Effects of radiofrequency field from 5G communications on the spatial memory and emotionality in mice

References

• Can A, Dao DT, Terrillion CE, Piantadosi SC, Bhat S, Gould TD. 2012. The tail suspension test. J Vis Exp. (59):e3769. doi:10.3791/3769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels WM, Pitout IL, Afullo TJ, Mabandla MV. 2009. The effect of electromagnetic radiation in the mobile phone range on the behaviour of the rat. Metab Brain Dis. 24(4):629–641. doi:10.1007/s11011-009-9164-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubreuil D, Jay T, Edeline JM. 2003. Head-only exposure to GSM 900-MHz electromagnetic fields does not alter rat’s memory in spatial and non-spatial tasks. Behav Brain Res. 145(1–2):51–61. doi:10.1016/S0166-4328(03)00100-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durusoy R, Hassoy H, Özkurt A, Karababa AO. 2017. Mobile phone use, school electromagnetic field levels and related symptoms: a cross-sectional survey among 2150 high school students in Izmir. Environ Health-Glob. 16(1):51. doi:10.1186/s12940-017-0257-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fu Q, Wu J, Zhou XY, Ji MH, Mao QH, Li Q, Zong MM, Zhou ZQ, Yang JJ. 2019. Nlrp3/caspase-1 pathway-induced pyroptosis mediated cognitive deficits in a mouse model of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Inflammation. 42(1):306–318. doi:10.1007/s10753-018-0894-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta SK, Mesharam MK, Krishnamurthy S. 2018. Electromagnetic radiation 2450 MHz exposure causes cognition deficit with mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in rats. J Biosci. 43(2):263–276. doi:10.1007/s12038-018-9744-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Sharma RS, Singh R. 2022. Non-ionizing radiation as possible carcinogen. Int J Environ Health Res. 32(4):916–940. doi:10.1080/09603123.2020.1806212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong S, Huang H, Yang M, Wu H, Wang L. 2020. Enriched environment decreases cognitive impairment in elderly rats with prenatal mobile phone exposure. Front Aging Neurosci. 12:162. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu C, Zuo H, Li Y. 2021. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on neurotransmitters in the brain. Front Public Health. 9:691880. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.691880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC. 2013. Non-ionizing radiation, part 2: radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 102(Pt 2):1–460.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janak PH, Tye KM. 2015. From circuits to behaviour in the amygdala. Nature. 517(7534):284–292. doi:10.1038/nature14188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Júnior LC, Guimarães ES, Musso CM, Stabler CT, Garcia RM, Mourão-Júnior CA, Andreazzi AE. 2014. Behaviour and memory evaluation of Wistar rats exposed to 1·8 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Neurol Res. 36(9):800–803. doi:10.1179/1743132813Y.0000000276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keleş A0, Yıldırım M, Ö G, ÇolakoğluS, Kaya H, Baş O, Sönmez OF, Odacı E. 2018. The effects of a continuous 1-h a day 900-MHz electromagnetic field applied throughout early and mid-adolescence on hippocampus morphology and learning behaviour in late adolescent male rats. J Chem Neuroanat. 94:46–53. doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.08.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostoff RN, Heroux P, Aschner M, Tsatsakis A. 2020. Adverse health effects of 5G mobile networking technology under real-life conditions. Toxicol Lett. 323:35–40. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraeuter A, Guest PC, Sarnyai Z. 2018a. The open field test for measuring locomotor activity and anxiety-like behaviour. New York, NY: Springer New York; pp. 99–103. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8994-2_9.
   Google Scholar
• Kraeuter A, Guest PC, Sarnyai Z. 2018b. The Y-maze for assessment of spatial working and reference memory in mice. New York, NY: Springer New York; pp. 105–111. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8994-2_10.
   Google Scholar
• Liu LY, Qin TZ, Guo L, Rong-Rong H, Jing YT, Lai PP, Xue YZ, Ding GR. 2022. The preventive and therapeutic effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on radiation-induced brain injury in mice. Int J Radiat Biol. 98(8):1–14. doi:10.1080/09553002.2022.2038806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Missler U, Wiesmann M, Friedrich C, Kaps M. 1997. S-100 protein and neuron-specific enolase concentrations in blood as indicators of infarction volume and prognosis in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 28(10):1956–1960. doi:10.1161/01.STR.28.10.1956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Paval J, Kedage V, Bhat MS, Nayak S, Bhat PG. 2013. Analysis of emotionality and locomotion in radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation exposed rats. Neurol Sci. 34(7):1117–1124. doi:10.1007/s10072-012-1189-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayanan SN, Mohapatra N, John P, N K, Kumar RS, Nayak SB, Bhat PG. 2018. Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure effects on amygdala morphology, place preference behaviour and brain caspase-3 activity in rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 58:220–229. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2018.01.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nittby H, Grafström G, Tian DP, Malmgren L, Brun A, Persson BR, Salford LG, Eberhardt J. 2008. Cognitive impairment in rats after long-term exposure to GSM-900 mobile phone radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. 29(3):219–232. doi:10.1002/bem.20386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obajuluwa AO, Akinyemi AJ, Afolabi OB, Adekoya K, Sanya JO, Ishola AO. 2017. Exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic waves alters acetylcholinesterase gene expression, exploratory and motor coordination-linked behaviour in male rats. Toxicol Rep. 4:530–534. doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.09.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pareja-Peña F, Burgos-Molina AM, Sendra-Portero F, Ruiz-Gómez MJ. 2022. Evidences of the (400 MHz - 3 GHz) radiofrequency electromagnetic field influence on brain tumor induction. Int J Environ Health Res. 32(1):121–130. doi:10.1080/09603123.2020.1738352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petitdant N, Lecomte A, Robidel F, Gamez C, Blazy K, Villégier AS. 2016. Cerebral radiofrequency exposures during adolescence: impact on astrocytes and brain functions in healthy and pathologic rat models. Bioelectromagnetics. 37(5):338–350. doi:10.1002/bem.21986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell CL. 2018. 5 G wireless telecommunications expansion: public health and environmental implications. Environ Res. 165:484–495. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shehu A, Mohammed A, Magaji RA, Muhammad MS. 2016. Exposure to mobile phone electromagnetic field radiation, ringtone and vibration affects anxiety-like behaviour and oxidative stress biomarkers in albino Wistar rats. Metab Brain Dis. 31(2):355–362. doi:10.1007/s11011-015-9758-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simkó M, Mattsson MO. 2019. 5G wireless communication and health effects—a pragmatic review based on available studies regarding 6 to 100 GHz. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16(18):3406. doi:10.3390/ijerph16183406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tafakori S, Farrokhi A, Shalchyan V, Daliri MR. 2020. Investigating the impact of mobile range electromagnetic radiation on the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat during working memory. Behav Brain Res. 391:112703. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varghese R, Majumdar A, Kumar G, Shukla A. 2018. Rats exposed to 2.45 GHz of non-ionizing radiation exhibit behavioural changes with increased brain expression of apoptotic caspase 3. Pathophysiology. 25(1):19–30. doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.11.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu D, Liu B, Jiang G, Pei S, Pan H. 2020. Correlation of changes in serum S100β, NSE and inflammatory factor levels with MMSE and MoCA in intracranial tumor patients with cognitive impairment. Oncol Lett. 20(2):1968–1972. doi:10.3892/ol.2020.11751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Sumich A, Wang GY. 2017a. Acute effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phone on brain function. Bioelectromagnetics. 38(5):329–338. doi:10.1002/bem.22052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang JP, Zhang KY, Guo L, Chen QL, Gao P, Wang T, Li J, Guo GZ, Ding GR. 2017b. Effects of 1.8 GHz radiofrequency fields on the emotional behaviour and spatial memory of adolescent mice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 14(11):1344. doi:10.3390/ijerph14111344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar