Cancer hospitalizations in rural–urban areas in relation to carcinogenic discharges from Toxics Release Inventory facilities

References

• Agarwal , N , Banternghansa , C and Bui , LTM . 2010 . Toxic exposure in America: estimating fetal and infant health outcomes from 14 years of TRI reporting . J Health Econ , 29 ( 4 ) : 557 – 574 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , PJ and Hoel , DG . 2007 . Meta-analysis of standardized incidence and mortality rates of childhood leukaemia in proximity to nuclear facilities . Eur J Cancer Care , 16 ( 4 ) : 355 – 363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Band , PR , Le , ND , MacArthur , AC , Fang , R and Gallagher , RP . 2005 . Identification of occupational cancer risks in British Columbia: a population-based case–control study of 1129 cases of bladder cancer . J Occup Environ Med , 47 ( 8 ) : 854 – 858 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beeson , WL , Abbey , DE and Knutsen , SF . 1998 . Long-term concentrations of ambient air pollutants and incident lung cancer in California adults: results from the AHSMOG study. Adventist Health Study on Smog . Environ Health Perspect , 106 ( 12 ) : 813 – 822 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeglin , ML , Wessels , D and Henshel , D . 2006 . An investigation of the relationship between air emissions of volatile organic compounds and the incidence of cancer in Indiana counties . Environ Res , 100 ( 2 ) : 242 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boffetta , P . 2006 . Human cancer from environmental pollutants: the epidemiological evidence . Mutat Res , 608 ( 2 ) : 157 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruske-Hohlfeld , I . 2009 . Environmental and occupational risk factors for lung cancer . Methods Mol Biol , 472 : 3 – 23 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chakraborty , J . 2004 . The geographic distribution of potential risks posed by industrial toxic emissions in the US . J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng , 39 ( 3 ) : 559 – 575 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu , HF , Cheng , MH , Tsai , SS , Wu , TN , Kuo , HW and Yang , CY . 2006 . Outdoor air pollution and female lung cancer in Taiwan . Inhal Toxicol , 18 ( 13 ) : 1025 – 1031 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapp , RW , Howe , GK and Jacobs , MM . 2007 . Environmental and occupational causes of cancer: a call to act on what we know . Biomed Pharmacother , 61 ( 10 ) : 631 – 639 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapp , RW , Jacobs , MM and Loechler , EL . 2008 . Environmental and occupational causes of cancer: new evidence 2005–2007 . Rev Environ Health , 23 ( 1 ) : 1 – 37 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daniels , G and Friedman , S . 1999 . Spatial inequality and the distribution of industrial toxic releases: evidence from the 1990 TRI . Soc Sci Q , 80 ( 2 ) : 244 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Roos , AJ , Ray , RM , Gao , DL , Wernli , KJ , Fitzgibbons , ED and Ziding , F . 2005 . Colorectal cancer incidence among female textile workers in Shanghai, China: a case-cohort analysis of occupational exposures . Cancer Causes Control , 16 ( 10 ) : 1177 – 1188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockery , DW , Pope , CA , Xu , XP , Spengler , JD , Ware , JH and Fay , ME . 1993 . An Association between Air-Pollution and Mortality in 6 United-States Cities . N Engl J Med , 329 ( 24 ) : 1753 – 1759 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufault , B and Klar , N . 2011 . The quality of modern cross-sectional ecologic studies: a bibliometric review . Am J Epidemiol , 174 : 1101 – 1107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , R , Pless-Mulloli , T , Howel , D , Chadwick , T , Bhopal , R and Harrison , R . 2006 . Does living near heavy industry cause lung cancer in women? A case–control study using life grid interviews . Thorax , 61 ( 12 ) : 1076 – 1082 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPA . 2011 . US Environmental Protection Agency; [cited 2011 Jun 14] Available from:http://www.epa.gov/tri/tridata/current_data/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Fang , R , Le , N and Band , P . 2011 . Identification of occupational cancer risks in British Columbia, Canada: a population-based case–control study of 1,155 cases of colon cancer . Int J Environ Res Pub Health , 8 ( 10 ) : 3821 – 3843 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graff , JJ , Sathiakumar , N , Macaluso , M , Maldonado , G , Matthews , R and Delzell , E . 2005 . Chemical exposures in the synthetic rubber industry and lymphohematopoietic cancer mortality . J Occup Environ Med , 47 ( 9 ) : 916 – 932 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HCUP . 2009 . Health Care Utilization Project; [cited 2011 Jun 12] Available from:http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/state/siddbdocumentation.jsp
   Google Scholar
• Henn , BC , Schnaas , L , Ettinger , AS , Schwartz , J , Lamadrid-Figueroa , H , Hernandez-Avila , M , Amarasiriwardena , C , Hu , H , Bellinger , DC Wright , RO . 2012 . Associations of early childhood manganese and lead coexposure with neurodevelopment . Environ Health Perspect , 120 : 126 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC . 2004 . Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to human , Lyon , , France : International Agency for Research on Cancer .
   Google Scholar
• Idrovo , AJ . 2011 . Three criteria for ecological fallacy . Environ Health Perspect , 119 : A332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellen , E , Zeegers , MP , Den Hond , E and Buntinx , F . 2007 . Blood cadmium may be associated with bladder carcinogenesis: the Belgian case–control study on bladder cancer . Cancer Detec Prev , 31 ( 1 ) : 77 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy , C , Bajdik , CD , Willemze , R and Bavinck , JNB . 2005 . Chemical exposures other than arsenic are probably not important risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma of the skin . Br J Dermatol , 152 ( 1 ) : 194 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koehler , DA and Spengler , JD . 2007 . The Toxic Release Inventory: fact or fiction? A case study of the primary aluminum industry . J Environ Manage , 85 ( 2 ) : 296 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law . 1986 Oct 17 . Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know law Public Law 99–499 Title III, Section 313, 100 Stat. 1741,42 U.S.C., Section 11023
   Google Scholar
• Lope , V , Perez-Gomez , B , Aragones , N , Lopez-Abente , G , Gustavsson , P and Floderus , B . 2006 . Occupational exposure to ionizing radiation and electromagnetic fields in relation to the risk of thyroid cancer in Sweden . Scand J Work Environ Health , 32 ( 4 ) : 276 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo , J and Hendryx , M . 2011 . Environmental carcinogen releases and lung cancer mortality in rural–urban areas of the United States . J Rural Health , 27 ( 4 ) : 342 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo , J , Hendryx , M and Ducatman , A . 2011 . Association between six environmental chemicals and lung cancer incidence in the United States . J Environ Public Health , 2011 : 463701
   Google Scholar
• Malloy , EJ , Miller , KL and Eisen , EA . 2007 . Rectal cancer and exposure to metalworking fluids in the automobile manufacturing industry . Occup Environ Med , 64 ( 4 ) : 244 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North Carolina Zip Codes . 2011 . [cited 2011, Jan 10] Available from:http://www.brainy zip.com/state/zip_northcarolina.html
   Google Scholar
• Nyberg , F , Gustavsson , P , Jarup , L , Bellander , T , Berglind , N and Jakobsson , R . 2000 . Urban air pollution and lung cancer in Stockholm . Epidemiology , 11 ( 5 ) : 487 – 495 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlin , SA , Wong , D and Sexton , K . 2001 . Residential proximity to industrial sources of air pollution: interrelationships among race, poverty, and age . J Air Waste Manage Assoc , 51 ( 3 ) : 406 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope , CA , Burnett , RT , Thun , MJ , Calle , EE , Krewski , D and Ito , K . 2002 . Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution . JAMA , 287 ( 9 ) : 1132 – 1141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raaschou-Nielsen , O , Andersen , ZJ , Hvidberg , M , Jensen , SS , Ketzel , M , Sorensen , M , Loft , S , Overvad , K and Tjonneland , A . 2011 . Lung cancer incidence and long-term exposure to air pollution from traffic . Environ Health Perspect , 119 : 860 – 865 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read , D , Wright , C , Weinstein , P and Borman , B . 2007 . Cancer incidence and mortality in a New Zealand community potentially exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin from 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid manufacture . Aust N Z J Public Health , 31 ( 1 ) : 13 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , DB . 2009 . Exposure to ionizing radiation in adulthood and thyroid cancer incidence . Epidemiology , 20 ( 2 ) : 181 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruder , AM , Hein , MJ , Nilsen , N , Waters , MA , Laber , P Davis-King , K . 2006 . Mortality among workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in an electrical capacitor manufacturing plant in Indiana: an update . Environ Health Perspect , 114 ( 1 ) : 18 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salnikow , K and Zhitkovich , A . 2008 . Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in metal carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis: nickel, arsenic and chromium . Chem Res Toxicol , 21 : 28 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savitz , DA . 2012 . A niche for ecologic studies in environmental epidemiology . Epidemiology , 23 ( 1 ) : 53 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , AH , Ercumen , A , Yuan , Y and Steinmaus , CM . 2009 . Increased lung cancer risks are similar whether arsenic is ingested or inhaled . J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol , 19 ( 4 ) : 343 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez , L , Brender , JD , Langlois , PH , Zhan , FB and Moody , K . 2007 . Maternal exposures to hazardous waste sites and industrial facilities and risk of neural tube defects in offspring . Ann Epidemiol , 17 ( 10 ) : 772 – 777 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung , T , Chen , P , Lee , LJ , Lin , Y , Hsieh , G and Wang , J . 2007 . Increased standardized incidence ratio of breast cancer in female electronics workers . BMC Pub Health , 7 : 102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong , S . 2000 . Migration bias in ecologic studies . Eur J Epidemiol , 16 : 365 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinceti , M , Bassissi , S , Malagoli , C , Pellacani , G , Alber , D and Margherita , BA . 2005 . Environmental exposure to trace elements and risk of cutaneous melanoma . J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol , 15 ( 5 ) : 458 – 462 .
   Google Scholar
• Vineis , P , Hoek , G , Krzyzanowski , M , Vigna-Taglianti , F , Veglia , F and Airoldi , L . 2006 . Air pollution and risk of lung cancer in a prospective study in Europe . Int J Cancer , 119 ( 1 ) : 169 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vineis , P , Hoek , G , Krzyzanowski , M , Vigna-Taglianti , F , Veglia , F and Airoldi , L . 2007 . Lung cancers attributable to environmental tobacco smoke and air pollution in non-smokers in different European countries: a prospective study . Environ Health , 6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO . First International Conference on Environmental and Occupational Determinants of Cancer: Interventions for Primary Prevention . Final Meeting Report . Spain : World Health Organization; [cited 2012 Jan 10] . Available from:http://www. who.int/phe/news/events/international_conference/meeting_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Zhao , Y , Krishnadasan , A , Kennedy , N , Morgenstern , H and Ritz , B . 2005 . Estimated effects of solvents and mineral oils on cancer incidence and mortality in a cohort of aerospace workers . Am J Ind Med , 48 ( 4 ) : 249 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar