Efficacy and safety of amantadine as a treatment for apathy after brain injury: Two single-case experimental design studies

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision (dsm-iv-tr).
   Google Scholar
• Aoki, F. Y., & Sitar, D. S. (1988). Clinical pharmacokinetics of amantadine hydrochloride. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 14(1), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-198814010-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoki, F. Y., Stiver, H. G., Sitar, D. S., Boudreault, A., & Ogilvie, R. I. (1985). Prophylactic amantadine dose and plasma concentration-effect relationships in healthy adults. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 37(2), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1985.24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arciniegas, D. B., Frey, K. L., Anderson, C. A., Brousseau, K. M., & Harris, S. N. (2004). Amantadine for neurobehavioural deficits following delayed post-hypoxic encephalopathy. Brain Injury, 18(12), 1309–1318. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050410001720130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arciniegas, D. B., Topkoff, J., & Silver, J. M. (2000). Neuropsychiatric aspects of traumatic brain injury. Current Treatment Options in Neurology, 2(2), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-000-0017-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barlow, D. H., Nock, M. K., & Hersen, M. (2009). Single case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior for change (3rd ed.). Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Brossart, D. F., Parker, R. I., Olson, E. A., & Mahadevan, L. (2006). The relationship between visual analysis and five statistical analyses in a simple ab single-case research design. Behavior Modification, 30(5), 531–563. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445503261167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caeiro, L., Ferro, J. M., & Costa, J. (2013). Apathy secondary to stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 35(1), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1159/000346076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings, J. L. (1997). The neuropsychiatric inventory: Assessing psychopathology in dementia patients. Neurology, 48(5 Suppl 6), 10S–16S. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.48.5_Suppl_6.10S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings, J. L., Mega, M., Gray, K., Rosenberg-Thompson, S., Carusi, D. A., & Gornbein, J. (1994). The neuropsychiatric inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology, 44(12), Article 2308. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.44.12.2308
   Google Scholar
• Eslinger, P. J., & Geder, L. (2000). Behavioral and emotional changes after focal frontal lobe damage. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gift, A. G. (1989). Visual analogue scales: Measurement of subjective phenomena. Nursing Research, 38(5), 286–288. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-198909000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gualtieri, T., Chandler, M., Coons, T. B., & Brown, L. T. (1989). Amantadine: A new clinical profile for traumatic brain injury. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 12(4), 258–270. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002826-198908000-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, F. M., Bickett, A. K., Norton, J. H., & Pershad, R. (2014). Effectiveness of amantadine hydrochloride in the reduction of chronic traumatic brain injury irritability and aggression. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 29(5), 391–399. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HTR.0000438116.56228.de
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, F. M., Sherer, M., Malec, J. F., Zafonte, R. D., Whitney, M., Bell, K., Dikmen, S., Bogner, J., Mysiw, J., & Pershad, R. (2015). Amantadine effect on perceptions of irritability after traumatic brain injury: Results of the amantadine irritability multisite study. Journal of Neurotrauma, 32(16), 1230–1238. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2014.3803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, F. M., Malec, J. F., Zafonte, R. D., Sherer, M., Bogner, J., Dikmen, S., Whitney, M. P., Bell, K. R., Perkins, S. M., & Moser, E. A. (2017). Potential impact of amantadine on aggression in chronic traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 32(5), 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.59.1.12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kant, R., & Smith-Seemiller, L. (2002). Assessment and treatment of apathy syndrome following head injury. NeuroRehabilitation, 17(4), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-2002-17406. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12547980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kratochwill, T. R., Hitchcock, J. H., Horner, R. H., Levin, J. R., Odom, S. L., Rindskopf, D. M., & Shadish, W. R. (2013). Single-case intervention research design standards. Remedial and Special Education, 34(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932512452794
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus, M. F., & Maki, P. M. (1997). Effect of amantadine hydrochloride on symptoms of frontal lobe dysfunction in brain injury: Case studies and review. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 9(2), 222–230. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.9.2.222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus, M. F., Smith, G. S., Butters, M., Donnell, A. J., Dixon, E., Yilong, C., & Marion, D. (2005). Effects of the dopaminergic agent and nmda receptor antagonist amantadine on cognitive function, cerebral glucose metabolism and d2 receptor availability in chronic traumatic brain injury: A study using positron emission tomography (pet). Brain Injury, 19(7), 471–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050400025059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, J. D., & Gast, D. L. (2014). Visual analysis in single case experimental design studies: Brief review and guidelines. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 24(3-4), 445–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2013.815636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Heron, C., Holroyd, C. B., Salamone, J., & Husain, M. (2019). Brain mechanisms underlying apathy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 90(3), 302–312. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-318265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manolov, R., Losada, J. L., Chacon-Moscoso, S., & Sanduvete-Chaves, S. (2016). Analyzing two-phase single-case data with non-overlap and mean difference indices: Illustration, software tools, and alternatives. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 32. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin, R. S. (1991). Apathy: A neuropsychiatric syndrome. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 3(3), 243–254. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.3.3.243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin, R. S. (1997). Apathy - who cares? An introduction to apathy and related disorders of diminished motivation. Psychiatric Annals, 27(1), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-19970101-06
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin, R. S., Fogel, B. S., Hawkins, J., Duffy, J., & Krupp, B. (1995). Apathy: A treatable syndrome. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 7(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.7.1.23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, D. P. (1983). The crichton visual analogue scale for the assessment of behaviour in the elderly. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 68(6), 408–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb00948.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nickels, J. L., Schneider, W. N., Dombovy, M. L., & Wong, T. M. (1994). Clinical use of amantadine in brain injury rehabilitation. Brain Injury, 8(8), 709–718. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699059409151025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijman, H., & Palmstierna, T. (2002). Measuring aggression with the staff observation aggression scale–revised. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106(412), 101–102. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.106.s412.21.x
   Google Scholar
• Nowicki, M., Pearlman, L., Campbell, C., Hicks, R., Fraser, D. D., & Hutchison, J. (2019). Agitated behavior scale in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2019.1565893
   Google Scholar
• Parker, R. I. (2006). Increased reliability for single-case research results: Is the bootstrap the answer? Behavior Therapy, 37(4), 326–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, R. I., & Vannest, K. (2009). An improved effect size for single-case research: Nonoverlap of all pairs. Behavior Therapy, 40(4), 357–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2008.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, R. I., Vannest, K. J., & Davis, J. L. (2011). Effect size in single-case research: A review of nine nonoverlap techniques. Behavior Modification, 35(4), 303–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445511399147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perdices, M., & Tate, R. L. (2009). Single-subject designs as a tool for evidence-based clinical practice: Are they unrecognised and undervalued? Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 19(6), 904–927. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010903040691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pustejovsky, J. E., & Swan, D. M. (2018, July 11). Effect size definitions and mathematical details. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/SingleCaseES/vignettes/Effect-size-definitions.html
   Google Scholar
• Roth, R. M., Isquith, P. K., & Gioia, G. A. (2005). Brief-a: Behavior rating inventory of executive function – adult version. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Scholte, E., & Noens, I. (2011). Brief-a: Vragenlijst executieve functies voor volwassenen. Hogrefe Uitgevers BV.
   Google Scholar
• Stefan, A., & Mathe, J. F. (2016). What are the disruptive symptoms of behavioral disorders after traumatic brain injury? A systematic review leading to recommendations for good practices. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 59(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2015.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate, R. L., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Wakim, D., Godbee, K., Togher, L., & McDonald, S. (2013). Revision of a method quality rating scale for single-case experimental designs and n-of-1 trials: The 15-item risk of bias in n-of-1 trials (robint) scale. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 23(5), 619–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2013.824383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter Mors, B. J., Backx, A. P. M., Spauwen, P., Ponds, R., Van Harten, P. N., & Van Heugten, C. M. (2019). Efficacy of amantadine on behavioural problems due to acquired brain injury: A systematic review. Brain Injury, 33(9), 1137–1150. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2019.1631482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannest, K. J., Parker, R. I., Gonen, O., & Adiguzel, T. (2016). Single case research: Web based calculators for scr analysis. (version 2.0) [web-based application]. Texas A&M University. http://www.singlecaseresearch.org/
   Google Scholar
• Van Reekum, R., Bayley, M., Garner, S., Burke, I. M., Fawcett, S., Hart, A., & Thompson, W. (1995). N of 1 study: Amantadine for the amotivational syndrome in a patient with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 9(1), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699059509004571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, W. H., & Evans, J. J. (2003). Brain injury and emotion: An overview to a special issue on biopsychosocial approaches in neurorehabilitation. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 13(1-2), 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010244000417
   PubMedGoogle Scholar