1,414
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) following traumatic brain injury (TBI): A scoping review

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, &
Pages 479-505 | Received 04 Jul 2019, Accepted 12 Dec 2019, Published online: 27 Dec 2019

References

  • Adamson, M., Siddiqi, S., Swaminath, G., Wu, L., McNerney, W., Wortman, K., …  Yesavage, J. (2019). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for improving cognition in veterans with TBI: Results from pilot clinical trial. Brain Stimulation, 12(2), 551. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.820
  • Aharon-Peretz, J., & Tomer, R. (2007). Traumatic brain injury. In B. L. Miller & J. J. Cummings (Eds.), The human frontal lobes (pp. 540–551). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Alderman, N., & Wood, R. L. (2013). Neurobehavioural approaches to the rehabilitation of challenging behaviour. NeuroRehabilitation, 32(4), 761–770. doi: 10.3233/NRE-130900
  • Anderson, R. J., Hoy, K. E., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2016). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment resistant depression: Re-establishing connections. Clinical Neurophysiology, 127(11), 3394–3405. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.08.015
  • Bagnato, S., Boccagni, C., Sant’Angelo, A., Prestandrea, C., Rizzo, S., & Galardi, G. (2012). Patients in a vegetative state following traumatic brain injury display a reduced intracortical modulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 123(10), 1937–1941. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.03.014
  • Barker-Collo, S. L., Wilde, N. J., & Feigin, V. L. (2009). Trends in head injury incidence in New Zealand: A hospital-based study from 1997/1998 to 2003/2004. Neuroepidemiology, 32(1), 32–39. doi: 10.1159/000170090
  • Bayar, N., Böke, B., Turan, E., & Belgin, E. (2007). Efficacy of amitriptyline in the treatment of subjective tinnitus. The Journal of Otolaryngology, 30(05), 300. doi: 10.2310/7070.2001.19597
  • Bigler, E. D. (2001). The lesion(s) in traumatic brain injury: Implications for clinical neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16(2), 95–131. doi: 10.1093/arclin/16.2.95
  • Bigler, E. D. (2007). Anterior and middle cranial fossa in traumatic brain injury: Relevant neuroanatomy and neuropathology in the study of neuropsychological outcome. Neuropsychology, 21(5), 515. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.21.5.515
  • Boggio, P. S., Fregni, F., Bermpohl, F., Mansur, C. G., Rosa, M., Rumi, D. O., …  Araujo Silva, M. T. (2005). Effect of repetitive TMS and fluoxetine on cognitive function in patients with Parkinson’s disease and concurrent depression. Movement Disorders, 20(9), 1178–1184. doi: 10.1002/mds.20508
  • Bonni, S., Mastropasqua, C., Bozzali, M., Caltagirone, C., Koch, G., Bonnì, S.,  …  Koch, G. (2013). Theta burst stimulation improves visuo-spatial attention in a patient with traumatic brain injury. Neurological Sciences, 34(11), 2053–2056. doi: 10.1007/s10072-013-1412-y
  • Bonni, S., Ponzo, V., Caltagirone, C., & Koch, G. (2014). Cerebellar theta burst stimulation in stroke patients with ataxia. Functional Neurology, 29(1), 41.
  • Cavinato, M., Iaia, V., & Piccione, F. (2012). Repeated sessions of sub-threshold 20-Hz rTMS: Potential cumulative effects in a brain-injured patient. Clinical Neurophysiology, 123, 1893–1895. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.02.066
  • Chamelian, L., & Feinstein, A. (2004). Outcome after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury: The role of dizziness. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 85(10), 1662–1666. doi: 10.1016/J.APMR.2004.02.012
  • Chantsoulis, M., Półrola, P., Góral-Półrola, J., Hajdukiewicz, A., Supiński, J., Kropotov, J. D., & Pachalska, M. (2017). Application of ERPs neuromarkers for assessment and treatment of a patient with chronic crossed aphasia after severe TBI and long-term coma – case report. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 24(1), 141–147. doi: 10.5604/12321966.1232770
  • Chistyakov, A. V., Hafner, H., Soustiel, J. F., Trubnik, M., Levy, G., & Feinsod, M. (1999). Dissociation of somatosensory and motor evoked potentials in non-comatose patients after head injury. Clinical Neurophysiology, 110(6), 1080–1089. doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00029-2
  • Choi, G.-S., Kwak, S. G., Lee, H. D., & Chang, M. C. (2018). Effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on chronic central pain after mild traumatic brain injury: A pilot study. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 50(3), 246–252. doi: 10.2340/16501977-2321
  • Cincotta, M., Giovannelli, F., Chiaramonti, R., Bianco, G., Godone, M., Battista, D.,  …  Rossi, S. (2015). No effects of 20 Hz-rTMS of the primary motor cortex in vegetative state: A randomised, sham-controlled study. Cortex, 71, 368–376. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.07.027
  • Cosentino, G., Giglia, G., Palermo, A., Panetta, M. L., Lo Baido, R., Brighina, F., & Fierro, B. (2010). A case of post-traumatic complex auditory hallucinosis treated with rTMS. Neurocase, 16(3), 267–272. doi: 10.1080/13554790903456191
  • Dewan, M. C., Rattani, A., Gupta, S., Baticulon, R. E., Hung, Y.-C., Punchak, M.,  …  Park, K. B. (2018). Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurosurgery, 130(4), 1–18. doi: 10.3171/2017.10.JNS17352
  • Dhaliwal, S. K., Meek, B. P., & Modirrousta, M. M. (2015). Non-invasive brain stimulation for the treatment of symptoms following traumatic brain injury. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00119
  • Dionísio, A., Duarte, I. C., Patrício, M., & Castelo-Branco, M. (2018). The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for stroke rehabilitation: A systematic review. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 27(1), 1–31. doi: 10.1016/J.JSTROKECEREBROVASDIS.2017.09.008
  • Fann, J. R., Hart, T., & Schomer, K. G. (2009). Treatment for depression after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. Journal of Neurotrauma, 26(12), 2383–2402. doi: 10.1089/neu.2009.1091
  • Fitzgerald, P. B., Hoy, K., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Kulkarni, J. (2009). A randomized trial of the anti-depressant effects of low- and high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. Depression and Anxiety, 26(3), 229–234. doi:10.1002/da.v26:3 doi: 10.1002/da.20454
  • Fitzgerald, P. B., Hoy, K. E., Maller, J. J., Herring, S., Segrave, R., McQueen, S.,  …  Daskalakis, Z. J. (2011). Transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression after a traumatic brain injury: A case study. The Journal of ECT, 27(1), 38–40. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181eb30c6
  • Galhardoni, R., Correia, G. S., Araujo, H., Yeng, L. T., Fernandes, D. T., Kaziyama, H. H.,  …  de Andrade, D. C. (2015). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in chronic pain: A review of the literature. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96(4), S156–S172. doi: 10.1016/J.APMR.2014.11.010
  • Greer, N., Sayer, N., Koeller, E., Velasquez, T., & Wilt, T. J. (2018). Outcomes associated with blast versus nonblast-related traumaticbrain injury in US military service members and veterans: A systematic review. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 33(2), E16–E29. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000304
  • Haffen, E., Chopard, G., Pretalli, J.-B., Magnin, E., Nicolier, M., Monnin, J.,  …  Vandel, P. (2012). A case report of daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as an adjunctive treatment for Alzheimer disease. Brain Stimulation, 5(3), 264–266. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2011.03.003
  • Hamilton, M. (1986). The Hamilton rating scale for depression. In N. Sartorious & T. A. Ban (Eds.), Assessment of depression (pp. 143–152). Berlin: Springer doi:10.1007/978-3-642-70486-4_14
  • Hara, T., Abo, M., Kakita, K., Masuda, T., & Yamazaki, R. (2016). Does a combined intervention program of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and intensive occupational therapy affect cognitive function in patients with post-stroke upper limb hemiparesis? Neural Regeneration Research, 11(12), 1932–1939. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.197134
  • Hara, T., Abo, M., Sasaki, N., Yamada, N., Niimi, M., Kenmoku, M.,  …  Saito, R. (2017). Improvement of higher brain dysfunction after brain injury by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and intensive rehabilitation therapy: Case report. Neuroreport, 28(13), 800–807. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000830
  • He, F., Wu, M., Meng, F., Hu, Y., Gao, J., Chen, Z.,  …  Pan, G. (2018). Effects of 20 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on disorders of consciousness: A resting-state electroencephalography study. Neural Plasticity. doi: 10.1155/2018/5036184
  • Herman, S. T. (2002). Epilepsy after brain insult: Targeting epileptogenesis. Neurology, 59(9 Suppl. 5), S21–S26. doi: 10.1212/WNL.59.9_SUPPL_5.S21
  • Herrold, A. A., Kletzel, S. L., Harton, B. C., Chambers, R. A., Jordan, N., & Pape, T. L.-B. (2014). Transcranial magnetic stimulation: Potential treatment for co-occurring alcohol, traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorders. Neural Regeneration Research, 9(19), 1712–1730. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.143408
  • Hsu, W. Y., Cheng, C. H., Lin, M. W., Shih, Y. H., Liao, K. K., & Lin, Y. Y. (2011). Antiepileptic effects of low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: A meta-analysis. Epilepsy Research, 96(3), 231–240. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.06.002
  • Huang, Y. Z., Edwards, M. J., Rounis, E., Bhatia, K. P., & Rothwell, J. C. (2005). Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron, 45(2), 201–206. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.033
  • Hufnagel, A., Elger, C., Durwen, H., Boker, D., & Entzian, W. (1990). Activation of the epileptic focus by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human brain. Annals of Neurology, 27, 49–60. doi: 10.1002/ana.410270109
  • Iliceto, A., Seiler, R. L., & Sarkar, K. (2018). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of depression in a patient with severe traumatic brain injury. Ochsner Journal, 18(3), 264–267. doi: 10.31486/toj.17.0075
  • Jones, W., Silkworth, W., Dusto, N., Pelak, V. S., Berliner, J., Buard, I., & Kluger, B. (2018). Central visual oscillopsia: Case report and review of the literature. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 31(2), 86–95. doi: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000151
  • Kertsez, A. (1982). The western aphasia battery. New York: Grune and Stratton.
  • Koski, L., Kolivakis, T., Yu, C., Chen, J.-K., Delaney, S., & Ptito, A. (2015). Noninvasive brain stimulation for persistent postconcussion symptoms in mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 32(1), 38–44. doi: 10.1089/neu.2014.3449
  • Kraus, F., & Chu, L. D. (2005). Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. In J. M. Silver, T. W. McAllister, & S. C. Yudofsky (Eds.), Textbook of traumatic brain injury (pp. 3–26). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Kreuzer, P. M., Landgrebe, M., Frank, E., & Langguth, B. (2013). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of chronic tinnitus after traumatic brain injury: A case study. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 28(5), 386–389. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e318254736e
  • Lange, R. T., Iverson, G. L., Brubacher, J. R., Mädler, B., & Heran, M. K. (2012). Diffusion tensor imaging findings are not strongly associated with postconcussional disorder 2 months following mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 27(3), 188–198. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e318217f0ad
  • Lee, S. A., & Kim, M.-K. (2018). Effect of low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depression and cognition of patients with traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled trial. Medical Science Monitor, 24, 8789–8794. doi: 10.12659/MSM.911385
  • Leung, A., Donohue, M., Xu, R., Lee, R., Lefaucheur, J. P., Khedr, E. M.,  …  Chen, R. (2009, December 1). rTMS for suppressing neuropathic pain: A meta-analysis. Journal of Pain. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.03.010
  • Leung, A., Fallah, A., Shukla, S., Lin, L., Tsia, A., Song, D.,  …  Lee, R. (2016). rTMS in alleviating mild TBI related headaches – a case series. Pain Physician, 19(2), E347–E354.
  • Leung, A., Metzger-Smith, V., He, Y., Cordero, J., Ehlert, B., Song, D.,  …  Lee, R. (2018). Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex rTMS in alleviating MTBI related headaches and depressive symptoms. Neuromodulation, 21(4), 390–401. doi: 10.1111/ner.12615
  • Leung, A., Shukla, S., Fallah, A., Song, D., Lin, L., Golshan, S.,  …  Lee, R. (2016). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in managing mild traumatic brain injury-related headaches. Neuromodulation: Journal of the International Neuromodulation Society, 19(2), 133–141. doi: 10.1111/ner.12364
  • Liu, P., Gao, J., Pan, S., Meng, F., Pan, G., Li, J., & Luo, B. (2016). Effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magneticstimulation on cerebral hemodynamics in patients with disorders of consciousness: a sham-controlled study. European Neurology, 76(1–2), 1–7. doi:10.1159/000447325
  • Manganotti, P., Formaggio, E., Storti, S. F., Fiaschi, A., Battistin, L., Tonin, P.,  …  Cavinato, M. (2013). Effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on brain excitability in severely brain-injured patients in minimally conscious or vegetative state. Brain Stimulation, 6(6), 913–921. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.06.006
  • Mańko, G., Olszewski, H., Krawczyński, M., & Tłokiński, W. (2013). Evaluation of differentiated neurotherapy programs for patients recovering from severe TBI and long term coma. Acta Neuropsychologica, 11(1), 9–18.
  • Mansur, C. G., Fregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Riberto, M., Gallucci-Neto, J., Santos, C. M.,  …  Pascual-Leone, A. (2005). Neurology. Neurology, 48(5), 1398–1403. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000161839.38079.92
  • Martino Cinnera, A., Bonnì, S., Iosa, M., Ponzo, V., Fusco, A., Caltagirone, C.,  …  Koch, G. (2016). Clinical effects of non-invasive cerebellar magnetic stimulation treatment combined with neuromotor rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury. A single case study. Functional Neurology, 31(2), 117–120.
  • McClintock, S. M., Reti, I. M., Carpenter, L. L., McDonald, W. M., Dubin, M., & Taylor, S. F. .,  …  American Psychiatric Association Council on Research Task Force on Novel Biomarkers and Treatments (2018). Consensus recommendations for the clinical application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of depression. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 79(1), doi: 10.4088/JCP.16cs10905
  • Mcmillan, T. M., & Wood, R. LI. (2017). Neurobehavioural disability and social handicap following traumatic brain injury (2nd ed.). London: Routledge, Psychology Press.
  • Mennemeier, M., Munn, T., Allensworth, M., Lenow, J. K., Brown, G., Allen, S.,  …  Williams, D. K. (2013). Laterality, frequency and replication of rTMS treatment for chronic tinnitus: Pilot studies and a review of maintenance treatment. Hearing Research, 295(1–2), 30–37. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2012.03.010
  • Montgomery, S. A., & Asberg, M. (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 134(4), 382–389. doi: 10.1192/bjp.134.4.382
  • Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I.,  …  Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
  • National Institute for Health Care Excellence (NICE). (2015). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression | Guidance | NICE. NICE. Retrieved from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/IPG542
  • Nielson, D. M., McKnight, C. A., Patel, R. N., Kalnin, A. J., & Mysiw, W. J. (2015). Preliminary guidelines for safe and effective use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96(4), S138–S144. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.09.010
  • Nowak, D. A., Grefkes, C., Ameli, M., & Fink, G. R. (2009). Interhemispheric competition after stroke: brain stimulation to enhancerecovery of function of the affected hand. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 23(7), 641–656. doi: 10.1177/1545968309336661
  • Oberman, L., Edwards, D., Eldaief, M., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2011). Safety of theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 28(1), 67–74. doi: 10.1097/WNP.0b013e318205135f
  • Pachalska, M., Łukowicz, M., Kropotov, J. D., Herman-Sucharska, I., & Talar, J. (2011). Evaluation of differentiated neurotherapy programs for a patient after severe TBI and long term coma using event-related potentials. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 17(10), CS120–CS128. doi: 10.12659/MSM.881970
  • Pape, T. L.-B., Rosenow, J., Lewis, G., Ahmed, G., Walker, M., Guernon, A.,  …  Patil, V. (2009). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-associated neurobehavioral gains during coma recovery. Brain Stimulation, 2(1), 22–35. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2008.09.004
  • Pape, T. L.-B., Rosenow, J. M., Patil, V., Steiner, M., Harton, B., Guernon, A.,  …  Sarkar, K. (2014). RTMS safety for two subjects with disordered consciousness after traumatic brain injury. Brain Stimulation, 7(4), 620–622. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.03.007
  • Paxman, E., Stilling, J., Mercier, L., & Debert, C. T. (2018). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a treatment for chronic dizziness following mild traumatic brain injury. Case Reports, 2018, bcr-2018-226698. doi: 10.1136/BCR-2018-226698
  • Peinemann, A., Reimer, B., Löer, C., Quartarone, A., Münchau, A., Conrad, B., & Roman Siebner, H. (2004). Long-lasting increase in corticospinal excitability after 1800 pulses of subthreshold 5 Hz repetitive TMS to the primary motor cortex. Clinical Neurophysiology, 115(7), 1519–1526. doi: 10.1016/J.CLINPH.2004.02.005
  • Rosanova, M., Gosseries, O., Casarotto, S., Boly, M., Casali, A. G., Bruno, M.-A.,  …  Massimini, M. (2012). Recovery of cortical effective connectivity and recovery of consciousness in vegetative patients. Brain, 135(4), 1308–1320. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr340
  • Rossi, S., Hallett, M., Rossini, P. M., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2009). Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clinical Neurophysiology, 120(12), 2008–2039. doi: 10.1016/J.CLINPH.2009.08.016
  • Rutherford, G., Lithgow, B., Mansouri, B., Sulieman, A., Pouya, O. R., Dastgheib, Z., … Moussavi, Z. (2017). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (RTMS) as a treatment for post-concussion syndrome. CMBES Proceedings, 40(1). https://proceedings.cmbes.ca/index.php/proceedings/citationstylelanguage/get/acm-sig-proceedings?submissionId=612
  • Sandrini, M., Umiltà, C., & Rusconi, E. (2011). The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience: A new synthesis of methodological issues. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 516–536. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.06.005
  • Schicktanz, N., Fastenrath, M., Milnik, A., Spalek, K., Auschra, B., Nyffeler, T.,  …  Schwegler, K. (2015). Continuous theta burst stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex decreases medium load working memory performance in healthy humans. PLoS One, 10(3), e0120640. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120640
  • Schnakers, C., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Giacino, J., Ventura, M., Boly, M., Majerus, S.,  …  Laureys, S. (2009). Diagnostic accuracy of the vegetative and minimally conscious state: Clinical consensus versus standardized neurobehavioral assessment. BMC Neurology, 9(1), 35. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-9-35
  • Schutter, D. J. L. G., Van Honk, J., Laman, M., Vergouwen, A. C., & Koerselman, F. (2010). Increased sensitivity for angry faces in depressive disorder following 2 weeks of 2-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the right parietal cortex. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 13(9), 1155–1161. doi: 10.1017/S1461145710000660
  • Siddiqi, S. H., Trapp, N. T., Hacker, C. D., Laumann, T. O., Kandala, S., Hong, X.,  …  Brody, D. L. (2018). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with resting state network targeting for treatment-resistant depression in TBI. Journal of Neurotrauma, 35(16), A15–A15.
  • Tamber, A.-L., Wilhelmsen, K. T., & Strand, L. I. (2009). Measurement properties of the dizziness handicap inventory by cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 7(1), 101. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-7-101
  • Wasserman, E. M. (1998). Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5–7, 1996. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiolgy, 108(1), 1–16. doi: 10.1016/S0168-5597(97)00096-8
  • Wassermann, E. M., Grafman, J., Berry, C., Hollnagel, C., Wild, K., Clark, K., & Hallett, M. (1996). Use and safety of a new repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulator. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control, 101(5), 412–417. doi: 10.1016/0924-980X(96)96004-X
  • Wilk, J. E., Thomas, J. L., McGurk, D. M., Riviere, L. A., Castro, C. A., & Hoge, C. W. (2010). Mild traumatic brain injury (concussion) during combat. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 25(1), 9–14. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181bd090f
  • Williams, C., Wood, R. Ll., & Howe, H. (2019). Alexithymia is associated with aggressive tendencies following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 33(1), 69–77. doi:10.1080/02699052.2018.1531302
  • Wilson, B., Cockburn, J., & Halligan, P. W. (1987). Behavioural inattention test. Titchfield: Thames Valley Test Company.
  • Xia, X., Bai, Y., Zhou, Y., Yang, Y., Xu, R., Gao, X.,  …  He, J. (2017). Effects of 10 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in disorders of consciousness. Frontiers in Neurology, 8(May), 182. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00182
  • Xia, X., Liu, Y., Bai, Y., Liu, Z., Yang, Y., Guo, Y.,  …  He, J. (2017). Long-lasting repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates electroencephalography oscillation in patients with disorders of consciousness. NeuroReport, 28(15), 1022–1029. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000886

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.