449
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Exposed children, protected parents; shade in playgrounds as a previously unstudied intervention field of cancer prevention

, , &
Pages 26-37 | Received 19 Nov 2018, Accepted 16 Jan 2019, Published online: 30 Jan 2019

References

  • Anderson C, Jackson K, Egger S, Chapman K, Rock V. 2014. Shade in urban playgrounds in Sydney and ineqities in availability for those living in lower socioeconomic areas. Aust N Z J Public Health. 38(1):49–53. doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12130.
  • Armstrong BK, Kricker A. 2001. The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer. J Photochem Photobiol B. 63(1–3):8–18. doi:10.1016/S1011-1344(01)00198-1.
  • Barton J, Sandercock G, Pretty J, Wood C. 2015. The effect of playground- and nature-based playtime interventions on physical activity and self-esteem in UK school children. Int J Environ Health Res. 25(2):196–206. doi:10.1080/09603123.2014.915020.
  • Edwards N, Hooper P, Trapp GS, Bull F, Boruff B, Giles-Corti B. 2013. Development of a public open space desktop auditing tool (POSDAT): a remote sensing approach. Appl Geogr. 38:22–30. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.11.010.
  • El Ghissassi F, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Freeman C, Galichet L. 2009. A review of human carcinogens—part D: radiation. Lancet Oncol. 10(8):751–752. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70234-7.
  • Erdmann F, Lortet-Tieulent J, Schüz J, Zeeb H, Greinert R, Breitbart EW, Bray F. 2013. International trends in the incidence of malignant melanoma 1953–2008–are recent generations at higher or lower risk? Int J Cancer. 132(2):385–400. doi:10.1002/ijc.27616.
  • Gage R, O’Toole C, Robinson A, Reeder A, Signal L, Mackay C. 2018a. Wellington playgrounds uncovered: an examination of solar ultraviolet radiation and shade protection in New Zealand. Photochem Photobiol. 94(2):357–361. doi:10.1111/php.12855.
  • Gage R, Wilson N, Signal L, Barr M, Mackay C, Reeder A, Thomson G. 2018b. Using google earth to assess shade for sun protection in urban recreation spaces: methods and results. J Community Health. 43(6):1061–1068. doi:10.1007/s10900-018-0522-0.
  • Gallo RG, Townshend TG, Lake AA. 2014. Exploring urban parks and their peripheral food environments using a case study approach: young people and obesogenic environments. Urban Des Int. 20(1):28–43. doi:10.1057/udi.2013.35.
  • Garbe C, Leiter U. 2009. Melanoma epidemiology and trends. Clin Dermatol. 27(1):3–9. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2008.09.001.
  • Green AC, Wallingford SC, McBride P. 2011. Childhood exposure to ultraviolet radiation and harmful skin effects: epidemiological evidence. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 107(3):349–355. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.08.010.
  • Gregus E. 2006. Summer sun safety program - how to conduct a shade audit. Nova Scotia: Sun Safe Cancer Care Nova Scotia.
  • Holman DM, Kapelos GT, Shoemaker M, Watson M. 2018. Shade as an environmental design tool for skin cancer prevention. Am J Public Health. 108(12):1607–1612. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304700.
  • Kinney J, Long C, Geller A. 2000. The ultraviolet index: a useful tool. Dermatol Online J. 6(1):2.
  • Kompan GmbH. 2016. Produktübersicht 2016 [Product guide 2016]. Flensburg.
  • Lomas A, Leonardi Bee J, Bath Hextall F. 2012. A systematic review of worldwide incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol. 166(5):1069–1080. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10830.x.
  • Milne E, English DR, Corti B, Cross D, Borland R, Gies P, Costa C, Johnston R. 1999. Direct measurement of sun protection in primary schools. Prev Med. 29(1):45–52. doi:10.1006/pmed.1999.0520.
  • Moise AF, Aynsley R. 1999. Ambient ultraviolet radiation levels in public shade settings. Int J Biometeorol. 43(3):128–138. doi:10.1007/s004840050128.
  • Oliveria SA, Saraiya M, Geller AC, Heneghan MK, Jorgensen C. 2006. Sun exposure and risk of melanoma. Arch Dis Child. 91(2):131–138. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.072314.
  • Robert Koch Institut. 2017. Krebs in Deutschland für 2013/2014 [Cancer in Germany in 2013/2014]. Berlin.
  • Shevky E, Bell W. 1955. Social area analysis; theory, illustrative application, and computational procedures. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Silver D, Giorgio M, Mijanovich T. 2014. Utilization patterns and perceptions of playground users in New York City. J Community Health. 39(2):363–371. doi:10.1007/s10900-013-9771-0.
  • Stadt Mannheim. 2015. Mannheimer Sozialatlas 2014 - Bevölkerung und soziale Lebenslagen [Mannheim social atlas 2014 - population and social life situations]. Mannheim.
  • Stadtverwaltung Mannheim. 2016. Öffentliche Spielplätze in Mannheim [Public playgrounds in Mannheim]. Mannheim.
  • Suminski RR, Ding D, Lee R, May L, Tota T, Dinius D. 2011. Youth physical activity opportunities in lower and higher income neighborhoods. J Urban Health. 88(4):599–615. doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9577-2.
  • Suminski RR, Presley T, Wasserman JA, Mayfield CA, McClain E, Johnson M. 2015. Playground safety is associated with playground, park, and neighborhood characteristics. J Phys Act Health. 12(3):402–408. doi:10.1123/jpah.2013-0244.
  • SunSmart Victoria. 2019. Shade comparison check. Victoria; [accessed 2019 Jan 8]. https://www.sunsmart.com.au/shade-audit/.
  • Timperio A, Giles-Corti B, Crawford D, Andrianopoulos N, Ball K, Salmon J, Hume C. 2008. Features of public open spaces and physical activity among children: findings from the CLAN study. Prev Med. 47(5):514–518. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.07.015.
  • Tucker P, Gilliland J. 2007. The effect of season and weather on physical activity: a systematic review. Public Health. 121(12):909–922. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2007.04.009.
  • Tucker P, Gilliland J, Irwin JD. 2007. Splashpads, swings, and shade - parents’ preferences for neighbourhood parks. Can J Public Health. 98(3):198–202.
  • Vernez D, Koechlin A, Milon A, Boniol M, Valentini F, Chignol MC, Dore JF, Bulliard JL, Boniol M. 2015. Anatomical UV exposure in French outdoor workers. J Occup Environ Med. 57(11):1192–1196. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000537.
  • Volkmer B, Greinert R. 2011. UV and children’s skin. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 107(3):386–388. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.08.011.
  • Waterloo Region Shade Work Group. 2019. Shade audit information guide + tool - a guide for creating shady outdoor spaces. Waterloo:Region of Waterloo Public Health Tobacco and Cancer Prevention Program.
  • Wetter- und Klimaberatung Wetterdienst.de. 2018. Klima Mannheim, Universitätsstadt - Station Siegen (Kläranlage) (229 m). Frankfurt am Main; [accessed 2018 Dec 19]. https://www.wetterdienst.de/Deutschland/Mannheim_Universitätsstadt/Klima/.
  • World Health Organization. 2003. INTERSUN - The global UV project: a guide and compedium. Geneva:World Health Organization.
  • Wright C, Diab R, Martincigh B. 2004. Anatomical distribution of ultraviolet solar radiation. S Afr J Sci. 100(9–10):498–500.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.