Water quality indicators: bacteria, coliphages, enteric viruses

References

• Abe K, Inami T, Asano K, Miyoshi C, Masaki N, Hayashi S, Ishikawa KI, Takebe Y, Win KM, El-Zayadi AR, et al. 1999. TT virus infection is widespread in the general populations from different geographic regions. J Clin Microbiol. 37 : 2703–2705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albinana-Gimenez N, Clemente-Casares P, Bofill-Mas S, Hundesa A, Ribas F, Girones R. 2006. Distribution of human polyomaviruses, adenoviruses, and hepatitis E virus in the environment and in a drinking-water treatment plant. Environ Sci Technol. 40 : 7416–7422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albinana-Gimenez N, Miagostovich MP, Calgua B, Huguet JM, Matia L, Girones R. 2009. Analysis of adenoviruses and polyomaviruses quantified by qPCR as indicators of water quality in source and drinking-water treatment plants. Water Res. 43 : 2011–2019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso JL, Soriano A, Carbajo O, Amoros I, Garelick H. 1999. Comparison and recovery of Escherichia coli and thermotolerant coliforms in water with a chromogenic medium incubated at 41 and 44.5 °C. Appl Environ Microbiol. 65 : 3746–3749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [APHA] American Public Health Association. 1998. Standard method for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington, DC: APHA, AWWA.
   Google Scholar
• Archibald F. 2000. The presence of coliform bacteria in Canadian pulp and paper mill water systems – a cause for concern? Water Qual Res J Can. 35 : 1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashbolt NJ, Grabow WO, Snozzi M. 2001. Indicators of microbial water quality. In: Fewtrell L, Bartram J, eds. Water quality – guidelines, standards and health: assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Baert L, Wobus CE, van Coillie E, Thackray LB, Debevere J, Uyttendaele M. 2008. Detection of murine norovirus by using plaque assay, transfection assay, and real-time reverse transcription-PCR before and after heat exposure. Appl Environ Microbiol. 74 : 543–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggi F, Demarta A, Peduzzi R. 2001. Persistence of viral pathogens and bacteriophages during sewage treatment: lack of correlation with indicator bacteria. Res Microbiol. 152 : 743–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggi F, Peduzzi R. 2000. Genotyping of rotaviruses in environmental water and stool samples in southern Switzerland by nucleotide sequence analysis of 189 base pairs at the 5′end of the VP7 gene. J Clin Microbiol. 38 : 3681–3685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baudizsova D. 1997. Evaluation of Escherichia coli as the main indicator of faecal pollution. Water Sci Technol. 35 : 333–336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendinelli M, Pistello M, Maggi F, Fornai C, Freer G, Vatteroni L. 2001. Molecular properties, biology, and clinical implications of TT virus, a recently identified widespread infectious agent of humans. Clin Microbiol Rev. 14 : 98–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya R, Sahoo GC, Nayak MK, Rajendran K, Dutta P, Mitra U, Bhattacharya MK, Naik TN, Bhattacharya SK, Krishnan T. 2007. Detection of genogroup I and II human Picobirnaviruses showing small genomic RNA profile causing acute watery diarrhoea among children in Kolkata, India, Infect. Genet Evol. 7 : 229–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biagini P, Gallian P, Attoui H, Cantaloube JF, Touinssi M, de Micco P, de Lamballerie X. 2001. Comparison of systems performance for TT virus detection using PCR primer sets located in non-coding and coding regions of the viral genome. J Clin Virol. 22 : 91–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bibby K, Viau E, Peccia J. 2011. Viral metagenome analysis to guide human pathogen monitoring in environmental samples. Lett Appl Microbiol. 52 : 386–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birge EA. 1981. Bacterial and bacteriophage genetics. New York, NY: Springer Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Bitton G. 2005. Wastewater microbiology. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Blanch AR, Belanche-Munoz L, Bonjoch X, Ebdon J, Gantzer C, Lucena F, Ottoson J, Kourtis C, Iversen A, Kuhn I, et al. 2004. Tracking the origin of faecal pollution in surface water: an ongoing project within the European union research programme. J Water Health. 2 : 249–260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blanch AR, Belanche-Munoz L, Bonjoch X, Ebdon J, Gantzer C, Lucena F, Ottoson J, Kourtis C, Iversen A, Kuhn I, et al. 2006. Integrated analysis of established and novel microbial and chemical methods for microbial source tracking. Appl Environ Microbiol. 72 : 5915–5926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bofill-Mas S, Albinana-Gimenez N, Clemente-Casares P, Hundesa A, Rodriguez-Manzano J, Allard A. 2006. Quantification and stability of human adenoviruses and polyomavirus JCPyV in wastewater matrices. Appl Environ Microbiol. 72 : 7894–7896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bofill-Mas S, Formiga-Cruz M, Clemente-Casares P, Calafell F, Girones R. 2001. Potential transmission of human polyomaviruses through the gastrointestinal tract after exposure to virions or viral DNA. Virol J. 75 : 10290–10299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bofill-Mas S, Pina S, Girones R. 2000. Documenting the epidemiologic patterns of Polyomaviruses in human populations by studying their presence in urban sewage. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66 : 238–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollback JP, Huelsenbeck JP. 2001. Phylogeny, genome evolution, and host specificity of single-stranded RNA bacteriophage (family Leviviridae). J Mol Evol. 52 : 117–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrego JJ, Córnax R, Moriñigo MA, Martínez-Manzanares E, Romero P. 1990. Coliphages as an indicator of fecal pollution in water. Their survival and productive infectivity in natural aquatic environments. Water Res. 24 : 111–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosch A, Guix S, Sano D, Pinto RM. 2008. New tools for the study and direct surveillance of viral pathogens in water. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 19 : 295–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosch A, Sánchez G, Abbaszadegan M, Carducci A, Guix S, Le Guyader FS, Netshikweta R, Pintó RM, van der Poel WHM, Rutjes S, et al. 2011. Analytical methods for virus detection in water and food. Food Anal Methods. 4 : 4–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner DJ, David BR, Steigerwalt AG. 1982. Atypical biogroups of Escherichia coli found in clinical specimens and description of Escherichia hermanii sp. nov. J Clin Microbiol. 15 : 703–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownell MJ, Harwood VJ, Kurz RC, McQuaig SM, Lukasik J, Scott TM. 2007. Confirmation of putative stormwater impact on water quality at a Florida beach by microbial source tracking methods and structure of indicator organism populations. Water Res. 41 : 3747–3757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burge WD, Colacicco D, Cramer WN. 1981. Criteria for achieving pathogen destruction during composting. J Water Pollut Control Fed. 53 : 1683–1690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butot S, Putallaz T, Amoroso R, Sanchez G. 2009. Inactivation of enteric viruses in minimally processed berries and herbs. Appl Environ Microbiol. 75 : 4155–4161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camper AK, McFeters GA, Characklis WG, Jones WL. 1991. Growth kinetics of coliform bacteria under conditions relevant to drinking-water distribution systems. Appl Environ Microbiol. 57 : 2233–2239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantalupo PG, Calgua B, Zhao G, Hundesa A, Wier AD, Katz JP, Grabe M, Hendrix RW, Girones R, Wang D, et al. 2011. Raw sewage harbors diverse viral populations. MBIO 2:e00180–e00111. doi:10.1128/mBio.00180-11.
   Google Scholar
• Carducci A, Battistini R, Rovini E, Verani M. 2009. Viral removal by wastewater treatment: monitoring of indicators and pathogens. Food Environ Virol. 1 : 85–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter MJ. 2005. Enterically infecting viruses: pathogenicity, transmission and significance for food and waterborne infection. J Appl Microbiol. 98 : 1354–1380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. 1988. MMWR: epidemiologic notes and reports viral gastroenteritis. South Dakota and New Mexico. 37 : 69–71.
   Google Scholar
• Chapron CD, Ballester NA, Fontaine JH, Frades CN, Margolin AB. 2000. Detection of Astroviruses, Enteroviruses, and Adenovirus types 40 and 41 in surface water collected and evaluated by the information collection rule and an integrated cell culture-nested PCR procedure. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66 : 2520–2525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho HB, Lee SH, Cho JC, Kim SJ. 2000. Detection of adenoviruses and enteroviruses in tap water and river water by reverse transcription multiplex PCR. Can J Microbiol. 46 : 417–424.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chow CM, Leung AKC, Hon KL. 2010. Acute gastroenteritis: from guidelines to real life. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 3 : 97–112.
   Google Scholar
• Cimenti M, Hubberstey A, Bewtra JK, Biswas N. 2007. Alternative methods in tracking sources of microbial contamination in waters. Water SA. 33 : 183–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole D, Long SC, Sobsey MD. 2003. Evaluation of F+ RNA and DNA coliphages as source-specific indicators of fecal contamination in surface waters. Appl Environ Microbiol. 69 : 6507–6514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colford JM Jr, Roy S, Beach MJ, Hightower A, Shaw SE, Wade TJ. 2006. A review of household drinking water intervention trials and an approach to the estimation of endemic waterborne gastroenteritis in the United States. J Water Health. 4 (Suppl: 2): 71–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colson P, Richet H, Desnues C, Balique F, Moal V, Grob J, Berbis P, Lecoq H, Harlé J, Berland Y, Raoult D. 2010. Pepper mild mottle virus, a plant virus associated with specific immune responses, fever, abdominal pains, and pruritus in humans. PLoS ONE. 5 : e10041 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010041.
   Google Scholar
• Contreras-Coll N, Lucena F, Mooijman K, Havelaar A, Pierz V, Boque M, Gawler A, Holler C, Lambiri M, Mirolo G, et al. 2002. Occurrence and levels of indicator bacteriophages in bathing waters throughout Europe. Water Res. 36 : 4963–4974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Paula VS, Diniz-Mendes L, Villar LM, Luz SL, Silva LA, Jesus MS, da Silva NM, Gaspar AM. 2007. Hepatitis A virus in environmental water samples from the Amazon basin. Water Res. 41 : 1169–1176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [DWAF] Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. 1996a. South African water quality guidelines – recreational use. 2nd ed. Pretoria, SA: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.
   Google Scholar
• [DWAF] Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. 1996b. South African water quality guidelines – domestic uses. 2nd ed. Pretoria, SA: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.
   Google Scholar
• [DWAF] Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. 2004a. National water resource strategy (NWRS). 1st ed. Pretoria, SA: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.
   Google Scholar
• [DWAF] Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. 2004b. Water quality management series sub-series no. MS 13.3. Operational policy for the disposal of land-derived water containing waste to the marine environment of South Africa – guidance on implementation. 1st ed. Pretoria, SA: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.
   Google Scholar
• Desai SM, Muerhoff AS, Leary TP, Erker JC, Simons JN, Chalmers ML, Birkenmeyer LG, Pilot-Matias TJ, Mushahwar IK. 1999. Prevalence of TT virus infection in US blood donors and populations at risk for acquiring parenterally transmitted viruses. J Infect Dis. 179 : 1242–1244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai M, Pal R, Deshmukh R, Banker D. 2005. Replication of TT virus in hepatocyte and leucocyte cell lines. J Med Virol. 77 : 136–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diniz-Mendes L, de Paula VS, Luz SLB, Niel C. 2008. High prevalence of human Torque teno virus in streams crossing the city of Manaus, Brazilian Amazon. J Appl Microbiol. 105 : 51–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dongdem JT, Soyiri I, Ocloo A. 2009. Public health significance of viral contamination of drinking water. Afr J Microbiol. 3 : 856–861.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dryden SK, Ramaswami B, Yuan Z, Giammar DE, Angenent LT. 2006. A rapid reverse transcription-PCR assay for F+ RNA coliphages to trace fecal pollution in Table Rock Lake on the Arkansas-Missouri border. Water Res. 40 : 3719–3724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edberg SC, Rice EW, Karlin RJ, Allen MJ. 2000. Escherichia coli: the best biological drinking water indicator for public health protection. J Appl Microbiol. 105 (Suppl: 88): 106S–116S.
   Google Scholar
• Espinosa AC, Arias CF, Sánchez-Colón S, Mazari-Hiriart M. 2009. Comparative study of enteric viruses, coliphages and indicator bacteria for evaluating water quality in a tropical high-altitude system. Environ Health. 8 : 49 doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-8-49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinosa AC, Mazari-Hiriart M, Espinosa R, Maruri Avidal L, Méndez E, Arias FC. 2008. Infectivity and genome persistence of rotavirus and astrovirus in groundwater and surface water. Water Res. 42 : 2618–2628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fannin KF, Gannon JJ, Cochran KW, Spendlove JC. 1977. Field studies on coliphages and coliforms as indicators of airborne animal viral contamination from wastewater-treatment facilities. Water Res. 11 : 181–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA. 2005. Virus taxonomy. 8th report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Feacham RG, Bradley DJ, Gavelick H, Mara DD. 1983. Sanitation and disease: health aspects of excreta and wastewater management. Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Fewtrell L, Bartram J. 2001. Water quality: guidelines, standards and health, assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease. World health organization water series. London: IWA p. 424.
   Google Scholar
• Finkbeiner SR, Allred AF, Tarr PI, Klein EJ, Kirkwood CD, Wang D. 2008. Metagenomic analysis of human diarrhea: viral detection and discovery. PLoS Pathol. 4 : e1000011 doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flomenberg P. 2005. Adenovirus infections. Medicine. 33 : 128–130.
   Google Scholar
• Fong TT, Lipp EK. 2005. Enteric viruses of humans and animals in aquatic environments: health risks, detection, and potential water quality assessment tools. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 69 : 357–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong TT, Phanikumar MS, Xagorraki I, Rose JB. 2010. Quantitative detection of human adenoviruses in wastewater and combined sewer overflows influencing a Michigan river. Appl Environ Microbiol. 76 : 715–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Formiga-Cruz M, Hundesa A, Clemente-Casares P, Albinana-Gimenez N, Allard A, Girones R. 2005. Nested multiplex PCR assay for detection of human enteric viruses in shellfish and sewage. J Virol Methods. 125 : 111–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallimore CI, Appleton H, Lewis D, Green J, Brown DW. 1995a. Detection and characterisation of bi-segmented double-stranded RNA viruses (Picobirnaviruses) in human faecal specimens. J Med Virol. 45 : 135–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallimore CI, Green J, Casemore DP, Brown DW. 1995b. Detection of a Picobirnavirus associated with cryptosporidium positive stools from humans. Arch Virol. 140 : 1275–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganesh B, Banyai K, Masachessi G, Mladenova Z, Nagashima S, Ghosh S, Nataraju SM, Pativada M, Kumar R, Kobayashi N. 2011. Genogroup I picobirnavirus in diarrhoeic foals: can the horse serve as a natural reservoir for human infection? Vet Res. 42 : 52. doi:10.1186/1297-9716-42-52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gantzer C, Maul A, Audic JM, Schwartzbrod L. 1998. Detection of infectious enteroviruses, enterovirus genomes, somatic coliphages, and Bacteroides fragilis phages in treated wastewater. Appl Environ Microbiol. 64 : 4307–4312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauthier F, Archibald F. 2001. The ecology of faecal indicator bacteria commonly found in pulp and paper mill water systems. Water Res. 35 : 2207–2218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geldreich EE. 1997. The bacteriology of water. In: Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M, eds. Topley and Wilson’s microbiology and microbial infections. 9th ed. London: Arnold.
   Google Scholar
• Gerba C. 1987. Phage as indicators of fecal pollution. In: Goyal SM, Gerba CP, Bitton G, eds. Phage ecology. New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience, 197–209.
   Google Scholar
• Gerba CP, Rose JB. 1990. Viruses in source and drinking water. In: McFeters GA, ed. Drinking-water microbiology: progress and recent developments. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 380–396.
   Google Scholar
• Girones R. 2005. Nested multiplex PCR assay for detection of human enteric viruses in shellfish and sewage. J Virol Methods. 125 : 111–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordano MO, Martinez LC, Masachessi G, Barril PA, Ferreyra LJ, Isa MB, Valle MC, Massari PU, Nates SV. 2011. Evidence of closely related Picobirnavirus strains circulating in humans and pigs in Argentina. J Infect. 62 : 45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleeson C, Gray N. 1997. The coliform index and waterborne disease. London: E & FN Spon p. 194.
   Google Scholar
• Gofti L, Zmirou D, Seigle MF, Hartemann P, Potelon JL. 1999. Water-borne microbiological risk assessment: a state of the art and perspectives. Epidemiol Rev. 47 : 61–73.
   Google Scholar
• Grabow WOK. 2001. Bacteriophages: update on application as models for viruses in water. Water SA. 27 : 251–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabow WOK, Vrey A, Uys M, De Villiers JC. 1998. Evaluation of the application of bacteriophages as indicators of water quality. Report 411/1/99. Pretoria, South Africa: Water Research Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Griffin DW, Donaldson KA, Paul JH, Rose JB. 2003. Pathogenic human viruses in coastal waters. Clin Microbiol Rev. 16 : 129–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin DW, Stokes R, Rose JB, Paul JH. 2000. Bacterial indicator occurrence and the use of an F+ specific RNA coliphage assay to identify faecal sources in Homosassa Springs, Florida. Microb Ecol. 39 : 56–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin JS, Plummer JD, Long SC. 2008. Torque teno virus: an improved indicator for viral pathogens in drinking waters. Virol J. 5 : 112 doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-5-112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths P. 1999. Time to consider the concept of a commensal virus? Rev Med Virol. 9 : 73–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamza IA, Jurzik L, Stang A, Sure K, Uberla K, Wilhelm M. 2009. Detection of human viruses in rivers of a densely-populated area in Germany using a virus adsorption elution method optimized for PCR analyses. Water Res. 43 : 2657–2668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamza IA, Jurzik L, Uberla K, Wilhelm M. 2011. Evaluation of pepper mild mottle virus, human picobirnavirus and Torque teno virus as indicators of fecal contamination in river water. Water Res. 45 : 1358–1368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haramoto E, Katayama H, Oguma K, Yamashita H, Nakajima E, Ohgaki S. 2005. One-year monthly monitoring of Torque teno virus (TTV) in wastewater treatment plants in Japan. Water Res. 39 : 2008–2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauri AM, Schimmelpfennig M, Walter-Domes M, Letz A, Diedrich S, Lopez-Pila J, Schreier E. 2005. An outbreak of viral meningitis associated with a public swimming pond. Epidemiol Infect. 133 : 291–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havelaar AH, Pot-Hogeboom WM, Furuse K, Pot R, Hormann MP. 1990. F-specific RNA bacteriophages and sensitive host strains in faeces and wastewater of human and animal origin. J Appl Bacteriol. 69 : 30–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Havelaar AH, van Olphen M, Drost YC. 1993. F-specific RNA bacteriophages are adequate model organisms for enteric viruses in freshwater. Appl Environ Microbiol. 59 : 2956–2962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herring AJ, Inglis NF, Ojeh CK, Snodgrass DR, Menzies JD. 1982. Rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infection by direct detection of viral nucleic acid in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. J Clin Microbiol. 16 : 473–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt J, Bell D, Simmons GC, Rivera-Aban M, Wolf S, Greening GE. 2007. Gastroenteritis outbreak caused by waterborne norovirus at a New Zealand ski resort. Appl Environ Microbiol. 73 : 7853–7857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hino S. 2002. TTV, a new human virus with single stranded circular DNA genome. Rev Med Virol. 12 : 151–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hot D, Legeay O, Jacques J, Gantzer C, Caudrelier Y, Guyard K, Lange M, Andreoletti L. 2003. Detection of somatic phages, infectious enteroviruses and enterovirus genomes as indicators of human enteric viral pollution in surface water. Water Res. 37 : 4703–4710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu FC, Shieh YS, van Duin J, Beekwilder MJ, Sobsey MD. 1995. Genotyping male-specific RNA coliphages by hybridization with oligonucleotide probes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 61 : 3960–3966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang SW, Chang CH, Tai TF, Chang TC. 1997. Comparison of the β-glucuronidase assay and the conventional method for identification of Escherichia coli on eosin-methylene blue agar. J Food Prot. 60 : 6–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hundesa A, Maluquer de Motes C, Bofill-Mas S, Albinana-Gimenez N, Girones R. 2006. Identification of human and animal adenoviruses and polyomaviruses for determination of sources of fecal contamination in the environment. Appl Environ Microbiol. 72 : 7886–7893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICTVdB Management. 2006. Polyomaviridae, entry 00.047. In: Buchen- Osmond C, ed. ICTVdB: the universal virus database, version 4. New York, NY: Columbia University.
   Google Scholar
• ISO. 1998. Water quality: detection and enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria. Part 3: miniaturized method (most probable number) for the detection and enumeration of E. coli in surface and wastewater. Geneva: International Organisation for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang S, Noble R, Chu W. 2001. Human adenoviruses and coliphages in urban runoff-impacted coastal waters of southern California. Appl Environ Microbiol. 67 : 179–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang SC. 2002. Adenovirus as an index of human viral contamination. US EPA Workshop on Microbial Source Tracking; 5 February; Irvine; pp. 75–78.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang SC, Chu W. 2004. PCR detection of pathogenic viruses in southern California urban rivers. J Appl Microbiol. 97 : 17–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez L, Muniz I, Toranzos GA, Hazen TC. 1989. Survival and activity of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli in tropical freshwater. J Appl Bacteriol. 67 : 61–69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johne R, Buck CB, Allander T, Atwood WJ, Garcea RL, Imperiale MJ, Major EO, Ramqvist T, Norkin LC. 2011. Taxonomical developments in the family Polyomaviridae. Arch Virol. 156 : 1627–1634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johne R, Enderlein D, Nieper H, Muller H. 2005. Novel polyomavirus detected in the faeces of a chimpanzee by nested broad-spectrum PCR. J Virol. 79 : 3883–3887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurzik L, Hamzaa IA, Puchert W, Überla K, Wilhelm M. 2010. Chemical and microbiological parameters as possible indicators for human enteric viruses in surface water. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 213 : 210–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapuscinski RB, Mitchell R. 1983. Sunlight-induced mortality of viruses and Escherichia coli in coastal seawater. Environ Sci Technol. 17 : 1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kean JM, Rao S, Wang M, Garcea RL. 2009. Seroepidemiology of human polyomaviruses. PLoS Pathog. 5 : e1000363 doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keswick BH, Gerba CP, Secor SL, Cech I. 1982. Survival of enteric viruses and indicator bacteria in ground water. J Environ Sci Health Part A Toxic/Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 17 : 903–912.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khamrin P, Okame M, Thongprachum A, Nantchit N, Nishjmura S, Okisu S, Maneekam N, Ushijima H. 2011. A single-tube multiplex PCR for rapid detection in feces of 10 viruses causing diarrhea. J Virol Methods. 173 : 390–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirs M, Smith DC. 2007. Multiplex quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR for F-specific RNA coliphages: a method for use in microbial source tracking. Appl Environ Microbiol. 73 : 808–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokkinos PA, Ziros PG, Mpalasopoulou A, Galanis A, Vantarakis A. 2011. Molecular detection of multiple viral targets in untreated urban sewage from Greece. Virol J. 8 : 195 doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-8-195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopecka H, Dubrou S, Prevot J, Marechal J, Lopez-Pila JM. 1993. Detection of naturally occurring enteroviruses in waters by reverse transcription, polymerase chain reaction, and hybridization. Appl Environ Microbiol. 59 : 1213–1219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornacki JL, Johnson JL. 2001. Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms and Escherichia coli as quality and safety indicators. In: Downs F, ed. Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of foods. Washington, DC: APHA, 69–82.
   Google Scholar
• Kott Y. 1977. Some thoughts concerning water-pollution indicators. Isr J Med Sci. 13 : 646–647.
   Google Scholar
• Kott Y, Roze N, Sperber S, Betzer N. 1974. Bacteriophages as viral pollution indicators. Water Res. 8 : 165–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamontagne B, Girard N, Boucher A, Labbé A-C. 2011. Improved detection and quantitation of human BK polyomavirus by PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 49 : 2778–2779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeChevallier MW. 1990. Coliform regrowth in drinking water: a review. Res Technol J Amer Water Works Assoc. 82 : 74–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclerc H, Mossel DA, Edberg SC, Struijk CB. 2001. Advances in the bacteriology of the coliform group: their suitability as markers of microbial water safety. Annu Rev Microbiol. 55 : 201–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang JL, Dziuban EJ, Craun GF, Hill V, Moore MR, Gelting RJ, Calderon RL, Beach MJ, Roy SL. 2006. Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC): surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with drinking water and water not intended for drinking–United States, 2003–2004. MMWR Surveillance Summary. 55 : 31–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lopez-Torres AJ, Hazen TC, Toranzos GA. 1987. Distribution and in situ survival and activity of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in tropical rain forest watershed. Curr Microbiol. 15 : 213–218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludert JE, Hidalgo M, Gil F, Liprandi F. 1991. Identification in porcine faeces of a novel virus with a bi-segmented double stranded RNA genome. Arch Virol. 117 : 97–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukasik J, Scott TM, Andryshak D, Farrah SR. 2000. Influence of salts on virus adsorption to microporous filters. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66 : 2914–2920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA, Peterson DE. 1994. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med. 331 : 161–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggi F, Fornai C, Zaccaro L, Morrica A, Vatteroni ML, Isola P, Marchi S, Ricchiuti A, Pistello M, Bendenelli M. 2001. TT virus (TTV) loads associated with different peripheral blood cell types and evidence for TTV replication in activated mononuclear cells. J Med Virol. 64 : 190–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariscal LF, Lopez-Alcorocho JM, Rodriguez-Inigo E, Ortiz-Movilla N, de Lucas S, Bartolome J, Carreno V. 2002. TT virus replicates in stimulated by not in nonstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Virol J. 301 : 121–129.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall WF, Telenti A, Proper J, Aksamit AJ, Smith TF. 1990. Rapid detection of polyomavirus BK by a shell vial cell culture assay. J Clin Microbiol. 28 : 1613–1615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattison K, Bidawid S. 2009. Analytical methods for food and environmental viruses. Food Environ Virol. 1 : 107–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maunula L, Klemola P, Kauppinen A, Soderberg K, Nguyen T, Pitkanen T, Kaijalainen S, Simonen ML, Miettinen IT, Lappalainen M, et al. 2009. Enteric viruses in a large waterborne outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in Finland. Food Environ Virol. 1 : 31–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFeters GA, Bissonnette GK, Jezeski JJ. 1974. Comparative survival of indicator bacteria and enteric pathogens in well water. J Appl Microbiol. 27 : 823–829.
   Google Scholar
• McQuaig SM, Scott TM, Harwood VJ, Farrah SR, Lukasik JO. 2006. Detection of human derived fecal pollution in environmental waters using a PCR-based human polyomavirus assay. Appl Environ Microbiol. 72 : 7567–7574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuaig SM, Scott TM, Lukasik JO, Paul JH, Harwood VJ. 2009. Quantification of human polyomaviruses JC virus and BK virus by TaqMan quantitative PCR and comparison to other water quality indicators in water and fecal samples. Appl Environ Microbiol. 75 : 3379–3388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meays CL, Broersma K, Nordin R, Mazumder A. 2004. Source tracking fecal bacteria in water: a critical review of current methods. J Environ Manage. 73 : 71–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medema GJ, Payment P, Dufour A, Robertson W, Waite M, Hunter P, Kirby R, Andersson Y. 2003. Safe drinking water: an ongoing challenge. In Assessing microbial safety of drinking water. Improving approaches and methods OCDE, WHO. Cornwall: IWA; p. 12–47.
   Google Scholar
• Meng QS, Gerba CP. 1996. Comparative inactivation of enteric adenoviruses, polioviruses and coliphages by ultraviolet irradiation. Water Res. 30 : 2665–2668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miagostovich MP, Ferreira FF, Guimaraes FR, Fumian TM, Diniz-Mendes L, Luz SL, Morens DM, Folkers GK, Fauci AS. 2004. The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Nature. 430 : 242–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miagostovich PM, Ferreira FFM, Guimaraes FR, Fumian TM, Diniz-Mendes L, Luz SLB, Silva LA, Leite JPG. 2008. Molecular detection and characterization of gastroenteritis viruses occurring naturally in stream waters of Manaus, Central Amazonia, Brazil. Appl Environ Microbiol. 74 : 375–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moce-Llivina L, Muniesa M, Pimenta-Vale H, Lucena F, Jofre J. 2003. Survival of bacterial indicator species and bacteriophages after thermal treatment of sludge and sewage. Appl Environ Microbiol. 69 : 1452–1456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morinigo MA, Wheeler D, Berry C, Jones C, Munoz MA, Cornax R, Borrego JJ. 1992. Evaluation of different bacteriophage groups as fecal indicators in contaminated natural waters in southern England. Water Res. 26 : 267–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishizawa T, Okamoto H, Konishi K, Yoshizawa H, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M. 1997. A novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with elevated transaminase levels in posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 241 : 92–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishizawa T, Okamoto H, Tsuda F, Aikawa T, Sugai Y, Konishi K, Akahane Y, Ukita M, Tanaka T, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M. 1999. Quasispecies of TT virus (TTV) with sequence divergence in hypervariable regions of the capsid protein in chronic TTV infection. Virol J. 73 : 9604–9608.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connell KP, Bucher JR, Anderson PE, Cao CJ, Khan AS, Gostomski MV, Valdes JJ. 2006. Real-time fluorogenic reverse transcription-PCR assays for detection of bacteriophage MS2. Appl Environ Microbiol. 72 : 478–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogorzaly L, Gantzer C. 2006. Development of real-time RT-PCR methods for specific detection of F-specific RNA bacteriophage genogroups: application to urban raw wastewater. J Virol Methods. 138 : 131–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogorzaly L, Tissier A, Bertrand I, Maul A, Gantzer C. 2009. Relationship between F-specific RNA phage genogroups, faecal pollution indicators and human adenoviruses in river water. Water Res. 43 : 1257–1264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okoh AI, Sibanda T, Gusha SS. 2010. Inadequately treated wastewater as a source of human enteric viruses in the environment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 7 : 2620–2637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto H, Nishizawa T, Kato N, Ukita M, Ikeda H, Iizuka H, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M. 1998. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. Hepatol Res. 10 : 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivieri A, Eisenberg D, Soller J, Eisenberg J, Cooper R, Tchobanoglous G, Trussell R, Gagliardo P. 1999. Estimation of pathogen removal in an advanced water treatment facility using Monte Carlo simulation. Water Sci Technol. 40 : 223–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ootsubo M, Shimizu T, Tanaka R, Sawabe T, Tajima K, Ezura Y. 2003. Seven-hour fluorescence in situ hybridization technique for enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae in food and environmental water sample. J Appl Microbiol. 95 : 1182–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osawa S, Furuse K, Watanabe I. 1981. Distribution of ribonucleic acid coliphages in animals. Appl Environ Microbiol. 41 : 164–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottson J, Stenstrom TA. 2003. Faecal contamination of greywater and assosciated microbial risks. Water Res. 37 : 645–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payment P, Berte A, Prevost M, Menard B, Barbeau B. 2000. Occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms in the Saint Lawrence River (Canada) and comparison of health risks for populations using it as their source of drinking water. Can J Microbiol. 46 : 565–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payment P, Siemiatycki J, Richardson L, Renaud G, Franco E, Prévost M. 1997. A prospective epidemiological study of gastrointestinal health effects due to the consumption of drinking water. Int J Environ Health Res. 7 : 5–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrinca AR, Donia D, Pierangeli A, Gabrieli R, Degener AM, Bonanni E, Diaco L, Cecchini G, Anastasi P, Divizia M. 2009. Presence and environmental circulation of enteric viruses in three different wastewater treatment plants. J Appl Microbiol. 106 : 1608–1617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham NT, Khamrin P, Nguyen TA, Kanti DS, Phan TG, Okitsu S, Ushijima H. 2007. Isolation and molecular characterization of Aichi viruses from fecal specimens collected in Japan, Bangladesh Thailand, and Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol. 45 : 2287–2288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham NT, Trinh QD, Chan-It W, Khamrin P, Shimizu H, Okitsu S, Mizuguchi M, Ushijima H. 2010. A novel RT-multiplex PCR for detection of Aichi virus, human parechovirus, enteroviruses, and human bocavirus among infants and children with acute gastroenteritis. J Virol Methods. 169 : 193–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piirainen L, Hovi T, Roivainen M. 1998. Variability in the integrity of human viruses exposed to various simulated in vivo environments. Microb Pathol. 25 : 131–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pina S, Puig M, Lucena F, Jofre J, Girones R. 1998. Viral pollution in the environment and in shellfish: human adenovirus detection by PCR as an index of human viruses. Appl Environ Microbiol. 64 : 3376–3382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polo C, Perez JL, Mielnichuck A, Fedele CG, Niubo J, Tenorio A. 2004. Prevalence and patterns of polyomavirus urinary excretion in immunocompetent adults and children. J Clin Microbiol Infect. 10 : 640–644.
   Google Scholar
• Protano C, Vitali M, Raitano A, Sancin A, Agolini G. 2008. Is there still space for the implementation of antisepsis and disinfection to prevent rotavirus and norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks? J Prev Med Hyg. 49 : 55–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puig M, Jofre J, Lucena F, Allard A, Wadell G, Girones R. 1994. Detection of adenoviruses and enteroviruses in polluted waters by nested PCR amplification. Appl Environ Microbiol. 60 : 2963–2970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pusch D, Oh DY, Wolf S, Dumke R, Schröter-Bobsin U, Höhne M, Röske I, Schreier E. 2005. Detection of enteric viruses and bacterial indicators in German environmental waters. Arch Virol. 150 : 929–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raoult D. 2009. Recent and future developments in the epidemiology of the infectious diseases. Eur J Epidemiol. 24 : 393–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raoult D, Forterre P. 2008. Redefining viruses: lessons from Mimivirus. Nat Rev Microbiol. 6 : 315–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter G, Boldizsár Á, Papp G, Pankovics P. 2009. Detection of Aichi virus shedding in a child with enteric and extraintestinal symptoms in Hungary. Arch Virol. 154 : 1529–1532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigotto C, Victoria M, Moresco V, Kolesnikovas CK, Correa AA, Souza DSM, Miagostovich MP, Simoes CMO, Barardi CRM. 2010. Assessment of adenovirus, hepatitis A virus and rotavirus presence in environmental samples in Florianopolis, South Brazil. J Appl Microbiol. 109 : 1979–1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez RA, Pepper IL, Gerba CP. 2009. Application of PCR-based methods to assess the infectivity of enteric viruses in environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol. 75 : 297–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosario K, Nilsson C, Lim YW, Ruan Y, Breitbart M. 2009. Metagenomic analysis of viruses in reclaimed water. Environ Microbiol. 11 : 2806–2820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen BI, Fang ZY, Glass RI, Monroe SS. 2000. Cloning of human picobirnavirus genomic segments and development of and RT-PCR detection assay. Virology. 277 : 316–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Said MA, Perl TM, Sears CL. 2008. Healthcare epidemiology: gastrointestinal flu: norovirus in health care and long-term care facilities. Clin Infect Dis. 47 : 1202–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salyers A, Whitt D. 2002. Bacterial pathogenesis: a molecular approach. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schleifer KH, Kilpper-Balz R. 1984. Transfer of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium to the genus Enterococcus nom. rev. as Enterococcus faecalis comb. nov. and Enterococcus faecium comb. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 34 : 31–34.
   Google Scholar
• Schroedera JA, Krämerb BK, Hofstaedter F. 2003. Non-invasive electron microscopic rapid virus diagnosis of negative-stained urine samples can be useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of polyomavirus infections in renal transplant recipients. Microsc Microanal. 9 (Suppl: 3): 520–521.
   Google Scholar
• Simmonds P, Prescott LE, Logue C, Davidson F, Thomas AE, Ludlam CA. 1999. TT virus – part of the normal human flora? J Infect Dis. 180 : 1748–1750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skraber S, Gassilloud B, Gantzer C. 2004a. Comparison of coliforms and coliphages as tools for assessment of viral contamination in river water. Appl Environ Microbiol. 70 : 3644–3649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skraber S, Gassilloud B, Schwartzbrod L, Gantzer C. 2004b. Survival of infectious Poliovirus-1 in river water compared to the persistence of somatic coliphages, thermotolerant coliforms and Poliovirus-1 genome. Water Res. 38 : 2927–2933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Springfeld C, Bugert JJ, Schnitzler P, Tobiasch E, Kehm R, Darai G. 2000. TT virus as a human pathogen: significance and problems. Virus Genes. 20 : 35–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundram A, Jumanlal N, Ehlers MM. 2006. Genotyping of F-RNA coliphages isolated from wastewater and river water samples. Water SA. 32 : 65–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens M, Ashbolt N, Cunliffe D. 2001. Microbial indicators of water quality – An NHMRC Discussion Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart PL, Fuller SD, Burnett RM. 1993. Difference imaging of adenovirus: bridging the resolution gap between X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy. EMBO. 12 : 2589–2599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symonds E, Griffin D, Breitbart M. 2009. Eukaryotic viruses in wastewater samples from the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol. 75 : 1402–1409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szewzyk U, Manz W, Amann R, Schleifer KH, Stenstrom TA. 1994. Growth and in situ detection of a pathogenic Escherichia coli in biofilms of a heterotrophic water-bacterium by use of 16S- and 23S-rRNA-directed fluorescent oligonucleotide probes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 13 : 169–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi K, Hoshino H, Ohta Y, Yoshida N, Mishiro S. 1998. Very high prevalence of TT virus (TTV) infection in general population of Japan revealed by a new set of PCR primers. Hepatol Res. 12 : 233–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takayama S, Miura T, Matsuo S, Taki M, Sugii S. 1999. Prevalence and persistence of a novel DNA TT virus (TTV) infection in Japanese hemophiliacs. Br J Haematol. 104 : 626–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallon P, Magajna B, Lofranco C, Leung KT. 2005. Microbial indicators of faecal contamination in water: a current perspective. Water Air Soil Pollut. 166 : 139–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tani N, Dohi Y, Kurumatani N, Yonemasu K. 1995. Seasonal distribution of adenoviruses, enteroviruses and reoviruses in urban river water. Microbiol Immunol. 39 : 577–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [US EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2001a. Method 1602. Male-specific (F+) and somatic coliphage in water by single agar layer (SAL) procedure. Washington, DC: EPA Office of Water.
   Google Scholar
• [US EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2001b. Method 1601. Male-specific (F+) and somatic coliphage in water by two-step enrichment procedure. Washington, DC: EPA Office of Water.
   Google Scholar
• Vaidya SR, Chitambar SD, Arankalle VA. 2002. Polymerase chain reaction- based prevalence of hepatitis A, hepatitis E and TT viruses in sewage from an endemic area. J Hepatol. 37 : 131–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Heerden J, Ehlers MM, van Zyl WB, Grabow WOK. 2003. Incidence of adenoviruses in raw and treated water. Water Res. 37 : 3704–3708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Heerden J, Ehlers MM, van Zyl WB, Grabow WOK. 2004. Prevalence of human adenoviruses in raw and treated water. Water Sci Technol. 50 : 39–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Heerden J, Ehlers MM, Vivier JC, Grabow WOK. 2005. Risk assessment of adenoviruses detected in treated drinking water and recreational water. J Appl Microbiol. 99 : 926–933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Leeuwen M, Williams MMW, Koraka P, Simon JH, Smits SL, Osterhau ADME. 2010. Human picobirnaviruses dentified by molecular screening of diarrhea samples. J Clin Microbiol. 48 : 1787–1794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vantarakis A, Papapetropoulou M. 1999. Detection of enteroviruses, adenoviruses and hepatitis A viruses in raw sewage and treated effluents by nested-PCR. Water Air Soil Pollut. 114 : 85–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasilyev EV, Trofimov DY, Tonevitsky AG, Ilinsky VV, Korostin DO, Rebrikov DV. 2009. Torque teno virus (TTV) distribution in healthy Russian population. Virol J. 6 : 134 doi:10.1186/1743-422X-6-134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verani M, Casini B, Battistini R, Pizzi F, Rovini E, Carducci A. 2006. One year monthly monitoring of Torque teno virus (TTV) in river water in Italy. Water Sci Technol. 54 : 191–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinje J, Oudejans SJ, Stewart JR, Sobsey MD, Long SC. 2004. Molecular detection and genotyping of male-specific coliphages by reverse transcription-PCR and reverse line blot hybridization. Appl Environ Microbiol. 70 : 5996–6004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villar LM, de Paula VS, Diniz-Mendes L, Guimaraes FR, Ferreira FF, Shubo TC, Miagostovich MP, Lampe E, Gaspar AM. 2007. Molecular detection of hepatitis A virus in urban sewage in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Lett Appl Microbiol. 45 : 168–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkes G, Edge T, Gannon V, Jokinen C, Lyautey E, Medeiros D, Neumann N, Ruecker N, Topp E, Lapen DR. 2009. Seasonal relationships among indicator bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, and hydrological indices for surface waters within an agricultural landscape. Water Res. 43 : 2209–2223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson SJ, Rusch DB, Yooseph S, Halpern AL, Heidelberg KB, Glass JI, Andrews-Pfannkoch C, Fadrosh D, Miller CS, Sutton G, et al. 2008. The sorcerer II global ocean sampling expedition: metagenomic characterization of viruses within aquatic microbial samples. PLoS ONE. 3 : e1456 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitschek E, Presti AO, Drovandi G, Felici G, Ciccozzi M, Ciotti M, Bertolazzi P. 2012. Human polyomaviruses identification by logic mining techniques. Virol J. 9 : 58 doi:10.1186/1743-422X-9-58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [WHO] World Health Organization. 1993. Guidelines for drinking water quality, 2nd ed. volume 1: recommendations. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• [WHO] World Health Organization. 1996. Guidelines for drinking water quality, volume 3. Geneva: World Health Organization; chapter 7: microbial aspects- surveillance and control of community supplies.
   Google Scholar
• [WHO] World Health Organization. 1997. Guidelines for drinking water quality, 2nd ed. volume 3: surveillance and control of community supplies. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• [WHO] World Health Organization [Internet]. 2003. Emerging issues in water and infectious disease. Available from: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/emerging/emerging.pdf
   Google Scholar
• [WHO] World Health Organization. 2008. Guidelines for drinking-water quality (3rd ed. incorporating the first and second addenda) Geneva: World Health Organization; p. 668.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf S, Hewitt J, Rivera-Aban M, Greening GE. 2008. Detection and characterization of F+ RNA bacteriophages in water and shellfish: application of a multiplex real-time reverse transcription PCR. J Virol Methods. 149 : 123–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates MV. 2007. Classical indicators in the 21st century – far and beyond the coliform. Water Environ Res. 79 : 279–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamxaka M, Pironcheva G, Muyima NYO. 2004. Microbiological and physico-chemical assessment of the quality of domestic water sources in selected rural communities of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Water SA. 30 : 333–340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang T, Breitbart M, Lee WH, Run JQ, Wei CL, Soh SWL, Hibberd ML, Liu ET, Rohwer F, Ruan YJ. 2006. RNA viral community in human feces: prevalence of plant pathogenic viruses. PLoS Biol. 4 : e3 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040003.
   Google Scholar