Assessment of internal radiation exposure caused by radon in commercially bottled spring waters consumed in Turkey

References

• Abojassim AA, Kadhim SH, Mraity HAA, Munim RR. 2017. Radon levels in different types of bottled drinking water and carbonated drinks in Iraqi markets. Water Sci Technol: Water Supply. 17(1):206–211. doi:10.2166/ws.2016.127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abuelhia E. 2019. Assessment of radiation dose from radon ingestion and inhalation in commercially bottled drinking water and its annual effective dose in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Health Res. 29(2):164–172. doi:10.1080/09603123.2018.1531113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akar TU, Gurler O, Akkaya G, Kilic N, Yalcin S, Kaynak G, Gundogdu O. 2012. Evaluation of radon concentration in well and tap waters in Bursa, Turkey. Radiat Prot Dosim. 150(2):207–212. doi:10.1093/rpd/ncr394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akar U, Gurler O, Kahraman A, Yalcin S, Kaynak G, Gundogdu O. 2009. Measurements of radium levels in bottled natural spring water of Marmara region (Turkey). Rom J Phys. 57:1204–1210.
   Google Scholar
• Al Mahmud J, Siraz MMM, Alam MS, Das SC, Bradley DA, Khandaker MU, Tokonami S, Shelley A, Yeasmin S. 2023. A study into the long-overlooked carcinogenic radon in bottled water and deep well water in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Int J Environ Anal Chem. 1–13. doi:10.1080/03067319.2022.2163895.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso H, Cruz-Fuentes T, Rubiano JG, González-Guerra J, Cabrera MDC, Arnedo MA, Tejera A, Rodríguez-Gonzalez A, Pérez-Torrado FJ, Martel P. 2015. Radon in groundwater of the northeastern Gran Canaria aquifer. Water. 7(12):2575–2590. doi:10.3390/w7062575.
   Google Scholar
• Altıkulaç A, Kurnaz A, Turhan Ş, Kutucu M. 2022. Natural radionuclides in bottled mineral waters consumed in Turkey and their contribution to radiation dose. ACS Omega. 7(38):34428–34435. doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c04087.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al Zabadi H, Musmar S, Issa S, Dwaikat N, Saffarini G. 2012. Exposure assessment of radon in the drinking water supplies: a descriptive study in Palestine. BMC Res Notes. 5(29):1–8. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alzaridi FMNS, Kurnaz A. 2022. Determination of concentration levels of toxic elements and radon in drinking waters consumed in Kastamonu province, Turkey. Int J Environ Anal Chem. 102(19):8538–8549. doi:10.1080/03067319.2020.1849664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amrani D. 2002. Natural radioactivity in Algerian bottled mineral waters. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 252(3):597–600. doi:10.1023/A:1015883610854.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auvinen A, Salonen L, Pekkanen J, Pukkala E, Ilus T, Kurttio P. 2005. Radon and other natural radionuclides in drinking water and risks of stomach cancer: a case–cohort study in Finland. Int J Cancer. 114(1):109–113. doi:10.1002/ijc.20680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydin MF, Söğüt Ö. 2019. Measurement of radon gas activity concentrations in drinking water in the city center of Adıyaman, Turkey. Radiat Prot Environ. 42(1):10–14. doi:10.4103/rpe.RPE_54_18.
   Google Scholar
• Baykara O, Dogru M. 2006. Measurements of radon and uranium concentration in water and soil samples from East Anatolian active fault systems (Turkey). Radiat Meas. 41(3):362–367. doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.06.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Büyükuslu H, Özdemir FB, Öğe TÖ, Gökçe H. 2018. Indoor and tap water radon (222Rn) concentration measurements at Giresun University campus areas. Appl Radiat Isot. 139:285–291. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.05.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantaluppi C, Zannoni D, Cianchi A, Giacetti W, Lovisetto B, Pagnin E, Favero T. 2021. Methods for radioactivity measurements in drinking water using gamma spectrometry. J Environ Radioact. 232:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2021.106566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damla N, Alp MS, Yesilkanat CM, Isık U. 2022. Evaluation and analysis of the spatial distribution of radiation risks caused by radon in drinking water of Batman, Türkiye. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 331(12):5859–5868. doi:10.1007/s10967-022-08670-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeba F, Rahman SH, Kabir MZ. 2021. Assessment of annual effective dose due to inhalation and ingestion of radon from groundwater at the Southeast Coastal area. Bangladesh Radiat Protect Dosim. 194(2–3):169–177. doi:10.1093/rpd/ncab096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Carlo C, Lepore L, Venoso G, Ampollini M, Carpentieri C, Tannino A, Ragno E, Magliano A, D’Amario C, Remetti R, et al. 2019. Radon concentration in self-bottled mineral spring waters as a possible public health issue. null. 39(1):1–7. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50472-x.
   Google Scholar
• Directive EU. 2013. Council Directive 51/Euratom. Council Directive 51/EURATOM of 22 October 2013 laying down requirements for the protection of the health of the general public with regard to radioactive substances in water intended for human consumption. Off J Eur Union. 296:12–21.
   Google Scholar
• Dueñas C, Fernández MC, Carretero J, Liger E, Cañete S. 1999. 226Ra and 222Rn concentrations and doses in bottled waters in Spain. J Environ Radioact. 45(3):283–290. doi:10.1016/S0265-931X(98)00115-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdogdu M, Damla N, Kara A, Sahan H, Isik U, Tel E, Sahan M. 2016. Spatial distribution of 222Rn concentrations and dose estimations in various waters. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 22(4):927–940. doi:10.1080/10807039.2015.1121374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fakhri Y, Mahvi AH, Langarizadeh G, Zandsalimi Y, Rasouli Amirhajeloo L, Kargosha M, Moradi M, Moradi B, Mirzaei M. 2016. Effective dose of radon-222 bottled water in different age groups humans: Bandar Abbas City, Iran. Global J Health Sci. 8(2):64–71. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v8n2p64.
   Google Scholar
• Gómez M, Suursoo S, Martin-Sanchez N, Vaasma T, Leier M. 2023. Natural radioactivity in European drinking water: a review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 53(2):198–215. doi:10.1080/10643389.2022.2041975.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grande S, Risica S. 2015. Radionuclides in drinking water: the recent legislative requirements of the European Union. J Radiol Prot. 35(1):1–19. doi:10.1088/0952-4746/35/1/1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurler O, Akar U, Kahraman A, Yalcin S, Kaynak G, Gundogdu O. 2010. Measurements of radon levels in thermal waters of Bursa, Turkey. Fresenius Environ Bull. 19(2):3013–3017.
   Google Scholar
• Haroon H, Muhammad S. 2022. Spatial distribution of radon concentrations in groundwater and annual exposure doses in Mirpur District Pakistan. Groundw Sustain Dev. 17:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100734.
   Google Scholar
• Hussein AS. 2019. Evaluation of the radiation dose from radon ingestion from different types of drinking water samples in Egypt using nuclear track detectors (LR-115 Type II). Radiat Prot Environ. 42(4):168–172. doi:10.4103/rpe.RPE_21_19.
   Google Scholar
• Ismail NF, Hashim S, Sanusi MSM, Abdul Rahman AT, Bradley DA. 2021. Radon levels of water sources in the Southwest Coastal Region of Peninsular Malaysia. Appl Sci. 11(15):1–12. doi:10.3390/app11156842.
   Google Scholar
• Jobbágy V, Altzitzoglou T, Malo P, Tanner V, Hult M. 2017. A brief overview on radon measurements in drinking water. J Environ Radioact. 173:18–24. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.09.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinahan A, Hosoda M, Kelleher K, Tsujiguchi T, Akata N, Tokonami S, Currivan L, Vintró LL. 2020. Assessment of radiation dose from the consumption of bottled drinking water in Japan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17(14):1–12. doi:10.3390/ijerph17144992.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotrappa P, Stieff LR, Volkovitsky P. 2005. Radon monitor calibration using NIST radon emanation standards: steady flow method. Radiat Protect Dosim. 113(1):70–74. doi:10.1093/rpd/nch421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kralik C, Friedrich M, Vojir F. 2003. Natural radionuclides in bottled water in Austria. J Environ Radioact. 65(2):233–241. doi:10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00099-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar M, Kaushal A, Sahoo BK, Sarin A, Mehra R, Jakhu R, Bhalla A, Sharma N. 2019. Measurement of uranium and radon concentration in drinking water samples and assessment of ingestion dose to local population in Jalandhar district of Punjab, India. Indoor Built Environ. 28(5):611–618. doi:10.1177/1420326X17703773.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurnaz A, Çetiner MA. 2016. Exposure assessment of the radon in residential tap water in Kastamonu. Int J Radiat Res. 14(3):245–250. doi:10.18869/acadpub.ijrr.14.3.245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li T, Wang N, Li S. 2015. Preliminary investigation of radon concentration in surface water and drinking water in Shenzhen City, South China. Radiat Protect Dosim. 167(1–3):59–64. doi:10.1093/rpd/ncv207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunardi M, Bonotto DM. 2023. Natural radioactivity due to uranium and radon in thermal groundwaters of Central Brazil. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 332(3):629–646. doi:10.1007/s10967-023-08784-w.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamun A, Alazmi A. 2022. Investigation of radon in groundwater and the corresponding human-health risk assessment in Northeastern Saudi Arabia. Sustainability. 14(21):1–12. doi:10.3390/su142114515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mas JL, Velázquez LM, Hurtado-Bermúdez SJ. 2021. Optimization of AlphaGUARD AquaKIT set-up for analysis of radon in water using stainless-steel bottles and its validation through IAEA standard samples. Radiat Meas. 142:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2021.106545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayak T, Basak S, Deb A, Dhal PK. 2022. A systematic review on groundwater radon distribution with human health consequences and probable mitigation strategy. J Environ Radioact. 247:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OJ (Official Journal). 2005. Regulation on Water Intended for Human Consumption (İnsani Tüketim Amaçlı Sular Hakkında Yönetmelik), 25730, 17 February (Şubat) (in Turkish).
   Google Scholar
• Oner F, Yalim HA, Akkurt A, Orbay M. 2009. The measurement of radon concentrations in drinking water and the Yesilirmak River water in the area of Amasya in Turkey. Radiat Prot Dosim. 133(4):223–226. doi:10.1093/rpd/ncp049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opoku-Ntim I, Gyampo O, Andam AB. 2019. Risk assessment of radon in some bottled water on the Ghanaian Market. Environ Res Commun. 1(10):1–8. doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ab4568.
   Google Scholar
• Petraccia L, Liberati G, Masciullo SG, Grassi M, Fraioli A. 2006. Water, mineral waters and health. Clin Nutr. 25(3):377–385. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2005.10.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrosyan V, Perikhanyan Y. 2022. Assessment of possible risks on human health by estimation of annual effective doses associated with radon in drinking water. Appl Radiat Isot. 189:1–5. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piñero García F, Thomas R, Mantero J, Forssell-Aronsson E, Isaksson M. 2021. Radiological impact of naturally occurring radionuclides in bottled water. null. 130:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108302.
   Google Scholar
• Pourfadakari S, Dobaradaran S, De-la-Torre GE, Mohammadi A, Saeedi R, Spitz J. 2022. Evaluation of occurrence of organic, inorganic, and microbial contaminants in bottled drinking water and comparison with international guidelines: a worldwide review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 29(37):55400–55414. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-21213-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rožmarić M, Rogić M, Benedik L, Strok M. 2012. Natural radionuclides in bottled drinking waters produced in Croatia and their contribution to radiation dose. Sci Total Environ. 437:53–60. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahin L, Cetinkaya H, Murat Saç M, Içhedef M. 2013. Determination of radon and radium concentrations in drinking water samples around the city of Kutahya. Radiat Prot Dosim. 155(4):474–482. doi:10.1093/rpd/nct019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seid AMA, Turhan Ş, Kurnaz A, Bakır TK, Hançerlioğulları A. 2022. Radon concentration of different brands of bottled natural mineral water commercially sold in Turkey and radiological risk assessment. Int J Environ Anal Chem. 102(19):7469–7481. doi:10.1080/03067319.2020.1830989.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semerjian L, Alrajaby H, Naaz N, Kasfah R, Dalah EZ, Waheed E, Nabulssi A, Metwally WA. 2020. Age-dependent effective ingestion dose estimations and lifetime risk assessment for selected radionuclides (40K and 3H) in bottled waters marketed in United Arab Emirates. Chemosphere. 249:1–5. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seoud M. 2017. Measurement of radon-222 concentration in bottled natural mineral drinking Water in Kuwait using the nuclear track detector (CR-39). Int J Phys. 5:201–207.
   Google Scholar
• Singla AK, Kanse S, Kansal S, Rani S, Mehra RA. 2023. Comprehensive study of radon in drinking waters of Hanumangarh district and the assessment of resulting dose to local population. Environ Geochem Health. 45(2):443–455. doi:10.1007/s10653-022-01304-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUDER (Packaging Water Producers Association). 2023. [accessed February 26, 2023] https://suder.org.tr/ambalajli-su/istatistik/.
   Google Scholar
• Tabar E, Yakut H. 2014. Determination of 22Ra concentration in bottled mineral water and assessment of effective doses, a survey in Turkey. Int J Radiat Res. 12(3):193–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasev G, Serafimovski T, Boev B, Gjorgiev L. 2022. Radon and radium concentration in self-bottled mineral spring water from the public fountain “Elixir” at the Moklište area, Republic of North Macedonia. Geol Maced. 36(1):55–72. doi:10.46763/GEOL22361055t.
   Google Scholar
• Todorovic N, Nikolov J, Forkapic S, Bikit I, Mrdja D, Krmar M, Veskovic M. 2012. Public exposure to radon in drinking water in Serbia. Appl Radiat Isot. 70(3):543–549. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.11.045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turhan Ş, Kurnaz A. 2022. Potentially toxic element contamination and health risk assessment in bottled mineral waters consumed in Turkey. Int J Environ Health Res. 1–12. doi:10.1080/09603123.2022.2105825.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNSCEAR. 2000. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of atomic radiation. New York, USA: United Nations Publication.
   Google Scholar
• USEPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1986. Drinking Water Regulation, Code of Federal Regulations, 40 Part 141. USA: EPA.
   Google Scholar
• Weigel F. 1978. Radon. Chemiker-Zeitung. 102:287–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO (World Health Organization). 2022. Guidelines foR drinking-water quality, fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda, WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data NLM classification: wA 675. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Wieprzowski K, Bekas M, Waśniewska E, Wardziński A, Magiera A. 2018. Radon 222Rn in drinking water of West Pomeranian Voivodeship and Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. Nukleonika. 63:43–46. doi:10.2478/nuka-2018-0005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu YY, Ma YZ, Cui HX, Liu JX, Sun YR, Shang B, Su X. 2014. Radon concentrations in drinking water in Beijing City, China and contribution to radiation dose. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 11(11):11121–11131. doi:10.3390/ijerph111111121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yakut H, Tabar E, Zenginerler Z, Demirci N, Ertugral F. 2013. Measurement of 222Rn concentration in drinking water in Sakarya, Turkey. Radiat Prot Dosim. 157(3):397–406. doi:10.1093/rpd/nct157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalcin S, Gurler O, Akar UT, Incirci F, Kaynak G, Gundogdu O. 2011. Measurements of radon concentration in drinking water samples from Kastamonu (Turkey). Isotopes Environ Health Stud. 47(4):438–445. doi:10.1080/10256016.2011.618270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalım HA, Sandıkcıoğlu A, Ünal R, Orhun Ö. 2007. Measurements of radon concentrations in well waters near the Akşehir fault zone in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. Radiat Meas. 42(3):505–508. doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.12.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yigitoglu I, Oner F, Yalim HA, Akkurt A, Okur A, Ozkan A. 2010. Radon concentrations in water in the region of Tokat city in Turkey. Radiat Prot Dosim. 142(2–4):358–362. doi:10.1093/rpd/ncq191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yong J, Feng G, Liu Q, Tang C, Wu B, Hu Y, Cai C, Mao P. 2020. Radon concentration measurement and effective dose assessment in different brands of commercial bottled water produced in China. Water Sci Technol: Water Supply. 20(5):1581–1591. doi:10.2166/ws.2020.061.
   Google Scholar
• Yuce G, Gasparon M. 2013. Preliminary risk assessment of radon in ground water: a case study from Eskişehir, Turkey. Isot Environ Health Stud. 49(2):163–179. doi:10.1080/10256016.2013.739562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar