225
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Probabilistic health risk assessment of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and As) in Cocoa powder (Theobroma cacao) in Tehran, Iran market

, , , ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 257-272 | Received 30 Jul 2022, Accepted 07 Nov 2022, Published online: 17 Nov 2022

References

  • Abt E, Fong Sam J, Gray P, Robin LP. 2018. Cadmium and lead in cocoa powder and chocolate products in the US Market. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill. 11(2):92–102. doi:10.1080/19393210.2017.1420700.
  • Abt E, Robin LP. 2020. Perspective on cadmium and lead in cocoa and chocolate. J Agric Food Chem. 68(46):13008–13015. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08295.
  • Aghlidi PS, Cheraghi M, Lorestani B, Sobhanardakani S, Merrikhpour H. 2020. Analysis, spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of arsenic and some heavy metals of agricultural soils, Case study: south of Iran. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 18(2):665–676. doi:10.1007/s40201-020-00492-x.
  • Amjad M, Hussain S, Baloch ZUR, Raza A. 2021. Determination of heavy metals in locally available chocolates in Lahore region. Turkish J Food Sci Technol. 9(6):1144–1153. doi:10.24925/turjaf.v9i6.1144-1153.4262.
  • Anyimah-Ackah E, Ofosu IW, Lutterodt HE, Darko G. 2019. Exposures and risks of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in cocoa beans and cocoa-based foods: a systematic review. Food Qual Saf. 3(1):1–8. doi:10.1093/fqsafe/fyy025.
  • Aranega JP, Oliveira CA. 2022. Occurrence of mycotoxins in pastures: a systematic review. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods. 14(3):135–144. doi:10.15586/qas.v14i3.1079.
  • Arévalo-Gardini E, Arévalo-Hernández CO, Baligar VC, He ZL. 2017. Heavy metal accumulation in leaves and beans of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in major cacao growing regions in Peru. Sci Total Environ. 605:792–800. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.122.
  • Atamaleki A, Sadani M, Raoofi A, Miri A, Bajestani SG, Fakhri Y, Heidarinejad Z, Khaneghah AM. 2020. The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in eggs: a global systematic review, meta-analysis and probabilistic health risk assessment. Trends Food Sci Technol. 95(95):1–9. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2019.11.003.
  • Barraza F, Maurice L, Uzu G, Becerra S, López F, Ochoa-Herrera V, Ruales J, Schreck E. 2018. Distribution, contents and health risk assessment of metal (loid) s in small-scale farms in the Ecuadorian amazon: an insight into impacts of oil activities. Sci Total Environ. 622:106–120. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.246.
  • Beegum PS, Pandiselvam R, Ramesh S, Thube SH, Pandian TP, Khanashyam AC, Manikantan M, Hebbar K. 2022. A critical appraisal on the antimicrobial, oral protective, and anti-diabetic functions of coconut and its derivatives. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods. 14(2):86–100. doi:10.15586/qas.v14i2.1040.
  • Borzoei M, Zanjanchi MA, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H, Saghaie L. 2018. Optimization of a methodology for determination of iron concentration in aqueous samples using a newly synthesized chelating agent in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Food Chem. (264):9–15. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.135.
  • Borzoei M, Zanjanchi MA, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H, Saghaie L. 2019. Trace determination of Iron in real waters and fruit juice samples using rapid method: optimized dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with synthesized nontoxic chelating agent. Biol Trace Elem Res. 192(2):319–329. doi:10.1007/s12011-019-01662-1.
  • Chaparro-Acuña SP, Vargas-Moreno PA, Silva-Gómez LA, Cárdenas OEJAA. 2017. Cadmium voltametric quantification in table chocolate produced in Chiquinquira-Boyaca, Colombia.66:172–177.
  • Chowdary MY, Rana SS, Ghosh P. 2022. Banana inflorescence and their potential health benefits as future food. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods. 14(2):131–136. doi:10.15586/qas.v14i2.1066.
  • Dahiya S, Karpe R, Hegde A, Sharma RM. 2005. Lead, cadmium and nickel in chocolates and candies from suburban areas of Mumbai, India. J Food Compost Anal. 18(6):517–522. Analysis. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2004.05.002.
  • Dico GML, Galvano F, Dugo G, D’Ascenzi C, Macaluso A, Vella A, Giangrosso G, Cammilleri G, Ferrantelli V. 2018. Toxic metal levels in cocoa powder and chocolate by ICP-MS method after microwave-assisted digestion. Food Chem. (245):1163–1168. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.052.
  • Duran A, Tuzen M, Soylak M. 2009. Trace metal contents in chewing gums and candies marketed in Turkey. Environ Monit Assess. 149(1–4):283–289. doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0202-0.
  • EPA. 2011. Exposure factors handbook. 2011. Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
  • EPAU. 2000a. Risk-based concentration table. J Philadelphia PAWashington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
  • EPAU. 2000b. Risk-based concentration table. Philadelphia PAWashington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
  • Fakhri Y, Atamaleki A, Asadi A, Ghasemi SM, Mousavi Khaneghah A. 2021a. Bioaccumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in muscle Tilapia spp fish: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and non-carcinogenic risk assessment. Toxin Rev. 40(4):1–11. doi:10.1080/15569543.2019.1690518.
  • Fakhri Y, Hoseinvandtabar S, Heidarinejad Z, Borzoei M, Bagheri M, Dehbandi R, Thai VN, Mousavi Khaneghah A. 2021b. The concentration of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) in the muscle of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) and associated health risk. Chemosphere. 279:130431. 09 01. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130431.
  • Fakhri Y, Rahmani J, Oliveira CAF, Franco LT, Corassin CH, Saba S, Rafique J, Khaneghah AM. 2019. Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk: a global systematic review, meta-analysis, and risk assessment study (Monte Carlo simulation). Trends Food Sci Technol. (88):333–342. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.013.
  • Gao L, Huang X, Wang P, Chen Z, Hao Q, Bai S, Tang S, Li C, Qin D. 2022. Concentrations and health risk assessment of 24 residual heavy metals in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods. 14(1):82–91. doi:10.15586/qas.v14i1.1034.
  • Helgilibrary, 2021. Cocoa bean consumption per capital in Iran. https://www.helgilibrary.com/indicators/cocoa-bean-consumption-per-capita/
  • He G, Liu X, Cui Z. 2021. Achieving global food security by focusing on nitrogen efficiency potentials and local production. Glob Food Secur. 29:100536. doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100536.
  • Heshmati A, Mehri F, Karami-Momtaz J, Khaneghah AM. 2020. The concentration and health risk of potentially toxic elements in black and green tea—both bagged and loose-leaf. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods. 12(3):140–150. doi:10.15586/qas.v12i3.761.
  • Hou J, Luo R, Ni H, Li K, Mgomi FC, Fan L, Yuan L. 2021. Antimicrobial potential of kombucha against foodborne pathogens: a review. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods. 13(3):53–61. doi:10.15586/qas.v13i3.920.
  • Hu X, Zhang P, Wang D, Jiang J, Chen X, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Tang BZ, Li P. 2021. Aiegens enabled ultrasensitive point-of-care test for multiple targets of food safety: aflatoxin B1 and cyclopiazonic acid as an example. Biosens Bioelectron. 182:113188. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2021.113188.
  • Hwang I, Kwon H. 2022. Acrylamide formation in carbohydrate-rich food powders consumed in Korea. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods. 14(3):43–54. doi:10.15586/qas.v14i3.1054.
  • Iwegbue C. 2011. Concentrations of selected metals in candies and chocolates consumed in southern Nigeria. Food Addit Contam B Surveill. 4(1):22–27. doi:10.1080/19393210.2011.551943.
  • Joshi S. 2021. Potential risks of cadmium toxicity from cocoa based products: a review. International Journal of Current Medical and Pharmaceutical Research. 7: 5650–5653 .
  • Kataoka Y, Watanabe T, Hayashi K, Akiyama H. 2018. Surveillance of cadmium concentration in chocolate and cocoa powder products distributed in Japan. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan. 59:269–274.
  • Kiran E, Kaur K, Aggarwal P. 2022. Artificial senses and their fusion as a booming technique in food quality assessment—a review. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods. 14(3):9–18. doi:10.15586/qas.v14i3.1036.
  • Kruszewski B, Obiedziński MW, Kowalska J. 2018. Nickel, cadmium and lead levels in raw cocoa and processed chocolate mass materials from three different manufacturers. J Food Compos Anal. (66):127–135. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2017.12.012.
  • Lewis C, Lennon AM, Eudoxie G, Sivapatham P, Umaharan P. 2021. Plant metal concentrations in Theobroma cacao as affected by soil metal availability in different soil types. Chemosphere. 262: 127749.
  • Li X, Fan M, Huang Q, Zhao S, Xiong S, Yin T, Zhang B. 2022. Effect of micro-and nano-starch on the gel properties, microstructure and water mobility of myofibrillar protein from grass carp. Food Chem. 366:130579. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130579.
  • Li X, Yue X, Huang Q, Zhang B. 2022. Effects of wet-media milling on multi-scale structures and in vitro digestion of tapioca starch and the structure-digestion relationship. Carbohydr Polym. 284:119176. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119176.
  • Luo C, Sun J, Tan Y, Xiong L, Peng B, Peng G, and Bai X. 2022. Comparison of the health risks associated with exposure to toxic metals and metalloids following consumption of freshwater catches in China. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods. 14():32–39. doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c01855.
  • Madanayake NH, Hossain A, Adassooriya NM. 2021. Nanobiotechnology for agricultural sustainability, and food and environmental safety. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods. 13(1):20–36. doi:10.15586/qas.v13i1.838.
  • Maddela NR, Kakarla D, García LC, Chakraborty S, Venkateswarlu K, Megharaj M. 2020. Cocoa-laden cadmium threatens human health and cacao economy: a critical view. Sci Total Environ. 720:137645. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137645.
  • Manton WI. 2013. Nonnutritive Constituents in Chocolate and Cocoa. In: Chocolate in Health and Nutrition. 7: 73–87.
  • Methods of dealing with values below the limit of detection using sas. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=NERL&dirEntryId=64046
  • Mimmi SFH, Islam A. 2021. A comparative study of environment risk assessment guidelines for genetically engineered plants of developing and developed countries including Bangladesh. Sci Herit J (GWS). 5(2):21–28. doi:10.26480/gws.02.2021.21.28.
  • Mohamed R, Zainudin BH, Yaakob AS. 2020. Method validation and determination of heavy metals in cocoa beans and cocoa products by microwave assisted digestion technique with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Food Chem. (303):125392. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125392.
  • Mounicou S, Szpunar J, Andrey D, Blake C, Lobinski R. 2003. Concentrations and bioavailability of cadmium and lead in cocoa powder and related products. Food Addit Contam. 20(4):343–352. doi:10.1080/0265203031000077888.
  • Mounicou S, Szpunar J, Lobinski R, Andrey D, Blake C-J. 2002. Bioavailability of cadmium and lead in cocoa: comparison of extraction procedures prior to size-exclusion fast-flow liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection (SEC-ICP-MS). J Anal At Spectrom. 17(8):880–886. doi:10.1039/B201639G.
  • Nematollahi A, Abdi L, Abdi-Moghadam Z, Fakhri Y, Borzoei M, Tajdar-Oranj B, Thai VN, Linh NTT, Mousavi Khaneghah A. 2021. The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in sausages: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. (28):55186–55201. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-14879-2.
  • Nepali B, Bhandari D, Shrestha J. 2019. Mineral nutrient content of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 3(1): 1–4 .
  • Ngo HTT, Watchalayann P, Nguyen DB, Doan HN, Liang L. 2021. Environmental health risk assessment of heavy metal exposure among children living in an informal e-waste processing village in Viet Nam. Sci Total Environ. 763:142982. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142982.
  • Njuguna SM, Makokha VA, Yan X, Gituru RW, Wang Q, Wang J. 2019. Health risk assessment by consumption of vegetables irrigated with reclaimed waste water: a case study in Thika (Kenya). J Environ Manage. 231:576–581. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.088.
  • Orisakwe OE, Igweze ZN, Udowelle NAJES, Research P. 2019. Candy consumption may add to the body burden of lead and cadmium of children in Nigeria. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 26(2):1921–1931. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3706-3.
  • Pirsaheb M, Fakhri Y, Karami M, Akbarzadeh R, Safaei Z, Fatahi N, Sillanpää M, Asadi A. 2019. Measurement of permethrin, deltamethrin and malathion pesticide residues in the wheat flour and breads and probabilistic health risk assessment: a case study in Kermanshah, Iran. Int J Environ Anal Chem. 99(13):1353–1364. doi:10.1080/03067319.2019.1622009.
  • Poormohammadi A, Bashirian S, Mir Moeini ES, Reza Faryabi M, Mehri F. 2021. Monitoring of aflatoxins in edible vegetable oils consumed in Western Iran in Iran: a risk assessment study. Int J Environ Anal Chem. 1–11. doi:10.1080/03067319.2021.1938023.
  • Rankin CW, Nriagu JO, Aggarwal JK, Arowolo TA, Adebayo K, Flegal AR. 2005. Lead contamination in cocoa and cocoa products: isotopic evidence of global contamination. Environ Health Perspect. 113(10):1344–1348. doi:10.1289/ehp.8009.
  • Rehman S, Husnain SM. 2012. Assessment of trace metal contents in chocolate samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 1:1–11. doi:10.7726/jtea.2012.1001.
  • Rezaei M, Ghasemidehkordi B, Peykarestan B, Shariatifar N, Jafari M, Fakhri Y, Jabbari M, Khaneghah AM. 2019. Potentially toxic element concentration in fruits collected from Markazi Province (Iran): a probabilistic health risk assessment. Biomed Environ Sci. 32(11):839–853. doi:10.3967/bes2019.105.
  • Rezaei M, Malekirad AA, Jabbari M, Karimi-Dehkordi M, Ghasemidehkordi B, Teimoory H, Fakhri Y, Khaneghah AM. 2020. Essential elements in the different type of fruits, soil and water samples collected from Markazi province, Iran: a health risk assessment study. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods. 12(3):111–125. doi:10.15586/qas.v12i3.777.
  • Salama AK. 2018. Health risk assessment of heavy metals content in cocoa and chocolate products sold in Saudi Arabia. Toxin Rev. 38: 318–327.
  • Shokri S, Abdoli N, Sadighara P, Mahvi AH, Esrafili A, Gholami M, Jannat B, Yousefi M. 2022a. Risk assessment of heavy metals consumption through onion on human health in Iran. Food Chem. X(14):100283.
  • Shokri S, Abdoli N, Sadighara P, Mahvi AH, Esrafili A, Gholami M, Jannat B, Yousefi MJFCX. 2022b. Risk assessment of heavy metals consumption through onion on human health in. Food Chem X. 14:100283. Iran. doi:10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100283.
  • Sobhanardakani S. 2019. Heavy metals health risk assessment through consumption of some foodstuffs marketed in city of Hamedan, Iran. Casp J Environ Sci. 17:175–183.
  • Succop PA, Clark S, Chen M, Galke W. 2004 Jul. Imputation of data values that are less than a detection limit. J Occup Environ Hyg. 1(7):436–441. Epub 2004/07/09. doi:10.1080/15459620490462797.
  • Taiwo A, Oyebode A, Salami F, Okewole I, Gbogboade A, Agim C, Oladele T, Kamoru T, Abdullahi K, Davidson N, et al. 2018. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic evaluations of heavy metals in protein foods from southwestern Nigeria.73. J Food Compost Anal. 73:60–66. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2018.07.011.
  • Theodore L, Dupont RR. 2017. Environmental health and hazard risk assessment: principles and calculations. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • USEPAE. 2013. Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table (TR= 1E− 6, HQ= 1).
  • Villa JE, Peixoto RR, Cadore S. 2014. Cadmium and lead in chocolates commercialized in Brazil. J Agric Food Chem. 62(34):8759–8763. doi:10.1021/jf5026604.
  • Wang J-Y, Wei D, Deng Y-J, Feng W-Z, Gao Q, Shi Y-H, Xiao J-J. 2021. Bioaccessibility and health risk of neonicotinoids in apple and pear samples as affected by in vitro digestion. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods. 13(3):74–81. doi:10.15586/qas.v13i3.946.
  • Yangli X, Liuwei M, Xiaojing C, Xi C, Laijin S, Leiming Y, Wen S, Huang G. 2021. A strategy to significantly improve the classification accuracy of LIBS data: application for the determination of heavy metals in Tegillarca granosa. Plasma Sci Technol. 23(8):085503. doi:10.1088/2058-6272/ac071b.
  • Yanus RL, Sela H, Borojovich EJ, Zakon Y, Saphier M, Nikolski A, Gutflais E, Lorber A, Karpas ZJT. 2014. Trace elements in cocoa solids and chocolate. An ICPMS Study. 119:1–4. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.048.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.