11), 1793–1798. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000072264.75989.B8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, M. S., Dennerstein, L., Elkadi, S., Guthrie, J. R., Bowden, S. C., & Henderson, V. W. (2004). Normative data for tasks of executive function and working memory for Australian-born women aged 56–67. Australian Psychologist, 39(3), 244–250. doi:10.1080/00050060412331295126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damasceno, A., Damasceno, B. P., & Cendes, F. (2015). Subclinical MRI disease activity influences cognitive performance in MS patients. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 4(2), 137–143. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2015.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, A. M., Kahler, C. W., Ahern, D. C., & Clark, U. S. (2015). Executive functioning in alcohol use studies: A brief review of findings and challenges in assessment. Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 8(1), 26–40. doi: 10.2174/1874473708666150416110515
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Debette, S., & Markus, H. S. (2010). The clinical importance of white matter hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal, 341, c3666. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c3666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dent, A., & Lincoln, N. B. (2000). Screening for memory problems in multiple sclerosis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39(Pt 3), 311–315. doi: 10.1348/014466500163329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson, M. D., & Hiscock, M. (2011). The Flynn effect in neuropsychological assessment. Applied Neuropsychology, 18(2), 136–142. doi:10.1080/09084282.2010.547785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake, A. S., Weinstock-Guttman, B., Morrow, S. A., Hojnacki, D., Munschauer, F. E., & Benedict, R. H. (2010). Psychometrics and normative data for the multiple sclerosis functional composite: Replacing the PASAT with the symbol digit modalities test. Multiple Sclerosis, 16(2), 228–237. doi:10.1177/1352458509354552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dusankova, J. B., Kalincik, T., Havrdova, E., & Benedict, R. H. (2012). Cross cultural validation of the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MACFIMS) and the brief international cognitive assessment for multiple sclerosis (BICAMS). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26(7), 1186–1200. doi:10.1080/13854046.2012.725101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eshaghi, A., Riyahi-Alam, S., Roostaei, T., Haeri, G., Aghsaei, A., Aidi, M. R., … Sahraian, M. A. (2012). Validity and reliability of a Persian translation of the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MACFIMS). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26(6), 975–984. doi:10.1080/13854046.2012.694912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felmingham, K. L., Baguley, I. J., & Green, A. M. (2004). Effects of diffuse axonal injury on speed of information processing following severe traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology, 18(3), 564–571. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findlay, L., Bernier, J., Tuokko, H., Kirkland, S., & Gilmour, H. (2010). Validation of cognitive functioning categories in the Canadian community health survey--healthy aging. Health Reports, 21(4), 85–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forn, C., Belenguer, A., Parcet-Ibars, M. A., & Avila, C. (2008). Information-processing speed is the primary deficit underlying the poor performance of multiple sclerosis patients in the paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT). Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(7), 789–796. doi:10.1080/13803390701779560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forn, C., Belloch, V., Bustamante, J. C., Garbin, G., Parcet-Ibars, M. A., Sanjuan, A., … Avila, C. (2009). A symbol digit modalities test version suitable for functional MRI studies. Neuroscience Letters, 456(1), 11–14. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.03.081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forn, C., Ripolles, P., Cruz-Gomez, A. J., Belenguer, A., Gonzalez-Torre, J. A., & Avila, C. (2013). Task-load manipulation in the symbol digit modalities test: An alternative measure of information processing speed. Brain and Cognition, 82(2), 152–160. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2013.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gich, J., Freixanet, J., Garcia, R., Vilanova, J. C., Genis, D., Silva, Y., … Ramio-Torrenta, L. (2015). A randomized, controlled, single-blind, 6-month pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of MS-Line!: A cognitive rehabilitation programme for patients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 21(10), 1332–1343. doi:10.1177/1352458515572405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, R. E., Melo, B., Christensen, B., Ngo, L. A., Monette, G., & Bradbury, C. (2008). Measuring premorbid IQ in traumatic brain injury: An examination of the validity of the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR). Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(2), 163–172. doi:10.1080/13803390701300524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigsby, J., Kaye, K., & Busenbark, D. (1994). Alphanumeric sequencing: A report on a brief measure of information processing used among persons with multiple sclerosis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78, 883–887. doi: 10.1177/003151259407800341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigsby, J., & Kaye, K. (1995). Alphanumeric sequencing and cognitive impairment among elderly persons. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 80, 732–734. doi: 10.2466/pms.1995.80.3.732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunning-Dixon, F. M., & Raz, N. (2000). The cognitive correlates of white matter abnormalities in normal aging: A quantitative review. Neuropsychology, 14(2), 224–232. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.14.2.224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, F. M., Grattan, K. D., Sasser, H., Corrigan, J. D., Rosenthal, M., Bushnik, T., & Shull, W. (2004). Five years after traumatic brain injury: A study of individual outcomes and predictors of change in function. NeuroRehabilitation, 19(1), 25–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock, L., Correia, S., Ahern, D., Barredo, J., & Resnik, L. (2016). Cognitive predictors of skilled performance with an advanced upper limb multifunction prosthesis: A preliminary analysis. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology. doi:10.3109/17483107.2016.1158326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtzer, R., Foley, F., D’Orio, V., Spat, J., Shuman, M., & Wang, C. (2013). Learning and cognitive fatigue trajectories in multiple sclerosis defined using a burst measurement design. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 19(11), 1518–1525. doi:10.1177/1352458513477922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honarmand, K., Akbar, N., Kou, N., & Feinstein, A. (2011). Predicting employment status in multiple sclerosis patients: The utility of the MS functional composite. Journal of Neurology, 258(2), 244–249. doi:10.1007/s00415-010-5736-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoogs, M., Kaur, S., Smerbeck, A., Weinstock-Guttman, B., & Benedict, R. H. (2011). Cognition and physical disability in predicting health-related quality of life in multiple sclerosis. International Journal of MS Care, 13(2), 57–63. doi:10.7224/1537-2073-13.2.57
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Hooren, S. A. H., Valentijn, A. M., Bosma, H., Ponds, R. W. H. M., van Boxtel, M. P. J., & Jolles, J. (2007). Cognitive functioning in healthy older adults aged 64–81: A cohort study into the effects of age, sex, and education. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 14(1), 40–54. doi: 10.1080/138255890969483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houtchens, M. K., Benedict, R. H. B., Killiany, R., Sharma, J., Jaisani, Z., Singh, B., … Bakshi, R. (2007). Thalamic atrophy and cognition in multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 69, 1213–1223. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000276992.17011.b5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubacher, M., Calabrese, P., Bassetti, C., Carota, A., Stocklin, M., & Penner, I. K. (2012). Assessment of post-stroke fatigue: The fatigue scale for motor and cognitive functions. European Neurology, 67(6), 377–384. doi:10.1159/000336736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, B. N., Teng, E. L., Folstein, M. F., & Harrison, K. S. (1993). A new bedside test of cognition for patients with HIV infection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 119(10), 1001–1004. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-119-10-199311150-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jover, R., Company, L., Gutierrez, A., Lorente, M., Zapater, P., Poveda, M. J., … Perez-Mateo, M. (2005). Clinical significance of extrapyramidal signs in patients with cirrhosis. Journal of Hepatology, 42(5), 659–665. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2004.12.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalmar, K., Novack, T. A., Nakase-Richardson, R., Sherer, M., Frol, A. B., Gordon, W. A., … Ricker, J. H. (2008). Feasibility of a brief neuropsychologic test battery during acute inpatient rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89(5), 942–949. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashluba, S., Hanks, R. A., Casey, J. E., & Millis, S. R. (2008). Neuropsychologic and functional outcome after complicated mild traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89(5), 904–911. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.12.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh, C. L., Lu, W. S., Chen, H. C., Hsueh, I. P., Hsieh, J. J., & Hsieh, C. L. (2011). Test-retest reliability and practice effect of the oral-format symbol digit modalities test in patients with stroke. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 26(4), 356–363. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kourtidou, P., McCauley, S. R., Bigler, E. D., Traipe, E., Wu, T. C., Chu, Z. D., … Wilde, E. A. (2013). Centrum semiovale and corpus callosum integrity in relation to information processing speed in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 28(6), 433–441. doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e3182585d06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langdon, D. W., Benedict, R. H., Wicklein, E. M., Beckmann, K., & Fredrikson, S. (2013). Reports of patients and relatives from the CogniCIS study about cognition in clinically isolated syndrome: What are our patients telling us? European Neurology, 69(6), 346–351. doi:10.1159/000345698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, M. (2004). Outcome measures rating form. Can Child Centre for Childhood Disability Research. Retrieved from https://www.canchild.ca/en/resources/137-critical-review-forms-and-guidelines
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Gongora, M., Querol, L., & Escartin, A. (2015). A one-year follow-up study of the symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) and the paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: An appraisal of comparative longitudinal sensitivity. BMC Neurology, 15, 779. doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0296-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McComb, E., Brewster, P., Chou, P. H., Crossley, M., Simard, M., & Tuokko, H. (2010). Telephone administration of the mental alternation test: Sensitivity to cognitive decline and practice effects across midlife and late life. Neuroepidemiology, 35(4), 298–302. doi:10.1159/000321176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McComb, E., Tuokko, H., Brewster, P., Chou, P. H., Kolitz, K., Crossley, M., & Simard, M. (2011). Mental alternation test: Administration mode, age, and practice effects. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(2), 234–241. doi:10.1080/13803395.2010.509916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mike, A., Glanz, B. I., Hildenbrand, P., Meier, D., Bolden, K., Liguori, M., … Guttmann, C. R. (2011). Identification and clinical impact of multiple sclerosis cortical lesions as assessed by routine 3T MR imaging. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 32(3), 515–521. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millis, S. R., Rosenthal, M., Novack, T. A., Sherer, M., Nick, T. G., Kreutzer, J. S., … Ricker, J. H. (2001). Long-term neuropsychological outcome after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 16(4), 343–355. doi: 10.1097/00001199-200108000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsis, E. M., Jacobs, D., Luo, X., Andrews, H., Andrews, K., & Sano, M. (2010). Evaluating cognition in an elderly cohort via telephone assessment. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(5), 531–539. doi:10.1002/gps.2373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(4), 264–269. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokkink, L. B., Terwee, C. B., Patrick, D. L., Alonso, J., Stratford, P. W., Knol, D. L., … De Vet, H. C. W. (2010). The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: An international delphi study. Quality of Life Research, 19(4), 539–549. doi: 10.1007/s11136-010-9606-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moller, F., Poettgen, J., Broemel, F., Neuhaus, A., Daumer, M., & Heesen, C. (2011). HAGIL (Hamburg vigil study): A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study with modafinil for treatment of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 17(8), 1002–1009. doi:10.1177/1352458511402410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow, S. A., O’Connor, P. W., Polman, C. H., Goodman, A. D., Kappos, L., Lublin, F. D., … Benedict, R. H. (2010). Evaluation of the symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) and MS neuropsychological screening questionnaire (MSNQ) in natalizumab-treated MS patients over 48 weeks. Multiple Sclerosis, 16(11), 1385–1392. doi:10.1177/1352458510378021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrazik, M., Millis, S., & Drane, D. L. (2010). The oral trail making test: effects of age and concurrent validity. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25(3), 236–243. doi:10.1093/arclin/acq006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, M., Esser, R., Kotter, K., Voss, J., Muller, A., & Stellmes, P. (2013). Third ventricular enlargement in early stages of multiple sclerosis is a predictor of motor and neuropsychological deficits: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 3(9), e003582. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nocentini, U., Giordano, A., Di Vincenzo, S., Panella, M., & Pasqualetti, P. (2006). The symbol digit modalities test – Oral version: Italian normative data. Functional Neurology, 21(2), 93–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nokes, K. M., & Nwakeze, P. C. (2007). Assessing cognitive capacity for participation in a research study. Clinical Nursing Research, 16(4), 336–349. doi: 10.1177/1054773807308764
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nunnari, D., De Cola, M. C., D’Aleo, G., Rifici, C., Russo, M., Sessa, E., … Marino, S. (2015). Impact of depression, fatigue, and global measure of cortical volume on cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. BioMed Research International, 2015, 1–17. doi: 10.1155/2015/519785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obradovic, D., Petrovic, M., Antanasijevic, I., Marinkovic, J., Stojanovic, T., & Obradovic, S. (2012). The brief repeatable battery: Psychometrics and normative values with age, education and gender corrections in a Serbian population. Neurological Sciences, 33(6), 1369–1374. doi:10.1007/s10072-012-1099-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmenter, B. A., Testa, S. M., Schretlen, D. J., Weinstock-Guttman, B., & Benedict, R. H. (2010). The utility of regression-based norms in interpreting the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MACFIMS). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(1), 6–16. doi:10.1017/s1355617709990750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmenter, B. A., Weinstock-Guttman, B., Garg, N., Munschauer, F., & Benedict, R. H. B. (2007). Screening for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis using the symbol digit modalities test. Multiple Sclerosis, 13, 52–57. doi: 10.1177/1352458506070750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partington, J., Leiter, J. E., & Graydon, R. (1949). Partington’s pathways test. Psychological Service Center Journal, 1, 11–20.
   Google Scholar
• Pastorek, N. J., Hannay, H. J., & Contant, C. S. (2004). Prediction of global outcome with acute neuropsychological testing following closed-head injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10, 807–817. doi: 10.1017/S1355617704106012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patti, F., Trojano, M., Bastianello, S., Tola, M. R., Goretti, B., Caniatti, L., … Luccichenti, G. (2009). Cognitive impairment and its relation with disease measures in mildly disabled patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Baseline results from the cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (COGIMUS) study. Multiple Sclerosis, 15, 779–788. doi: 10.1177/1352458509105544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polubinski, J. P., & Melamed, L. E. (1986). Examination of the sex difference on a symbol digit substitution test. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62(3), 975–982. doi:10.2466/pms.1986.62.3.975
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potagas, C., Giogkaraki, E., Koutsis, G., Mandellos, D., Tsirempolou, E., Sfagos, C., & Vassilopoulos, D. (2008). Cognitive impairment in different MS subtypes and clinically isolated syndromes. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 267(1-2), 100–106. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2007.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prohaska, T. R., Eisenstein, A. R., Satariano, W. A., Hunter, R., Bayles, C. M., Kurtovich, E., … Ivey, S. L. (2009). Walking and the preservation of cognitive function in older populations. The Gerontologist, 49( Suppl. 1), S86–93. doi:10.1093/geront/gnp079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabin, L. A., & Barr, W. B. (2005). Assessment practices of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada: A survey of INS, NAN, and APA division 40 members. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 33–65. doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2004.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph, J. J., Wishart, H. A., Saykin, A. J., McDonald, B. C., Schuschu, K. R., MacDonald, J. W., … Kasper, L. H. (2005). FLAIR lesion volume in multiple sclerosis: Relation to processing speed and verbal memory. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 205–209. doi: 10.1017/S1355617705050253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapport, L. J., Hanks, R. A., Millis, S. R., & Deshpande, S. A. (1998). Executive functioning and predictors of falls in the rehabilitation setting. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 79, 629–633. doi: 10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90035-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead-reitan neuropsychological test battery. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Resnik, L., Borgia, M., & Silver, B. (In Press). Measuring community integration in persons with limb trauma and amputation: A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, J. L., Martin, E. M., Jimenez, N., Danley, K., Cohen, M., Carson, V. L., … Levine, A. M. (2002). Neuropsychological functioning in a cohort of HIV infected women: Importance of antiretroviral therapy. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8(6), 781–793. doi:10.1017/s1355617702860064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricker, J. H., & Axelrod, B. N. (1994). Analysis of an oral paradigm for the trail making test. Assessment, 1(1), 47–51. doi: 10.1177/1073191194001001007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ricker, J. H., Axelrod, B. N., & Houtler, B. D. (1996). Clinical validation of the oral trail making test. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, & Behavioral Neurology, 9(1), 50–53.
   Google Scholar
• Rovaris, M., Iannucci, G., Falautano, M., Possa, F., Martinelli, V., Comi, G., & Filippi, M. (2002). Cognitive dysfunction in patients with mildly disabling relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: An exploratory study with diffusion tensor MR imaging. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 195, 103–109. doi: 10.1016/S0022-510X(01)00690-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruchinskas, R. A. (2003). Limitations of the oral trail making test in a mixed sample of older individuals. The Clinical Neuropsychologist (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section D), 17(2), 137–142. doi:10.1076/clin.17.2.137.16498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salib, E., & McCarthy, J. (2002). Mental alternation test (MAT): A rapid and valid screening tool for dementia in primary care. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(12), 1157–1161. doi:10.1002/gps.738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandroff, B. M., Klaren, R. E., Pilutti, L. A., Dlugonski, D., Benedict, R. H., & Motl, R. W. (2014). Randomized controlled trial of physical activity, cognition, and walking in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, 261(2), 363–372. doi:10.1007/s00415-013-7204-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandroff, B. M., Pilutti, L. A., Dlugonski, D., & Motl, R. W. (2013). Physical activity and information processing speed in persons with multiple sclerosis: A prospective study. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 6(3), 205–211. doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2013.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheridan, L. K., Fitzgerald, H. E., Adams, K. M., Nigg, J. T., Martel, M. M., Puttler, L. I., … Zucker, R. A. (2006). Normative symbol digit modalities test performance in a community-based sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(1), 23–28. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A. (1991). Symbol digit modalities test. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, M. M., & Arnett, P. A. (2007). Dysarthria predicts poorer performance on cognitive tasks requiring a speeded oral response in an MS population. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29(8), 804–812. doi:10.1080/13803390601064493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solari, A., Motta, A., Mendozzi, L., Pucci, E., Forni, M., Mancardi, G., & Pozzilli, C. (2004). Computer-aided retraining of memory and attention in people with multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 222(1-2), 99–104. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2004.04.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonder, J. M., Burggraaff, J., Knol, D. L., Polman, C. H., & Uitdehaag, B. M. (2014). Comparing long-term results of PASAT and SDMT scores in relation to neuropsychological testing in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 20(4), 481–488. doi:10.1177/1352458513501570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, S., Kenny, R. A., Rowan, E., Allan, L., Kalaria, R. N., Bradbury, M., & Ballard, C. G. (2004). Neuropsychological characteristics of mild vascular cognitive impairment and dementia after stroke. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19(11), 1053–1057. doi: 10.1002/gps.1209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam, J. W., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2013). The role of processing speed in the brief Visuospatial memory test - revised. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27(6), 962–972. doi:10.1080/13854046.2013.797500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terwee, C. B., Bot, S. D., de Boer, M. R., van der Windt, D. A. W. M., Knol, D. L., Dekker, J., … de Vet, H. C. W. (2007). Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60(1), 34–42. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unverzagt, F. W., Monahan, P. O., Moser, L. R., Zhao, Q., Carpenter, J. S., Sledge, G. W.Jr., & Champion, V. L. (2007). The Indiana University telephone-based assessment of neuropsychological status: A new method for large scale neuropsychological assessment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(5), 799–806. doi:10.1017/s1355617707071020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Werf, Y. D., Scheltens, P., Lindeboom, J., Witter, M. P., Uylings, H. B. M., & Jolles, J. (2003). Deficits of memory, executive functioning and attention following infarction in the thalamus: A study of 22 cases with localized lesions. Neuropsychologia, 41, 1330–1344. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(03)00059-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanotti, S., Cores, E. V., Eizaguirre, B., Angeles, M., Rey, R., Villa, A., & Caceres, F. (2015). Normatization of the symbol digit modalities test-oral version in a Latin American country. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 22(1), 46–53. doi:10.1080/23279095.2013.831866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veenhof, C., Bijlsma, J. W., van den Ende, C. H., van Dijk, G. M., Pisters, M. F., & Dekker, J. (2006). Psychometric evaluation of osteoarthritis questionnaires: A systematic review of the literature. Arthritis Care & Research, 55(3), 480–492. doi: 10.1002/art.22001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warlop, N. P., Achten, E., Fieremans, E., Debruyne, J., & Vingerhoets, G. (2009). Transverse diffusivity of cerebral parenchyma predicts visual tracking performance in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Brain and Cognition, 71(3), 410–415. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieder, L., Gade, G., Pech, L. M., Zimmermann, H., Wernecke, K. D., Dorr, J. M., … Brandt, A. U. (2013). Low contrast visual acuity testing is associated with cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional pilot study. BMC Neurology, 13, 382. doi:10.1186/1471-2377-13-167
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, V. (2009). Prosthetic outcome measures for use with upper limb amputees: A systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature, 1970 to 2009. JPO Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, 21(4S), P3–P63. doi: 10.1097/JPO.0b013e3181ae9637
   Google Scholar
• Yeudall, L. T., Fromm, D., Reddon, J. R., & Stefanyk, W. O. (1986). Normative data stratified by age and sex for 12 neuropsychological tests. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42(6), 918–946. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(198611)42:6<918::AID-JCLP2270420617>3.0.CO;2-Y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar