115
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Activated sludge and UV-C254 for Sapovirus, Aichivirus, Astrovirus, and Adenovirus processing

, , , &
Pages 1995-2014 | Received 28 Jan 2023, Accepted 13 Apr 2023, Published online: 22 Apr 2023

References

  • Adams MJ, Lefkowitz EJ, King AMQ, Harrach B, Harrison RL, Knowles NJ, Kropinski AM, Krupovic M, Kuhn JH, Mushegian AR, et al. 2017. Changes to taxonomy and the international code of virus classification and nomenclature ratified by the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (2017). Arch Virol. 162(8):2505–2538. doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3358-5
  • Adefisoye MA, Nwodo UU, Green E, Okoh AI. 2016. Quantitative PCR detection and characterization of human adenovirus, rotavirus, and hepatitis a virus in discharged effluents of two wastewater treatment facilities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Food Environ Virol. 8(4):262–274. doi:10.1007/s12560-016-9246-4.
  • Ahmed W, Angel N, Edson J, Bibby K, Bivins A, O’Brien JW, Choi PM, Kitajima M, Simpson SL, Li J, et al. 2020. First confirmed detection of SARS-CoV 2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: a proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community. Sci Total Environ. 728:138764. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138764.
  • Alcalả A, Vizzi E, Rodriguez-Diaz J, Zambrano JL, Betancourt W, Liprandi F. 2010. Molecular detection and molecular characterization of Aichi viruses in sewage-polluted waters of venezuela. Appl Environ Microbiol. 76(12):4113–4115. doi:10.1128/AEM.00501-10.
  • Allard A, Albinsson B, Wadell G. 2001. Rapid typing of human adenoviruses by a general PCR combined with restriction endonuclease analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 39(2):498–505. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.2.498-505.2001.
  • Amdiouni H, Faouzi A, Fariat N, Hassar M, Soukri A, Nourlil J. 2012. Detection and molecular identification of human adenoviruses and enteroviruses in wastewater from Morocco. Lett Appl Microbiol. 54(4):359–366. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2012.03220.x.
  • American Public Health Association. 2017. Standard methods for the analysis of water and wastewater, joint publication of the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. 22nd Edition. Washing, DC, USA, 2012. [Accessed 27 November 2017]. www.standardmethods.org.
  • Astroviruses AC. 2013. Fields Virology. In: Méndez E, In: Knipe D, Howley P, editors. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Augsburger N, Rachmadi AT, Zaouri N, Lee Y, Hong PY. 2021. Recent update on UV disinfection to fulfil the disinfection credit value for enteric viruses in water. Environ Sci Technol. 55(24):16283–16298. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c03092.
  • Aw TG, Gin KY. 2010. Environmental surveillance and molecular characterization of human enteric viruses in tropical urban wastewater. J Appl Microbiol. 109(2):716–730. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04701.x.
  • Be BAJ. 2013. Adenoviridae. In: Knipe D Howley P, editors. Fields Virology. 6th ed. Vol. 2. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; pp. 1704–1731.
  • Campos CJA, Avant J, Lowther J, Till D, Lees DN. 2016. Human norovirus in untreated sewage and effluents from primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment processes. Water Res. 103:224–232. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.045.
  • Cantalupo PG, Calgua B, Zhao G, Hundesa A, Wier AD, Katz JP, Grabe M, Hendrix RW, Girones R, Wang D, et al. 2011. Raw sewage harbors diverse viral populations. 2(5): e00180–11 . doi:10.1128/mBio.00180-11.
  • Chiba S, Sakuma Y, Kogasaka R, Akihara M, Horino K, Nakao T, Fukui S. 1979. An outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with calicivirus in an infant home. J Med Virol. 4(4):249–254. doi:10.1002/jmv.1890040402.
  • Cortez V, Meliopoulos VA, Karlsson EA, Hargest V, Johnson C, Schultz-Cherry S. 2017. Astrovirus biology and pathogenesis. Annu Rev Virol. 4(1):327–348. doi:10.1146/Annurev-virology-101416-041742.
  • Cromeans T, GW P, Costantini V, Lee D, Wang Q, Farkas T, Lee A, Vinjé J, Yates MV. 2014. Comprehensive comparison of cultivable norovirus surrogates in response to different inactivation and disinfection treatments. Appl Environ Microbiol. 80(18):5743–5751. doi:10.1128/AEM.01532-14
  • De Grazia R, Platia MA, Rotolo V, Colomba C, Martella V, Giammanco GM. 2011. Surveillance of human astrovirus circulation in Italy 2002–2005: the emergence of lineage 2c strains. Clin Microbiol Infect. 17(1):97–101. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03207.x
  • Di Martino B, Di Profio F, Ceci C, Di Felice E, Marsilio F. 2013. Molecular detection of Aichi virus in raw sewage in Italy. Arch Virol. 158(9):2001–2005. doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1694-7.
  • El-SEl-Senousy M, Guix S, Abid I, Pintó BA, Bosch A. 2007. Removal of astrovirus from water and sewage treatment plants evaluated by a competitive reverse transcription-PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol. 73(1):164–167. doi:10.1128/AEM.01748-06
  • EPA. 1992. Environmental protection agency: standard for the disposal of sewage sludge. Fed Reg Part. 503:9387–9404.
  • Fioretti JM, Rocha MS, Fumian TM, Ginuino A, da Silva TP, de Assis MR, Rodrigues JD, Carvalho-Costa FA, Miagostovich MP, da Silva TP, et al. 2016. Occurrence of human Sapoviruses in wastewater and stool samples in Rio de Janeiro. Brazil J Appl Microbiol. 121(3):855–862. doi:10.1111/jam.13205
  • Floyd R, Sharp DG. 1979. Viral aggregation: buffer effects in the aggregation of poliovirus and reovirus at low and high Ph. Appl Environ Microbiol. 38(3):395e401. doi:10.1128/aem.38.3.395-401.1979.
  • Fodha I, Chouikha A, Dewar J, Trabelsi A, Boujaafar N, Steele AD. 2006. Prevalence of adenovirus antigens in children presenting with acute diarrhea. Med Trop. 67:256–258.
  • Fong TT, Phanikumar MS, Xagoraraki I, Rose JB. 2010. Quantitative detection of human adenoviruses in wastewater and combined sewer overflow influencing a Michigan river. Appl Environ Microbiol. 76(3):715–723. doi:10.1128/AEM.01316-09.
  • Fumian TM, Vieira CB, Leite JP, Miagostovich MP. 2013. Assessment of the burden of virus agents in an urban sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro. Brazil J Water Health. 11(1):110–119. doi:10.2166/wh.2012.123.
  • Gerba CP. 1984. Applied and theoretical aspects of virus adsorption to surfaces, Advances. Appl Microbiol. 30:133–168. doi:10.1016/s0065-2164
  • Gholipour S, Ghalhari MR, Nikaeen M, Rabbani D, Pakzad P, Miranzadeh MB. 2022. Occurrence of viruses in sewage sludge: a systematic review. Sci Total Environ. 824:153886. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153886.
  • Gowda N, Trieff M, Stanton J. 1981. Inactivation of poliovirus by chloramine-T. Appl Environ Microbiol. 42(3):469–476. doi:10.1128/aem.42.3.469-476.1981.
  • Grøndahl-Rosado RC, Yarovitsyna E, Trettenes E, Myrmel M, Robertson LJ. 2014. A one-year study on the concentrations of norovirus and enteric adenoviruses in wastewater and a surface drinking Water Source in Norway. Food Environ Virol. 6(4):232–245. doi:10.1007/s12560-014-9161-5.
  • Guimarães FR, Ferreira FF, Vieira CB, TM F, Shubo T, Leite JP, MP M. 2008. Molecular detection of human astrovirus in an urban sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 103(8):819–823. doi:10.1590/s0074-0276200800080001.
  • Guix S, Cabellero S, Villena C, Bartolomé R, Latorre C, Rabella N, Simó M, Bosch A, Pintó RM. 2002. Molecular epidemiology of Astrovirus infection in Barcelona, Spain. J Clin Microbiol. 40(1):133–139. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.1.133-139.2002
  • Haramoto E, Katayama H, Phanuwan C, Ohgaki S. 2008. Quantitative detection of sapoviruses in wastewater and river water in Japan. Lett Appl Microbiol. 46(3):408–413. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02330.x.
  • Hassen A, Mahrouk M, Ouzari H, Cherif M, Boudabous A, Damelincourt JJ. 2000. UV disinfection of treated wastewater in a large-scale pilot plant and inactivation of selected bacteria in a laboratory UV device. Bioress Technol. 74(2):141–150. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00179-0(99)00179-0
  • Iaconelli M, Valdazo-González B, Equestre M, Ciccaglione AR, Marcantonio C, Della Libera S, La Rosa G. 2017. Molecular characterization of human adenoviruses in urban wastewater using the next generation and Sanger sequencing. Water Res. 121:240–247. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.039.
  • Ibrahim C, Chérif N, Hammami S, Pothier P, Hassen A. 2016. Quantification and genotyping of Rotavirus a within two wastewater treatment processes. Clean Soil Air Water. 44(4):393–401. doi:10.1002/clen.201400588
  • Ibrahim C, Hamdi R, Hammami S, Pothier P, Khelifi N, Hassen A. 2021. Inactivation of hepatovirus a in wastewater by 25 nm Ultraviolet-C irradiation. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 28(34):46725–46737. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-11601-6.
  • Ibrahim C, Hammami S, Chérif N, Mejri S, Pothier P, Hassen A. 2019. Detection of Sapoviruses in two biological lines of Tunisian hospital wastewater treatment. Int J Environ Health Res. 29(4):400–413. doi:10.1080/09603123.2018.1546835.
  • Ibrahim C, Hammami S, Pothier P, Khelifi N, Hassen A, Khelifi N. 2020. The performance of biological and tertiary wastewater treatment procedures for rotavirus a removal. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 27(6):5718–5729. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-05487-2
  • Ibrahim C, Hassen A, Pothier P, Mejri S, Hammami S. 2018. Molecular detection and genotypic characterization of enteric adenoviruses in hospital wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 25(11):10 977–10987. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-1399-2
  • Ibrahim C, Mehri I, Hammami S, Mejri S, Hassen A, Pothier, P. 2017a. Detection of Aichi virus genotype B in two lines of wastewater treatment processes. Microbial Pathogenisis. 109:305–312. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.001
  • Ibrahim C, Mehri I, Hammami S, Mejri S, Hassen A, Pothier P. 2017b. Removal of human astroviruses from hospital wastewater by two biological treatment methods: natural oxidizing lagoons and rotating biodisks. Desalination and Water Treat. 89:287–296. doi:10.5004/dwt.2017.21356.
  • Ibr Ibrahim C, Chérif N, Hammami S, Pothier P, Hassen A. 2015. Quantification and molecular characterization of Norovirus after two wastewater treatment procedures. Water Air Soil Pollut. 226:187–200. doi:10.1007/s11270-015-2402-x.
  • Kass L, Gourinat AC, Urbès F, Langlet J. 2015. A 1-year study on the detection of human enteric viruses in New Caledonia. Food Environ Virol. 8(1):46–56. doi:10.1007/s12560-015-9224-2.
  • Khanal S, Ghimire P, Dhamoon A. 2018. The repertoire of adenovirus in human disease: the innocuous to the deadly. Biomedicine. 6(1):30. doi:10.3390/biomedicines6010030.
  • Kingsley DH, Li X, Chen H. 2014. Temperature effects for high-pressure processing of Picornaviruses. Food Environ Virol. 6(1):58–61. doi:10.1007/s12560-013-9131-3
  • Kitajima M, Haramoto E, Phanuwan C, Katayama H. 2011. Genotype distribution of human sapoviruses in wastewater in Japan. Appl Environ Microbiol. 77(12):4226–4229. doi:10.1128/AEM.00088-11.
  • Kitajima M, Iker BC, Pepper IL, Gerba CP. 2014. Relative abundance and treatment reduction of viruses during wastewater treatment process identification of potential viral indicators. Sci Total Environ. 488-489:290–296. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.087.
  • Kitajima M, Rachmadi AT, Iker BC, Haramoto E, Gerba CP. 2018. Temporal variations in genotype distribution of human sapoviruses and Aichi virus 1 in wastewater in Southern Arizona, United States. J Appl Microbiol. 124(5):1324–1332. doi:10.1111/jam.13712.
  • Kokkinos P, Mandilara G, Nikolaidou A, Velegraki A, Theodoratos P, Kampa D, Blougoura A, Christopoulou A, Smeti E, Kamizoulis G, et al. 2015. Performance of three small-scale wastewater treatment plants. A challenge for possible reuse. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 22(22):17 744–17752. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-4988-3.
  • Kuo HW, Chen LZ, Shih MH. 2015. High prevalence of type 41 and high sequence diversity of partial hexon genes of human adenoviruses in municipal raw sewage and activated sludge. J Appl Microbiol. 119(4):1181–1195. doi:10.1111/jam.12907
  • La Rosa G, Pourshaban M, Iaconelli M, Muscillo M. 2010. Quantitative real-time PCR of enteric viruses in influent and effluent samples from wastewater treatment plants in Italy. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 46(3):266–273. doi:10.4415/ANN_10_03_07.10_03_07M.M.N.
  • La Rosa G, Sanseverino I, Della Libera S, Iaconelli M, Ferrero VEV, Barra Caracciolo A, Lettieri T. 2017. The impact of anthropogenic pressure on the virological quality of water from the Tiber River, Italy. Lett Appl Microbiol. 65(4):298–305. doi:10.1111/lam.12774
  • Lazarotto JS, Júnior EPM, Medeiros RC, Volpatto F, Silvestri S. 2021. Sanitary sewage disinfection with ultraviolet radiation and ultrasound. Int J Environ Sci Technol (Tehran). 8:1–8. doi:10.1007/s13762-021-03764-7.
  • Le TH, Ng C, Chen H, Yi XZ, Koh TH, Barkham TM, Zhou Z, Gin KY. 2016. Occurrences and characterization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genetic determinants of hospital wastewater in a tropical country. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 60(12):7449–7456. doi:10.1128/AAC.01556-16.
  • Lewis GD, Melcaft TG. 1988. Polyethylene glycol precipitation for recovery of pathogenic viruses, including hepatitis a virus and human rotavirus, from oyster, water, and sediment samples. Appl Environ Microbiol. 54(8):1983–1988. doi:10.1128/aem.54.8.1983-1988.1988.
  • Lizasoain A, Tort LF, García M, Gómez MM, Cristina J, Leite JP, Miagostovich MP, Victoria M, Colina R. 2015. Environmental assessment of classical human Astrovirus in Uruguay. Food Environ Virol. 7(2):142–148. doi:10.1007/s12560-015-9186-4.
  • Lodder WJ, Rutjes SA, Takumi K, de Roda Husman AM. 2013. Aichi virus in sewage and surface water, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 19(8):1222–1230. doi:10.3201/eid1908.130312.
  • MCY L, YF W, SW H, JY Y, JR W. 2015. High incidence of mammalian orthoreovirus identified by environmental surveillance in Taiwan. Plos One. 10(11):e0142745. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142745
  • Mennechet FJD, Paris O, Ouoba AR, Arenas SS, Sirima SB, Dzomo GRT, Diarra A, Traore TI, Kania D, Eichholz K, et al. 2019. A review of 65 years of human adenovirus seroprevalence. Expert Rev Vaccines. 18(6):597–613. doi:10.1080/14760584.2019.1588113.
  • Murray TY, Mans J, Taylor MB. 2013a. First detection of human Sapoviruses in river water in South Africa. Water Sci Technol. 67(12):2776–2783. doi:10.2166/wst.2013.203.
  • Murray TY, Mans J, Taylor MB. 2013b. Human Calicivirus diversity in wastewater in South Africa. J Appl Microbiol. 114(6):1843–1853. doi:10.1111/jam.12167.
  • Murray TY, Mans J, van Zyl WB, Taylor MB, van Zyl WB. 2013. Application of a competitive internal amplification control for the detection of sapoviruses in wastewater. Food Environ Virol. 5(1):61–68. doi:10.1007/s12560-012-9101-1.
  • Nemudryi A, Nemudraia A, Wiegand T, Surya K, Buyukyoruk M, Cicha C, Vanderwood KK, Wilkinson R, Wiedenheft B. 2020. Temporal detection and phylogenetic assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in municipal wastewater. Cell Rep Med. 1(6):100,098. doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100098.
  • Noel JS, Lee TW, Kurtz JB, Glass RI, Monroe SS. 1995. Typing of Human Astroviruses from clinical isolates by enzyme immunoassay and nucleotide sequencing. J Clin Microbiol. 33(4):797–801. doi:10.1128/jcm.33.4.797-801.1995.
  • Oka T, Katayama K, Hansman GS, Kageyama T, Ogawa S, Wu FT, White PA, Takeda N. 2006. Detection of human Sapovirus by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. J Med Virol. 78(10):1347–1353. doi:10.1002/jmv.20699.
  • Oka T, Lu Z, Phan T, Delwart EL, Saif LJ, Wang Q, Jin D-Y. 2016. Genetic characterization and classification of human and animal Sapoviruses. Plos One. 11(5):e0156373. [doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0156373. eCollection 2016].
  • Oka T, Wang Q, Saif LJ, Katayama K, Jung K, Wang Q. 2015. Comprehensive review of human sapoviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev. 28(1):32–53. doi:10.1128/CMR.00011-14
  • Osuolale O, Okoh A. 2015. Incidence of human adenoviruses and hepatitis a virus in the final effluent of selected wastewater treatment plants in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Virol J. 12:98. doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0327-z.
  • Prado T, Silva DM, Guilayn WC, Rose TL, Gaspar AM, Miagostovish MP. 2011. Quantification and molecular characterization of enteric viruses detected in effluents from two hospital wastewater treatment plants. Water Res. 45(3):1287–1297. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.012.
  • Rames E, Roiko A, Stratton H, Macdonald J. 2016. Technical aspects of using human adenovirus as a viral water quality indicator. Water Res. 96:308–326. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.042
  • Rivadulla E, Romalde JL. 2020. A comprehensive review on human Aichi Virus. Virol Sin. 35(5):501–516. doi:10.1007/s12250-020-00222-5.
  • Rodier. 1978. L’analyse de l’eau. Eaux naturelles, eaux résiduaires, eaux de mer. 6th Édn, Dunod. ISBN: 2100,496360, 1383. Paris.
  • Rowe WP, Huebner RJ, Gilmore LK, Parrott RH, Ward TG. 1953. Isolation of a cytopathogenic agent from human adenoids undergoing spontaneous degeneration in tissue culture. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 84(3):570–573. doi:10.3181/00379727-84-20714.
  • Roy D, Engelbrecht RS, Wong PKY, Chian ES. 1981. Inactivation of enteroviruses by ozone. Appl Environ Microbiol. 41(3):718–723. doi:10.1128/aem.41.3.718-723.1981.
  • Sabin C, Fuzik T, Skubnık K, Palkova L, Lindberg AM, Plevka P, López S. 2016. Structure of Aichi virus 1 and its empty particle: clues toward Kobuvirus genome release mechanism. J Virol. 90(23):10800–10810. doi:10.1128/JVI.01601-16.
  • Sano D, Pérez-Sautu U, Guix S, Pintó RM, Miura T, Okabe S, Bosch A. 2011. Quantification and genotyping of human sapoviruses in the Llobregat river catchment, Spain. Appl Environ Microbiol. 77(3):1111–1114. doi:10.1128/AEM.01721-10
  • Sdiri-Loulizi K, Gharbi-Khelifi H, de Rougemont A, Hassine M, Chouchane S, Sakly N, Pothier P, Guédiche MN, Aouni M, Ambert-Balay K. 2009. Molecular epidemiology of human astrovirus and adenovirus serotypes 40/41 strains related to acute diarrhea in Tunisian children. J Med Virol. 81(11):1895–1902. doi:10.1002/jmv.21586.
  • Sdiri-Loulizi K, Hassine M, Aouni Z, Gharbi-Khelifi H, Chouchane S, Sakly N, Neji-Guédiche M, Pothier P, Aouni M, Ambert-Balay K. 2010. Detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in environmental samples in Monastir, Tunisia, between January 2003 and April 2007. J Appl Microbiol. 109(3):1093–1104. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04772.x.
  • Sdiri-Loulizi K, Hassine M, Bour JP, Ambert-Balay K, Mastouri M, Aho LS, Gharbi-Khelifi H, Aouni Z, Sakly N, Chouchane S, et al. 2010. Aichi virus IgG seroprevalence in Tunisia parallels genomic detection and clinical presentation in children with gastroenteritis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 17(7):1111–1116 doi:10.1128/CVI.00059-10.
  • Sdiri-Loulizi K, Hassine M, Gharbi-Khelifi H, Aouni Z, Chouchane S, Sakly N, Neji-Guédiche M, Pothier P, Ambert-Balay K, Aouni M. 2011. Molecular detection of genogroup I sapovirus in Tunisian children suffering from acute gastroenteritis. Virus Genes. 43(1):6–12. doi:10.1007/s11262-011-0600-1.
  • Sdiri-Loulizi K, Hassine M, Gharbi-Khelifi H, Sakly N, Chouchane S, Guediche MN, Pothier P, Aouni M, Ambert-Balay K. 2009. Detection and genomic characterization of Aichi viruses in stool samples from children in Monastir, Tunisia. J Clin Microbiol. 47(7):2275–2278. doi:10.1128/JCM.00913-09.
  • Sezen F, Aval E, Ağkurt T, Ş Y, Temel F, Güleşen R, Korukluoğlu G, Sucakli MB, Torunoğlu MA, Zhu BP. 2015. A large multi-pathogen gastroenteritis outbreak caused by drinking contaminated water from antique neighborhood fountains. Erzurum City, Turkey. December 2012 Epidemiol Infect 143704–710. doi:10.1017/S0950268814001459.4
  • Sima LC, Schaeffer J, Le Saux JC, Parnaudeau S, Elimelech M, Le Guyader FS. 2011. Calicivirus removal in a membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment plant. Appl Environ Microbiol. 77(15):5170–5177. doi:10.1128/AEM.00583-11.
  • TFF N, Marine R, Wang C, Simmonds P, Kapusinszky B, Bodhidatta L, Oderinde BS, Wommack KE, Delwart E. 2012. High variety of known and new RNA and DNA viruses of diverse origins in untreated sewage. J Virol. 86(22):12161–12175. doi:10.1128/JVI.00869-12.
  • Turki Y, Mehri I, Lajnef R, Rejab A, Ben Khessairi A, Cherif H, Ouzari H, Hassen A. 2017. Biofilms in bioremediation and wastewater treatment: characterization of bacterial community structure and diversity during seasons in municipal wastewater treatment process. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 24(4):3519–3530. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-8090-2.
  • Varela MF, Ouardani I, Kato T, Kadoya S, Aouni M, Sano D, Romalde JL, Elkins CA. 2018. Sapovirus in wastewater treatment plants in Tunisia: prevalence, removal, and genetic characterization. Appl Environ Microbiol. 84 (6) : e02093–17. doi:10.1128/AEM.02093-17
  • Vecchia AD, Fleck JD, Kluge M, Comerlato J, Bergamaschi B, Luz RB, Arantes TS, Silva JV, Thewes MR, Spilki FR. 2012. Assessment of enteric viruses in a sewage treatment plant in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. Braz J Biol. 72(4):839–846. doi:10.1590/S1519-69842012000500009.
  • Victoria M, Fumian T, Rocha D, Leite F, Girones J, R MM, Miagostovich MP. 2014. Gastroenteric virus dissemination and influence of rainfall events in Urban Beaches in Brazil. J Appl Microbiol. 117(4):1210–1218. doi:10.1111/jam.12592.
  • Wieczorek M, Krzysztoszek A, Witek A. 2015. Species-specific identification of human adenoviruses in sewage. Pol J Microbiol. 64(1):23–28. doi:10.33073/pjm-2015-003.
  • Wohlgemuth N, Honcea R, Schultz-Cherry S. 2019. Astrovirus evolution and emergence. Infect Genet Evol. 69:30–37. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2019.01.009.
  • Yamashita T, Adachi H, Hirose E, Nakamura N, Ito M, Yasui Y, Kobayashi S, Minagawa H. 2014. Molecular detection and nucleotide sequence analysis of a new Aichi virus closely related to canine Kobuvirus in sewage samples. J Med Microbiol. 63(5):715–720. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.070987-0.
  • Yamashita T, Sugiyama M, Tsuzuki H, Sakae K, Suzuki Y, Miyazaki Y. 2000. Application of a reverse transcription-PCR for identification and differentiation of Aichi virus, a new member of the Picornavirus family associated with gastroenteritis in humans. J Clin Microbiol. 38(8):2955–2961. doi:10.1128/JCM.38.8.2955-2961.2000.
  • Zell R. 2017. Picornaviridae—the ever-growing virus family. Arch Virol. 163(2):299–317. doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3614-8.
  • Zhu L, Wang X, Ren J, Kotecha A, Walter TS, Yuan S, Yamashita T, Tuthill TJ, Fry EE, Rao Z, et al. 2016. Structure of human Aichi virus and implications for receptor binding. Nat Microbiol. 1(11):150. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.150.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.