821
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Depression and a lack of socialization are associated with high levels of boredom during stroke rehabilitation: An exploratory study using a new conceptual framework

ORCID Icon, , , &
Pages 497-527 | Received 23 May 2021, Accepted 13 Jan 2022, Published online: 10 Feb 2022

References

  • Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x
  • Alderman, N. (2007). Prevalence, characteristics and causes of aggressive behaviour observed within a neurobehavioural rehabilitation service: Predictors and implications for management. Brain Injury, 21(9), 891–911. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050701543560
  • Anaker, A., von Koch, L., Heylighen, A., Anåker, A., & Elf, M. (2019). “It’s lonely”: Patients’ experiences of the physical environment at a newly built stroke unit. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 12(3), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586718806696
  • Anåker, A., von Koch, L., Sjöstrand, C., Bernhardt, J., Elf, M., & Martinuzzi, A. (2017). A comparative study of patients’ activities and interactions in a stroke unit before and after reconstruction – The significance of the built environment. PLoS One, 12(7), e0177477. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177477
  • Barbour, V. L., & Mead, G. E. (2012). Fatigue after stroke: The patient’s perspective. Stroke Research and Treatment, 863031. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/863031
  • Bennett, L., Luker, J., English, C., & Hillier, S. (2016). Stroke survivors’ perspectives on two novel models of inpatient rehabilitation: Seven-day a week individual therapy or five-day a week circuit class therapy. Disability and Rehabilitation, 38(14), 1397–1406. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2015.1103788
  • Bishop, M., Kayes, N., & McPherson, K. (2019). Understanding the therapeutic alliance in stroke rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 1–10.
  • Blennerhassett, J. M., Borschmann, K. N., Lipson-Smith, R. A., & Bernhardt, J. (2018). Behavioral mapping of patient activity to explore the built environment during rehabilitation. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 11(3), 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586718758444
  • Bright, F. A., Kayes, N. M., McCann, C. M., & McPherson, K. M. (2011). Understanding hope after stroke: A systematic review of the literature using concept analysis. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 18(5), 490–508. https://doi.org/10.1310/tsr1805-490
  • Bright, F. A., Kayes, N. M., Worrall, L., & McPherson, K. M. (2015). A conceptual review of engagement in healthcare and rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37(8), 643–654. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2014.933899
  • Chan, C. S., van Tilburg, W. A. P., Igou, E. R., Poon, C. Y. S., Tam, K. Y. Y., Wong, V. U. T., & Cheung, S. K. (2018). Situational meaninglessness and state boredom: Cross-sectional and experience-sampling findings. Motivation and Emotion, 42(4), 555–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-018-9693-3
  • Chin, A., Markey, A., Bhargava, S., Kassam, K. S., & Loewenstein, G. (2017). Bored in the USA: Experience sampling and boredom in everyday life. Emotion, 17(2), 359–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000232
  • Clancy, L., Povey, R., & Rodham, K. (2020). “Living in a foreign country”: experiences of staff-patient communication in inpatient stroke settings for people with post-stroke aphasia and those supporting them. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(3), 324–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1497716
  • Clarke, D., Gombert-Waldron, K., Honey, S., Cloud, G., Harris, R., Macdonald, A., McKevitt, C., Robert, G., & Jones, F. (2021). Co-designing organisational improvements and interventions to increase inpatient activity in four stroke units in England: A mixed-methods process evaluation using normalisation process theory. BMJ Open, 11(1), e042723. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042723
  • Clarke, D. J., Burton, L. J., Tyson, S. F., Rodgers, H., Drummond, A., Palmer, R., Hoffman, A., Prescott, M., Tyrrell, P., Brkic, L., Grenfell, K., & Forster, A. (2018). Why do stroke survivors not receive recommended amounts of active therapy? Findings from the ReAcT study, a mixed-methods case-study evaluation in eight stroke units. Clinical Rehabilitation, 32(8), 1119–1132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215518765329
  • Clarke, D. J., & Forster, A. (2015). Improving post-stroke recovery: The role of the multidisciplinary health care team. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 8, 433–442. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S68764
  • Colley, J., & Zeeman, H. (2020). Safe and supportive neurorehabilitation environments: Results of a structured observation of physical features across two rehabilitation facilities. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 13(4), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586720912546
  • Cumming, T. B., Churilov, L., Linden, T., & Bernhardt, J. (2013). Montreal cognitive assessment and mini-mental state examination are both valid cognitive tools in stroke. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 128(2), 122–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.12084
  • Cumming, T. B., Packer, M., Kramer, S. F., & English, C. (2016). The prevalence of fatigue after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Stroke, 11(9), 968–977. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493016669861
  • Dorsch, S., Weeks, K., King, L., & Polman, E. (2019). In inpatient rehabilitation, large amounts of practice can occur safely without direct therapist supervision: An observational study. Journal of Physiotherapy, 65(1), 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2018.11.004
  • Eastwood, J. D., Frischen, A., Fenske, M. J., & Smilek, D. (2012). The unengaged mind: Defining boredom in terms of attention. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(5), 482–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612456044
  • Eng, X. W., Brauer, S. G., Kuys, S. S., Lord, M., & Hayward, K. S. (2014). Factors affecting the ability of the stroke survivor to drive their own recovery outside of therapy during inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Stroke Reserach and Treatment, 626538. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/626538
  • English, C., Hillier, S. L., & Lynch, E. A. (2017). Circuit class therapy for improving mobility after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, CD007513. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007513.pub2
  • Fahlman, S. A., Mercer-Lynn, K. B., Flora, D. B., & Eastwood, J. D. (2013). Development and validation of the multidimensional state boredom scale. Assessment, 20(1), 68–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191111421303
  • Farmer, R., & Sundberg, N. D. (1986). Boredom proneness – The development and correlates of a new scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 50(1), 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5001_2
  • Gill, S. D., Hogg, T., & Dolley, P. J. (2016). Loneliness during inpatient rehabilitation: Results of a qualitative study. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 39(1), 84–86. https://doi.org/10.1097/MRR.0000000000000139
  • Gittins, M., Vail, A., Bowen, A., Lugo-Palacios, D., Paley, L., Bray, B., Gannon, B., & Tyson, S. (2020). Factors influencing the amount of therapy received during inpatient stroke care: An analysis of data from the UK Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme. Clinical Rehabilitation, 34(7), 981–991. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520927454
  • Goldberg, Y., & Danckert, J. (2013). Traumatic brain injury, boredom and depression. Behavioral Sciences, 3(3), 434–444. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs3030434
  • Harris, J. E., Eng, J. J., Miller, W. C., & Dawson, A. S. (2009). A self-administered graded repetitive arm supplementary program (GRASP) improves arm function during inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Stroke, 40(6), 2123–2128. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.5445
  • Hunt, A. W., Turner, G. R., Polatajko, H., Bottari, C., & Dawson, D. R. (2013). Executive function, self-regulation and attribution in acquired brain injury: A scoping review. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 23(6), 914–932. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2013.835739
  • Isacescu, J., Struk, A. A., & Danckert, J. (2017). Cognitive and affective predictors of boredom proneness. Cognition and Emotion, 31(8), 1741–1748. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1259995
  • Janssen, H., Ada, L., Bernhardt, J., McElduff, P., Pollack, M., Nilsson, M., & Spratt, N. (2014). Physical, cognitive and social activity levels of stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation within a mixed rehabilitation unit. Clinical Rehabilitation, 28(1), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215512466252
  • Janssen, H., Ada, L., Bernhardt, J., McElduff, P., Pollack, M., Nilsson, M., & Spratt, N. J. (2014). An enriched environment increases activity in stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation in a mixed rehabilitation unit: A pilot non-randomized controlled trial. Disability and Rehabilitation, 36(3), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2013.788218
  • Janssen, H., Ada, L., Karayanidis, F., Drysdale, K., McElduff, P., Pollack, M., White, J., Nilsson, M., Bernhardt, J., & Spratt, N. J. (2012). Translating the use of an enriched environment poststroke from bench to bedside: Study design and protocol used to test the feasibility of environmental enrichment on stroke patients in rehabilitation. International Journal of Stroke, 7(6), 521–526. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2011.00727.x
  • Janssen, H., Ada, L., Middleton, S., Pollack, M., Nilsson, M., Churilov, L., Blennerhassett, J., Faux, S., New, P., McCluskey, A., Spratt, N. J., & Bernhardt, J. (2021). Altering the rehabilitation environment to improve stroke survivor activity: A phase II trial. International Journal of Stroke, https://doi.org/10.1177/17474930211006999
  • Jones, F., Partridge, C., & Reid, F. (2008). The stroke self-efficacy questionnaire: Measuring individual confidence in functional performance after stroke. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(7B), 244–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02333.x
  • Kaplan, R. L., Levine, L. J., Lench, H. C., & Safer, M. A. (2016). Forgetting feelings: Opposite biases in reports of the intensity of past emotion and mood. Emotion, 16(3), 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000127
  • Kenah, K., Bernhardt, J., Cumming, T., Spratt, N., Luker, J., & Janssen, H. (2018). Boredom in patients with acquired brain injuries during inpatient rehabilitation: A scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 40(22), 2713–2722. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2017.1354232
  • Kevdžija, M. (2020). Mobility-supporting rehabilitation clinics: Architectural design criteria for promoting stroke patients’ independent mobility and accommodating their changing spatial needs during the transition towards recovery [dissertation]. Technische Universität Dresden.
  • Kevdzija, M., & Marquardt, G. (2021). Stroke patients’ nonscheduled activity during inpatient rehabilitation and its relationship with the architectural layout: A multicenter shadowing study. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2020.1871281
  • Kirkevold, M., Bronken, B. A., Martinsen, R., & Kvigne, K. (2012). Promoting psychosocial well-being following a stroke: Developing a theoretically and empirically sound complex intervention. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49(4), 386–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.10.006
  • Kortte, K. B., Veiel, L., Batten, S. V., & Wegener, S. T. (2009). Measuring avoidance in medical rehabilitation. Rehabilitation Psychology, 54(1), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014703
  • Kringle, E. A., Terhorst, L., Butters, M. A., & Skidmore, E. R. (2018). Clinical predictors of engagement in inpatient rehabilitation among stroke survivors with cognitive deficits: An exploratory study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 24(6), 572–583. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617718000085
  • Kusec, A., Velikonja, D., DeMatteo, C., & Harris, J. E. (2019). Motivation in rehabilitation and acquired brain injury: Can theory help us understand it? Disability and Rehabilitation, 41(19), 2343–2349. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1467504
  • Kwakkel, G., Kollen, B., & Twisk, J. (2006). Impact of time on improvement of outcome after stroke. Stroke, 37(9), 2348–2353. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000238594.91938.1e
  • Last, N., Packham, T. L., Gewurtz, R. E., Letts, L. J., & Harris, J. E. (2021). Exploring patient perspectives of barriers and facilitators to participating in hospital-based stroke rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2021.1881830
  • Lawton, M., Haddock, G., Conroy, P., & Sage, K. (2016). Therapeutic alliances in stroke rehabilitation: A meta-ethnography. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 97(11), 1979–1993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2016.03.031
  • Lenaert, B., Neijmeijer, M., van Kampen, N., van Heugten, C., & Ponds, R. (2020). Poststroke fatigue and daily activity patterns during outpatient rehabilitation: An experience sampling method study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 101(6), 1001–1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2019.12.014
  • Lenze, E. J., Munin, M. C., Quear, T., Dew, M. A., Rogers, J. C., Begley, A. E., & Reynolds, C. F. (2004). Significance of poor patient participation in physical and occupational therapy for functional outcome and length of stay. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 85(10), 1599–1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2004.03.027
  • Lequerica, A. H., & Kortte, K. (2010). Therapeutic engagement: A proposed model of engagement in medical rehabilitation. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 89(5), 415–422. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181d8ceb2
  • Levack, W. M., Dean, S. G., Siegert, R. J., & McPherson, K. M. (2011). Navigating patient-centered goal setting in inpatient stroke rehabilitation: How clinicians control the process to meet perceived professional responsibilities. Patient Education and Counseling, 85(2), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2011.01.011
  • Lipson-Smith, R., Churilov, L., Newton, C., Zeeman, H., & Bernhardt, J. (2019). A framework for designing inpatient stroke rehabilitation facilities: A new approach using interdisciplinary value-focused thinking. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 12(4), 142–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586719831450
  • Loft, M. I., Martinsen, B., Esbensen, B. A., Mathiesen, L. L., Iversen, H. K., & Poulsen, I. (2019). Call for human contact and support: An interview study exploring patients’ experiences with inpatient stroke rehabilitation and their perception of nurses’ and nurse assistants’ roles and functions. Disability and Rehabilitation, 41(4), 396–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2017.1393698
  • Loft, M. I., Poulsen, I., Esbensen, B. A., Iversen, H. K., Mathiesen, L. L., & Martinsen, B. (2017). Nurses’ and nurse assistants’ beliefs, attitudes and actions related to role and function in an inpatient stroke rehabilitation unit – A qualitative study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(23–24), 4905–4914. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13972
  • Luker, J., Lynch, E., Bernhardsson, S., Bennett, L., & Bernhardt, J. (2015). Stroke survivors’ experiences of physical rehabilitation: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96(9), 1698–1708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2015.03.017
  • Luker, J., Murray, C., Lynch, E., Bernhardsson, S., Shannon, M., & Bernhardt, J. (2017). Carers’ experiences, needs, and preferences during inpatient stroke rehabilitation: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 98(9), 1852–1862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2017.02.024
  • Marshall, C. A., McIntosh, E., Sohrabi, A., & Amir, A. (2019). Boredom in inpatient mental healthcare settings: A scoping review. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 83(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308022619876558
  • Mercer-Lynn, K. B., Bar, R. J., & Eastwood, J. D. (2014). Causes of boredom: The person, the situation, or both? Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 122–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.034
  • Merrifield, C., & Danckert, J. (2014). Characterizing the psychophysiological signature of boredom. Experimental Brain Research, 232(2), 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3755-2
  • Morris, J. H., Kelly, C., Joice, S., Kroll, T., Mead, G., Donnan, P., Toma, M., & Williams, B. (2019). Art participation for psychosocial wellbeing during stroke rehabilitation: A feasibility randomised controlled trial. Disability and Rehabilitation, 41(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2017.1370499
  • Mugon, J., Struk, A., & Danckert, J. (2018). A failure to launch: Regulatory modes and boredom proneness. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1126. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01126
  • Nett, U. E., Goetz, T., & Daniels, L. M. (2010). What to do when feeling bored? Learning and Individual Differences, 20(6), 626–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2010.09.004
  • Northcott, S., Moss, B., Harrison, K., & Hilari, K. (2016). A systematic review of the impact of stroke on social support and social networks: Associated factors and patterns of change. Clinical Rehabilitation, 30(8), 811–831. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215515602136
  • Peiris, C. L., Taylor, N. F., & Shields, N. (2012). Patients value patient-therapist interactions more than the amount or content of therapy during inpatient rehabilitation: A qualitative study. Journal of Physiotherapy, 58(4), 261–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70128-5
  • Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Daniels, L. M., Stupnisky, R. H., & Perry, R. P. (2010). Boredom in achievement settings: Exploring control-value antecedents and performance outcomes of a neglected emotion. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(3), 531–549. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019243
  • Purcell, S., Scott, P., Gustafsson, L., & Molineux, M. (2020). Stroke survivors’ experiences of occupation in hospital-based stroke rehabilitation: A qualitative exploration. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(13), 1880–1885. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1542460
  • Ramanathan-Elion, D. M., McWhorter, J. W., Wegener, S. T., & Bechtold, K. T. (2016). The role of psychological facilitators and barriers to therapeutic engagement in acute, inpatient rehabilitation. Rehabilitation Psychology, 61(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000095
  • Riazi, A., Aspden, T., & Jones, F. (2014). Stroke self-efficacy questionnaire: A Rasch-refined measure of confidence post stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 46(5), 406–412. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-1789
  • Roorda, L. D., Green, J. R., Houwink, A., Bagley, P. J., Smith, J., Molenaar, I. W., & Geurts, A. C. (2012). The Rivermead mobility index allows valid comparisons between subgroups of patients undergoing rehabilitation after stroke who differ with respect to age, sex, or side of lesion. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 93(6), 1086–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2011.12.015
  • Sagen, U., Vik, T. G., Moum, T., Mørland, T., Finset, A., & Dammen, T. (2009). Screening for anxiety and depression after stroke: Comparison of the hospital anxiety and depression scale and the Montgomery and Asberg depression rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 67(4), 325–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.03.007
  • Scrivener, K., Tourany, R., McNamara-Holmes, M., Schurr, K., Dorsch, S., & Dean, C. (2017). Feasibility of a nurse-led weekend group exercise program for people after stroke. Stroke Research and Treatment, 4574385. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4574385
  • Shannon, M. M., Elf, M., Churilov, L., Olver, J., Pert, A., & Bernhardt, J. (2019). Can the physical environment itself influence neurological patient activity? Disability and Rehabilitation, 41(10), 1177–1189. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2017.1423520
  • Shannon, M. M., Lipson-Smith, R., Elf, M., Olver, J., Kramer, S., & Bernhardt, J. (2018). Bringing the single versus multi-patient room debate to vulnerable patient populations: A systematic review of the impact of room types on hospitalized older people and people with neurological disorders. Intelligent Buildings International, 12(3), 180–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2018.1548339
  • Skidmore, E. R., Whyte, E. M., Holm, M. B., Becker, J. T., Butters, M. A., Dew, M. A., Munin, M. C., & Lenze, E. J. (2010). Cognitive and affective predictors of rehabilitation participation after stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(2), 203–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2009.10.026
  • Smith, O. R., van den Broek, K. C., Renkens, M., & Denollet, J. (2008). Comparison of fatigue levels in patients with stroke and patients with end-stage heart failure: Application of the fatigue assessment scale. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56(10), 1915–1919. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01925.x
  • Soundy, A., Stubbs, B., Freeman, P., Coffee, P., & Roskell, C. (2014). Factors influencing patients’ hope in stroke and spinal cord injury: A narrative review. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 21(5), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2014.21.5.210
  • Stewart, C., McCluskey, A., Ada, L., & Kuys, S. (2017). Structure and feasibility of extra practice during stroke rehabilitation: A systematic scoping review. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 64(3), 204–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12351
  • Stewart, C., Power, E., McCluskey, A., & Kuys, S. (2019). Development of a participatory, tailored behaviour change intervention to increase active practice during inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2019.1597178
  • Stroke Foundation. (2020). National stroke audit – Rehabilitation services report 2020.
  • Struk, A. A., Scholer, A. A., Danckert, J., & Seli, P. (2020). Rich environments, dull experiences: How environment can exacerbate the effect of constraint on the experience of boredom. Cognition and Emotion, 34(7), 1517–1523. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2020.1763919
  • Taylor, E., McKevitt, C., & Jones, F. (2015). Factors shaping the delivery of acute inpatient stroke therapy: A narrative synthesis. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 47(2), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-1918
  • Theobald, D. E., Kirsh, K. L., Holtsclaw, E., Donaghy, K., & Passik, S. D. (2003). An open label pilot study of citalopram for depression and boredom in ambulatory cancer patients. Palliative and Supportive Care, 1(1), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951503030037
  • Thomas, S. A., Walker, M. F., Macniven, J. A., Haworth, H., & Lincoln, N. B. (2013). Communication and Low Mood (CALM): A randomized controlled trial of behavioural therapy for stroke patients with aphasia. Clinical Rehabilitation, 27(5), 398–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215512462227
  • Ulrich, R. S., Zimring, C., Zhu, X., DuBose, J., Seo, H.-B., Choi, Y.-S., Quan, X., & Joseph, A. (2008). A review of the research literature on evidence-based healthcare design. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 1(3), 61–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/193758670800100306
  • Victora, C. G., Huttly, S. R., Fuchs, S. C., & Olinto, M. T. (1997). The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: A hierarchical approach. International Journal of Epidemiology, 26(1), 224–227. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/26.1.224
  • Vittinghoff, E., & McCulloch, C. E. (2007). Relaxing the rule of ten events per variable in logistic and Cox regression. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165(6), 710–718. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwk052
  • West, T., & Bernhardt, J. (2012). Physical activity in hospitalised stroke patients. Stroke Research and Treatment, 813765. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/813765
  • Westgate, E. C. (2019). Why boredom is interesting. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419884309
  • Westgate, E. C., & Wilson, T. D. (2018). Boring thoughts and bored minds: The MAC model of boredom and cognitive engagement. Psychological Review, 125(5), 689–713. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000097
  • Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.