Metal leaching in drinking water domestic distribution system: an Italian case study

References

• Agatemor C, Okolo PO. 2008. Studies of corrosion tendency of drinking water in the distribution system at the University of Benin. Environmentalist. 28:379–384.10.1007/s10669-007-9152-2
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Bastida C, Martínez-Miranda V, Vázquez-Mejía G, Solache-Ríos M, Fonseca-Montes de Oca G, Trujillo-Flores E. 2013. The corrosive nature of manganese in drinking water. Sci Total Environ. 447:10–16.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altea A, Azara V, Carucci A, Giordano A, Pin P, Piro P, Sanna A, Serra N, Vargiu P. 2007. Indagine sulla qualità delle acque potabili in relazione alle caratteristiche delle reti di distribuzione [Investigation on drinking water quality in distribution systems]. Ingegneria Ambientale. 4:175–184.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen KE, Nielsen GD, Flyvholm MA, Fregert S, Gruvberge B. 1983. Nickel in tap water. Contact Dermatitis. 9:140–143.10.1111/cod.1983.9.issue-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• APAT IRSA-CNR. 2003. Metodi analitici per le acque. Manuali e Linee guida [Water analytical methods. Manuals and guidelines] 29/2003.
   Google Scholar
• AWWA (American Water Works Association). 1996. Internal corrosion of water distribution systems. 2nd ed. Denver, CO: AWWA Research Foundation et DVGW Technologiezentrum Wasser.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin MM, Sontheimer H, Leroy P. 1996. Corrosion of iron and steel. In: Internal corrosion of water distribution systems. 2nd ed. Denver, CO: AWWA Research Foundation et DVGW Technologiezentrum Wasser; p. 29–70.
   Google Scholar
• Bergamotti D, Cassinelli N, De Novellis F, Lasagna C, Temporelli G. 2010. Drinking water regulations and standards. Genova: Erga Edizioni.
   Google Scholar
• Broo AE, Berghult B, Hedberg T. 1997. Copper corrosion in drinking water distribution systems – the influence of water quality. Corros Sci. 39:1119–1132.10.1016/S0010-938X(97)00026-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartier C, Laroche L, Deshommes E, Nour S, Guillaume R, Edwards M, Prévost M. 2011. Investigatig dissolved lead at the tap using various sampling protocols. J AWWA. 103:55–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarty S, Sarma HP. 2011. Heavy metal contamination of drinking water in Kamrup district, Assam, India. Environ Monit Assess. 179:479–486.10.1007/s10661-010-1750-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien CC, Kao CM, Chen CW, Dong CD, Chien HY. 2009. Evaluation of biological stability and corrosion potential in drinking water distribution systems: a case study. Environ Monit Assess. 153:127–138.10.1007/s10661-008-0343-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Community Guidelines for monitoring lead, copper and nickel in the frame of the article 7 of Council Directive 98/83/EC on the Quality of water intended for human consumption. Draft of 17th September 2002. EUI-02-C60.
   Google Scholar
• Deshommes E, Laroche L, Nour S, Cartier C, Prévost M. 2010. Source and occurrence of particulate lead in tap water. Water Res. 44:3734–3744.10.1016/j.watres.2010.04.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinelli E, Lima A, Albanese S, Birke M, Cicchella D, Giaccio L, Valera P, De Vivo B. 2012. Comparative study between bottled mineral and tap water in Italy. J Geochem Expl. 112:368–389.10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elfland C, Scardina P, Edwards M. 2010. Lead-contaminated water from brass plumbing devices in new buildings. J AWWA. 102:66–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes CR. 2007. Optimization tools for achieving the lead standard of 10 μg/L in drinking water. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking water, Antalya (Turkey), October 24–26, p. 1–12; Cost Action 637.
   Google Scholar
• Hoekstra EJ. 2007. What is the protection level of the drinking water directive concerning our exposure? Towards an improved human exposure assessment to metal contaminants in drinking water released by products used for water distribution. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking water, Antalya (Turkey), October 24–26, p. 120–128; Cost Action 637.
   Google Scholar
• Hoekstra EJ, Hayes CR, Aertgeerts R, Becker A, Jung M, Postawa A, Russell L, Witczak S. 2009. Guidance on sampling and monitoring for lead in drinking water. EUR 23812 EN – 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Imran SA, Dietz JD, Mutoti G, Taylor JS, Randall A. 2005. Modified Larsons ratio incorporating temperature, water age, and electroneutrality effects on red water release. J Environ Eng. 131:1514–1520.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2005)131:11(1514)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia Z, Du C, Zhang D, Li X. 2011. Analysis of copper pitting failure in drinking water distribution system. J Fail Anal Prev. 11:152–157.10.1007/s11668-010-9415-y
   Google Scholar
• Jung M, Heiß G. 2007. Geogenic and non-geogenic metals in Austrian tap water. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking water, Antalya (Turkey), October 24–26, p. 31–51; Cost Action 637.
   Google Scholar
• Kim DH, Cha JH, Hong SH, Kim DY, Kim CW. 2009. Control of corrosive water in advanced water treatment plant by manipulating calcium carbonate precipitation potential. Korean J Chem Eng. 26:90–101.10.1007/s11814-009-0015-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim EJ, Herrera JE, Huggins D, Braam J, Koshowski S. 2011. Effect of pH on the concentrations of lead and trace contaminants in drinking water: a combined batch, pipe loop and sentinel home study. Water Res. 45:2763–2774.10.1016/j.watres.2011.02.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korfali SI, Jurdi M. 2007. Assessment of domestic water quality: case study, Beirut, Lebanon. Environ Monit Assess. 135:241–251.10.1007/s10661-007-9646-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasheen MR, Sharaby CM, El-Kholy NG, Elsherif IY, El-Wakeel ST. 2008. Factors influencing lead and iron release from some Egyptian drinking water pipes. J Hazard Mater. 160:675–680.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lytle DA, Schock MR. 2000. Impact of stagnation time on metal dissolution from plumbing materials in drinking water. J Water SRT – Aqua. 49:243–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lytle DA, Nadagouda MN. 2010. A comprehensive investigation of copper pitting corrosion in a drinking water distribution system. Corros Sci. 52:1927–1938.10.1016/j.corsci.2010.02.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawrocki J, Raczyk-Stanisławiak U, Świetlik J, Olejnik A, Sroka MJ. 2010. Corrosion in a distribution system: steady water and its composition. Water Res. 44:1863–1872.10.1016/j.watres.2009.12.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong C, Ibrahim S, Sen Gupta B. 2007. A survey of tap water quality in Kuala Lumpur. Urban Water J. 4:29–41.10.1080/15730620601145923
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottaviani M, Bonadonna L. 2007. Reference analytical methods for water intended for human consumption according to the Italian Legislative Decree 31/2001. Chemical methods. Roma: Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rapporti ISTISAN 07/31.
   Google Scholar
• Peng CY, Korshin G, Valentine RL, Hill AS, Friedman MJ, Reiber SH. 2010. Characterization of elemental and structural composition of corrosion scales and deposits formed in drinking water distribution systems. Water Res. 44:4570–4580.10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riganti V. 2005. La normativa sulle acque ad uso umano [Ligislation on water for human consumption]. In: Collivignarelli C, Sorlini S, editors. Acque ad uso umano: dalle acque direte a quelle confezionate [Water for human consumption: from network distributed water to bottled water]. Milano: Cipa Ed.
   Google Scholar
• Ruebel A, Becker A, Schwesig D, Borchers U. 2007. Quality monitoring of drinking water supply systems in Germany – sampling procedure of tap water and analytical results. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking water, Antalya (Turkey), October 24–26, p. 20–25; Cost Action 637.
   Google Scholar
• Sander A, Berghult B, Broo A Elfström, Johansson EL, Hedberg T. 1996. Iron corrosion in drinking water distribution systems – the effect of pH, calcium and hydrogen carbonate. Corros Sci. 38:443–455.10.1016/0010-938X(96)00142-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarin P, Snoeyink VL, Bebee J, Kriven WM, Clement JA. 2001. Physico-chemical characteristics of corrosion scales in old iron pipes. Water Res. 35:2961–2969.10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00591-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarin P, Snoeyink VL, Bebee J, Jim KK, Beckett MA, Kriven WM, Clement JA. 2004. Iron release from corroded iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems: effect of dissolved oxygen. Water Res. 38:1259–1269.10.1016/j.watres.2003.11.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schock MR. 1990. Causes of temporal variability of lead in domestic plumbing systems. Environ Monit Assess. 15:59–82.10.1007/BF00454749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwenk W. 1992. Nickel transfer from Cr–Ni stainless steel pipework into potable water. GWF Wasser Abwasser. 133:281–286.
   Google Scholar
• Skubala ND, Hayes CR. 2008. A review of lead copper and nickel in European drinking water. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking water, Lisbon (Portugal), October 29–31, p. 38–49; Cost Action 637.
   Google Scholar
• Slaats PGG, Blokker EJM, Versteegh JFM. 2007. Sampling metals at the tap: analyses of Dutch data over the period 2004–2006. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking water, Antalya (Turkey), October 24–26, p. 61–69; Cost Action 637.
   Google Scholar
• Tamasi G, Cini R. 2004. Heavy metals in drinking waters from Mount Amiata (Tuscany, Italy). Possible risks from arsenic for public health in the Province of Siena. Sci Total Environ. 327:41–51.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Z, Hong S, Xiao W, Taylor J. 2006. Impacts of blending ground, surface, and saline waters on lead release in drinking water distribution systems. Water Res. 40:943–950.10.1016/j.watres.2005.12.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turek NF, Kasten L, Lytle DA, Goltz MN. 2011. Impact of plumbing age on copper levels in drinking water. J Water SRT – Aqua 9:1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Veschetti E, Achene L, Ferretti E, Lucentini L, Ottaviani M. 2007. Metal migration from Italian drinking-water distribution systems. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking water, Antalya (Turkey), October 24–26, p. 26–30; Cost Action 637.
   Google Scholar
• Veschetti E, Achene L, Lucentini L, Ferretti E, Citti G, Ottaviani M. 2009. Metal migration from drinking-water distribution systems: experimental evidences useful for innovative management models in hygiene and sanitary control. Roma: Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rapporti ISTISAN 09/34 (in Italian).
   Google Scholar
• Völker S, Schreiber C, Kistemann T. 2010. Drinking water quality in household supply infrastructure – A survey of the current situation in Germany. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 213:204–209.10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Jing H, Mehta V, Welter GJ, Giammar DE. 2012. Impact of galvanic corrosion on lead release from aged lead service lines. Water Res. 46:5049–5060.10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. 2005. Nickel in Drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. WHO/SDE/WSH/05.08/55.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. 2011. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. 4th ed.
   Google Scholar
• Yang F, Shi B, Gu J, Wang D, Yang M. 2012. Morphological and physicochemical characteristics of iron corrosion scales formed under different water source histories in a drinking water distribution system. Water Res. 46:5423–5433.10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacheus OM, Martikainen PJ. 1997. Physicochemical quality of drinking and hot waters in Finnish buildings originated from groundwater or surface water plants. Sci Total Environ. 204:1–10.10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00160-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zietz BP, Lass J, Suchenwirth R. 2007. Assessment and management of tap water lead contamination in Lower Saxony, Germany. Int J Environ Health Res. 17:407–418.10.1080/09603120701628719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar