Neurocognitive deficits in COVID-19 patients five months after discharge from hospital

References

• Abboud, H., Abboud, F. Z., Kharbouch, H., Arkha, Y., El Abbadi, N., & El Ouahabi, A. (2020). COVID-19 and SARS-Cov-2 infection: Pathophysiology and clinical effects on the nervous system. World Neurosurgery, 140, 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeria, M., Cejudo, J. C., Sotoca, J., Deus, J., & Krupinski, J. (2020). Cognitive profile following COVID-19 infection: Clinical predictors leading to neuropsychological impairment. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity – Health, 9, 100163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100163
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alnefeesi, Y., Siegel, A., Lui, L. M. W., Teopiz, K. M., Ho, R. C. M., Lee, Y., & McIntyre, R. S. (2021). Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on cognitive function: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 621773. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.621773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee, D., & Viswanath, B. (2020). Neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 and possible pathogenic mechanisms: Insights from other coronaviruses. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 102350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty, W. W., Mold, J. W., & Gontkovsky, S. T. (2003). RBANS performance: Influences of sex and education. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(8), 1065–1069. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.8.1065.16732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, B. L., Holdnack, J. A., & Iverson, G. L. (2011). Advanced clinical interpretation of the WAIS-IV and WMS-IV: Prevalence of low scores varies by level of intelligence and years of education. Assessment, 18(2), 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191110385316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brück, E., Larsson, J. W., Lasselin, J., Bottai, M., Hirvikoski, T., Sundman, E., & Olofsson, P. S. (2019). Lack of clinically relevant correlation between subjective and objective cognitive function in ICU survivors: A prospective 12-month follow-up study. Critical Care, 23(1), 253. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-019-2527-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Casas, R., Guzmán-Vélez, E., Cardona-Rodriguez, J., Rodriguez, N., Quiñones, G., Izaguirre, B., & Tranel, D. (2012). Interpreter-mediated neuropsychological testing of monolingual Spanish speakers. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26(1), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2011.640641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceban, F., Ling, S., Lui, L. M. W., Lee, Y., Gill, H., Teopiz, K. M., & McIntyre, R. S. (2022). Fatigue and cognitive impairment in post-COVID-19 syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 101, 93–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, R. C. K., Shum, D., Toulopoulou, T., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2008). Assessment of executive functions: Review of instruments and identification of critical issues. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23(2), 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clegg, A., Young, J., Iliffe, S., Rikkert, M. O., & Rockwood, K. (2013). Frailty in elderly people. The Lancet, 381(9868), 752–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62167-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daroische, R., Hemminghyth, M. S., Eilertsen, T. H., Breitve, M. H., & Chwiszczuk, L. J. (2021). Cognitive impairment after COVID-19—A review on objective test data. Frontiers in Neurology, 12, 699582–699582. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.699582
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Azevedo, J. R. A., Montenegro, W. S., Rodrigues, D. P., de Souza, S. C., Araujo, V. F. S., de Paula, M. P., & Mendonça, A. V. N. (2017). Long-term cognitive outcomes among unselected ventilated and non-ventilated ICU patients. Journal of Intensive Care, 5(1), 18–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40560-017-0213-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. H. (2001). Delis – Kaplan executive function system: Examiners manual. Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Divanoglou, A., Samuelsson, A. P. K., Sjödahl, P. E. R., Andersson, C., & Levi, P. R. (2021). Rehabilitation needs and mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic: A population-based study of all hospitalised and home-healthcare individuals in a Swedish healthcare region. EClinicalMedicine, 36, 100920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100920
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duff, K., Hobson, V. L., Beglinger, L. J., & O’Bryant, S. E. (2010). Diagnostic accuracy of the RBANS in mild cognitive impairment: Limitations on assessing milder impairments. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 25(5), 429–441. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acq045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duff, K., Patton, D., Schoenberg, M. R., Mold, J., Scott, J. G., & Adams, R. L. (2003). Age- and education-corrected independent normative data for the RBANS in a community dwelling elderly sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17(3), 351–366. https://doi.org/10.1076/clin.17.3.351.18082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmonds, E. C., Delano-Wood, L., Galasko, D. R., Salmon, D. P., & Bondi, M. W. (2014). Subjective cognitive complaints contribute to misdiagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20(8), 836–847. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135561771400068X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrucci, R., Dini, M., Groppo, E., Rosci, C., Reitano, M. R., Bai, F., & Priori, A. (2021). Long-Lasting cognitive abnormalities after COVID-19. Brain Sciences, 11(2), 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gontkovsky, S. T., Mold, J. W., & Beatty, W. W. (2002). Age and educational influences on RBANS index scores in a nondemented geriatric sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16(3), 258–263. https://doi.org/10.1076/clin.16.3.258.13844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagelin, C. L., Wengström, Y., Runesdotter, S., & Fürst, C. J. (2007). The psychometric properties of the Swedish multidimensional fatigue inventory MFI-20 in four different populations. Acta Oncologica, 46(1), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/02841860601009430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellgren, L., Birberg Thornberg, U., Samuelsson, K., Levi, R., Divanoglou, A., & Blystad, I. (2021). Brain MRI and neuropsychological findings at long-term follow-up after COVID-19 hospitalisation: An observational cohort study. BMJ Open, 11(10), e055164. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helms, J., Kremer, S., Merdji, H., Clere-Jehl, R., Schenck, M., Kummerlen, C., & Meziani, F. (2020). Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(23), 2268–2270. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2008597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinz, A., Fleischer, M., Brähler, E., Wirtz, H., & Bosse-Henck, A. (2011). Fatigue in patients with sarcoidosis, compared with the general population. General Hospital Psychiatry, 33(5), 462–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honarmand, K., Lalli, R. S., Priestap, F., Chen, J. L., McIntyre, C. W., Owen, A. M., & Slessarev, M. (2020). Natural history of cognitive impairment in critical illness survivors. A systematic review. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 202(2), 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201904-0816CI
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins, R. O., & Jackson, J. C. (2006). Long-term neurocognitive function after critical illness. Chest, 130(3), 869–878. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.130.3.869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaywant, A., Vanderlind, W. M., Alexopoulos, G. S., Fridman, C. B., Perlis, R. H., & Gunning, F. M. (2021). Frequency and profile of objective cognitive deficits in hospitalized patients recovering from COVID-19. Neuropsychopharmacology, 46(13), 2235–2240. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-00978-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson, J., Levi, R., Jakobsson, M., Gunnarsson, S., & Samuelsson, K. (2022). Multi-professional neurorehabilitation after COVID-19 infection should include assessment of visual function: Visual function after COVID-19 infection. Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation, 4, 100184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arrct.2022.100184
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karantzoulis, S., Novitski, J., Gold, M., & Randolph, C. (2013). The repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS): utility in detection and characterization of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28(8), 837–844. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/act057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, S., Veldhuis, A., & Malhotra, T. (2021). Neuropsychiatric and cognitive sequelae of COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.577529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, E., Kirschner, K., Bode, R., Heinemann, A., & Goodman, R. (2005). Construct and predictive validity of the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status in the evaluation of stroke patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27(1), 16–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/138033990513564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao, L., Jin, H., Wang, M., Hu, Y., Chen, S., He, Q., & Hu, B. (2020). Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurology, 77(6), 683–690. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, J. C., Murthy, S., Diaz, J., Cheng, A., Denholm, J., Hodgson, C., & Clinical, W. H. O. W. G. (2020). A minimal common outcome measure set for COVID-19 clinical research. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(8), E192–E197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30483-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazza, M. G., Palladini, M., De Lorenzo, R., Magnaghi, C., Poletti, S., Furlan, R., Ciceri, F., Rovere-Querini, P., & Benedetti, F. (2021). Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 94, 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra, V., Seyedzenouzi, G., Almohtadi, A., Chowdhury, T., Khashkhusha, A., Axiaq, A., & Harky, A. (2021). Health inequalities during COVID-19 and their effects on morbidity and mortality. Journal of Healthcare Leadership, 13, 19–26. https://doi.org/10.2147/jhl.S270175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miskowiak, K. W., Johnsen, S., Sattler, S. M., Nielsen, S., Kunalan, K., Rungby, J., Lapperre, T., & Porsberg, C. M. (2021). Cognitive impairments four months after COVID-19 hospital discharge: Pattern, severity and association with illness variables. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 46, 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.03.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, A., von Hofen-Hohloch, J., Mende, M., Saur, D., Fricke, C., Bercker, S., & Classen, J. (2020). Long-term cognitive impairment after ICU treatment: A prospective longitudinal cohort study (Cog-I-CU). Scientific Reports, 10(1), 15518. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72109-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norouzi, M., Miar, P., Norouzi, S., & Nikpour, P. (2021). Nervous system involvement in COVID-19: A review of the current knowledge. Molecular Neurobiology, 58(7), 3561–3574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-021-02347-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novitski, J., Steele, S., Karantzoulis, S., & Randolph, C. (2012). The repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status effort scale. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(2), 190–195. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acr119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygård, O. (2022). Pre-Migration status, social capital, and the educational aspirations of children of immigrants in disadvantaged Swedish schools. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 66(4), 580–593. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2021.1897878
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. (2020). What is the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on immigrants and their children? https://doi.org/10.1787/e7cbb7de-en
   Google Scholar
• Pandharipande, P. P., Girard, T. D., Jackson, J. C., Morandi, A., Thompson, J. L., Pun, B. T., Brummel, N. E., Hughes, C. G., Vasilevskis, E. E., Shintani, A. K., Moons, K. G., Geevarghese, S. K., Canonico, A., Hopkins, R. O., Bernard, G. R., Dittus, R. S., & Ely, E. W. (2013). Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(14), 1306–1316. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1301372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, R. C., & Morris, J. C. (2005). Mild cognitive impairment as a clinical entity and treatment target. Archives of Neurology, 62(7), 1160–1163. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.62.7.1160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ploughman, M., McCarthy, J., Bosse, M., Sullivan, H. J., & Corbett, D. (2008). Does treadmill exercise improve performance of cognitive or upper-extremity tasks in people with chronic stroke? A randomized cross-over trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89(11), 2041–2047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.05.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinovitz, B., Jaywant, A., & Fridman, C. B. (2020). Neuropsychological functioning in severe acute respiratory disorders caused by the coronavirus: Implications for the current COVID-19 pandemic. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 34(7–8), 1453–1479. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1803408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph. (2013). RBANS Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Nuropsychological status. Manual Svensk version. Pearson Assessment.
   Google Scholar
• Randolph, C., Tierney, M. C., Mohr, E., & Chase, T. N. (1998). The repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS): preliminary clinical validity. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20(3), 310–319. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.20.3.310.823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riordan, P., Stika, M., Goldberg, J., & Drzewiecki, M. (2020). COVID-19 and clinical neuropsychology: A review of neuropsychological literature on acute and chronic pulmonary disease. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 34(7-8), 1480–1497. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1810325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockwood, K., Song, X., MacKnight, C., Bergman, H., Hogan, D. B., McDowell, I., & Mitnitski, A. (2005). A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 173(5), 489–495. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.050051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, J. P., Chesney, E., Oliver, D., Pollak, T. A., McGuire, P., Fusar-Poli, P., Zandi, M. S., Lewis, G., & David, A. S. (2020). Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(7), 611–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, J. P., Watson, C. J., Badenoch, J., Cross, B., Butler, M., Song, J., & Rooney, A. G. (2021). Neurology and neuropsychiatry of COVID-19: A systematic review andmeta-analysis of the early literature reveals frequent CNS manifestationsand key emerging narratives. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, jnnp-2021-326405. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2021-326405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosselli, M., & Ardila, A. (2003). The impact of culture and education on non-verbal neuropsychological measurements: A critical review. Brain and Cognition, 52(3), 326–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00170-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachdev, P. S., Blacker, D., Blazer, D. G., Ganguli, M., Jeste, D. V., Paulsen, J. S., & Petersen, R. C. (2014). Classifying neurocognitive disorders: The DSM-5 approach. Nature Reviews Neurology, 10(11), 634–642. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasannejad, C., Ely, E. W., & Lahiri, S. (2019). Long-term cognitive impairment after acute respiratory distress syndrome: A review of clinical impact and pathophysiological mechanisms. Critical Care, 23(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-019-2626-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saykin, A. J., Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., Shtasel, D. L., Flannery, K. A., Mozley, L. H., Malamut, B. L., Watson, B., & Mozley, P. D. (1995). Normative neuropsychological test performance: Effects of age, education, gender and ethnicity. Applied Neuropsychology, 2(2), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324826an0202_5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SCB. (2020). Befolkningsstatistik, Statistiska Central Byrån. http://www.scb.se/be0101. http://www.scb.se/be0101
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, I. W., Berg, I. J., & Deelman, B. G. (2001). Relations between subjective evaluations of memory and objective memory performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93(3), 761–776. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2001.93.3.761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schou, T. M., Joca, S., Wegener, G., & Bay-Richter, C. (2021). Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 – A systematic review. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 97, 328–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng, B., Wing Cheng, S. K., Lau, K. K., Li, H. L., & Yiu Chan, E. L. (2005). The effects of disease severity, use of corticosteroids and social factors on neuropsychiatric complaints in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) patients at acute and convalescent phases. European Psychiatry, 20(3), 236–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.06.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg, N. D., Wertheimer, J. C., & Fichtenberg, N. L. (2007). An effort index for the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21(5), 841–854. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040600850958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srisurapanont, M., Suttajit, S., Eurviriyanukul, K., & Varnado, P. (2017). Discrepancy between objective and subjective cognition in adults with major depressive disorder. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 3901. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04353-w
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Svendsen, A. M., Kessing, L. V., Munkholm, K., Vinberg, M., & Miskowiak, K. W. (2012). Is there an association between subjective and objective measures of cognitive function in patients with affective disorders? Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 66(4), 248–253. https://doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2011.626870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taquet, M., Geddes, J. R., Husain, M., Luciano, S., & Harrison, P. J. (2021). 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(5), 416–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00084-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varatharaj, A., Thomas, N., Ellul, M. A., Davies, N. W. S., Pollak, T. A., Tenorio, E. L., & CoroNerve Study, G. (2020). Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: A UK-wide surveillance study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(10), 875-882. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30287-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahlgren, C., Divanoglou, A., Larsson, M., Nilsson, E., Östholm Balkhed, Å, Niward, K., & Levi, R. (2022). Rehabilitation needs following COVID-19: Five-month post-discharge clinical follow-up of individuals with concerning self-reported symptoms. EClinicalMedicine, 43, 101219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101219
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whiteside, D. M., Oleynick, V., Holker, E., Waldron, E. J., Porter, J., & Kasprzak, M. (2021). Neurocognitive deficits in severe COVID-19 infection: Case series and proposed model. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 35(4), 799–818. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1874056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, M. E., Barwise, A., Heise, K. J., Loftsgard, T. O., Dziadzko, M., Cheville, A., & Biehl, M. (2018). Long-Term return to functional baseline after mechanical ventilation in the ICU. Critical Care Medicine, 46(4), 562–569. https://doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000002927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarnall, A. J., Rochester, L., & Burn, D. J. (2013). Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Age and Ageing, 42(5), 567–576. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/aft085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, H., Lu, S., Chen, J., Wei, N., Wang, D., Lyu, H., & Hu, S. (2020). The landscape of cognitive function in recovered COVID-19 patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 129, 98–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar