Extrinsic and intrinsic determinants of the host response in environmental lung disease

References

• Aarden , L. A. , Brunner , T. K. Cerottini , J. C. 1999 . Revised nomenclature for antigennonspecific T cell proliferation and helper factors. . J. Immunol , 123 : 2928 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Ackerman , S. J. , Durack , D. T. and Gleich , G. J. 1992 . “ Eosinophileffector mechanisms in health and disease ” . In Advances in Host Defense Mechanisms , Edited by: Gallin , J. and Fauci , A. S. 269 – 93 . New York : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , D. H. , Basten , A. , Woodcock , A. J. and Guinan , J. 1997 . HLAand bird breeders hypersensitivity pneumonitis . Monogr. Allergy , 11 : 45 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Amman , A. J. , Cain , W. A. , Ishika , K. , Hong , R. and Good , R. A. 1999 . ImmunoglobulinE deficiency in ataxia‐telangiectasia . N. Engl. J. Med , 28l : 469 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Amman , A. J. and Hong , R. 1991 . SelectiveIgA deficiency: presentation of 30 cases and a review of the literature . Medicine , 50 : 223 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Andersen , I. , Lindgvist , G. R. , Jensen , P. L. and Proctor , P. F. 1994 . Humanresponse to controlled levels of sulfur dioxide . Arch. Environ. Health , 28 : 31 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , R. , Therow , A. J. and Ras , G. M. 1997 . Regulation by the antioxidants ascorbate, cysteine and dapsone of the increased extracelluar and intracellular generation of reactive oxidants by activated phagocytes from cigarette smokers . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 135 : 1027 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Ando , M. , Suginoto , M. Nish , R. 1994 . Surfacemorphology and human pulmonary alveolar macrophages from smokers and non‐smokers . Thorax , 39 : 850 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Anto , J. M. , Sunyer , J. , Rodriguez‐Roisin , R. , Suarez‐Cervera , M. and Vazquez , L. 1999 . Community outbreaks of asthma associated with inhalation of soybean dust . New Engl. J. Med. , 320 : 1097 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous . 1995 . Asthmaand the weather . Lancet , 1 : 1079 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Bazaral , M. , Orgel , H. A. and Hamburger , R. N. 1994 . Genetics of IgE and allergy: Serum IgE levels in twins . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol , 54 : 288 – 304 .
   Google Scholar
• Berill , W. T. and Van Rood , J. J. 1997 . HLA‐DW6 and avian hypersensitivity . Lancet , 2 : 248 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Bienenstock , J. , Clancy , R. L. and Percy , P. Y. 1996 . “ Bronchusassociated lymphoid tissue (BALT). Its relationship to mucosal immunity ” . In Immunologic and Infectious Reactions in the Lung , Edited by: Kirkpatrick , C. H. and Reynolds , H. Y. 29 New York : Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Basham , T. Y. and Merigan , T. C. 1993 . Recombinantinterferon‐gamma increases HLA‐DR synthesis and expression . J. Immunol. , 130 : 1492 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Bloom , B. R. 1991 . Invitro approaches to the mechanism of cell mediated immune reactions . Adv. Immunol , 13 : 101 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• Bowden , D. H. and Adamson , I.Y.R. 1992 . Pulmonaryinterstitial cell as immediate precursor of the alveolar macrophage . Am. J. Pathol. , 68 : 521 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Bowden , D. H. and Adamson , I.Y.R. 1992 . Alveolar macrophage response to carbon in monocyte depleted mice . Am. Rev. Respir Dis. , 126 : 708 – 711 .
   Google Scholar
• Brain , J. D. , Beck , B. D. , Warren , A. J. and Shaik , R. A. 1998 . “ Variationsin susceptibility to inhaled pollutants ” . Boston : John Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brain , J. D. , Sorokin , S. P. and Godleski , J. J. “ Quantification,origin and fate of pulmonary macrophages ” . In Lung, Biology in Health and Disease, Part 11, Vol 5: Respiratory Defence Mechanisms , Edited by: Brain , J. D. , Proctor , D. F. and Reid , L. M. 849 – 92 . New York : Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Brandtzaeg , P. 1993 . Immunohistochemical characterization of intracellular J chain and binding site for secretory component (SC) in human immunoglobulin (Ig)‐producing cells . Mol. Immunol. , 23 : 941 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Brandtzaeg , P. , Fjellanger , I. and Geroldsen , S. T. 1998 . ImmunoglobulinM: local synthesis and selective secretion in patients with immunoglobulin A deficiency . Science , 160 : 789 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Buist , A. S. 1999 . Therelative contributions of nature and nurture in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . West J. Med , 131 : 114 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Camner , P. , Strandberg , K. and Philipson , K. 1994 . Increasedmucociliary transport by cholinergic stimulation . Arch. Environ. Health , 29 : 220 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , J. C. , Lesser , M. , Yoo , O. H. and Orlowski , M. 1996 . Increased cathepsin B‐like activity in alveolar macrophages and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from smokers . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 134 : 538 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , S. E. and Bernstein , I. L. 1992 . Theguinea pig model of diisocyanate sensitization I. Immunologic studies . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 70 : 383 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , B. H. 1990 . Chronic obstructive airways disease: A challenge in genetic epidemiology . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 112 : 274 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Costabel , U. , Bross , K. J. , Reuter , C. , Ruhel , K. H. and Matthys , H. 1996 . Alterations in immunoregulatory T‐cell subsets in cigarette smokers. A phenotypic analysis of BAL and blood lymphocytes . Chest , 90 : 39 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Cotes , J. E. and Steel , J. 1997 . Work Related Lung Disorders , Oxford : Blackwell Scientific .
   Google Scholar
• Delacroix , D. L. , Marchandise , F. X. , Francis , S. and Sibille , Y. 1995 . Alpha‐2‐macroglobulin,monomeric and polymeric immunoglobulin A, and immunoglobulin M in bronchoalveolar lavage . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 132 : 829 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Dockery , W. D. , Speizer , F. E. , Strain , D. O. , Ware , J. H. , Spengler , J. D. and Ferris , B. G. 1999 . Effectsof inhalable particles on respiratory health in children . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 39 : 587 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Doe , W. F. 1999 . Anoverview of intestinal immunity and malabsorption . Am. J. Med , 67 : 1077 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Du Bois , R. M. 1995 . Thealveolar macrophage . Thorax , 40 : 321 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Durum , S. K. , Schmidt , J. A. and Oppenheim , J. J. 1995 . Interleukin1: an immunological perspective . Ann. Rev. Immunol. , 3 : 263 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Ebert , R. V. and Terracio , M. J. 1995 . Thebronchiolar epithelium in cigarette smokers . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 111 : 4 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Farrar , J. J. , Mizel , S. B. and Fuller‐Farrar , J. 1990 . Macrophage‐independentactivation of helper T cells. I. Production of interleukin 2. . J. Immunol. , 125 : 793 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Farrar , W. L. , Johnson , H. M. and Farrar , J. J. 1991 . Regulationof the production of immune interferon and cytotoxic T Lymphocytes by interleukin 2 . J. Immunol. , 126 : 1120 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Fick , R. B. Jr , Naegel , G.P. , Squier , S. U. , Wood , R. E. , Gee , J.B.L. and Reynolds , H. Y. 1994 . Proteinsof the cystic fibrosis respiratory tract: fragmented immunoglobulin G opsonic antibody causing defective opsonophagocytosis . J. Clin. Invest. , 74 : 236 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Flaherty , D. K. , Iha , T. , Chinelik , F. , Dickie , H. and Reed , C. E. 1995 . HLA‐8 in Farmer's lung . Lancet , 2 : 5 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Gershon , R. K. 1994 . T cell control of antibody production . Contemp. Top. Immunobiol. , 3 : 1 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Gil , J. and Daniele , R. P. “ Morphologyof the lung's immune system ” . In Immunology and lmmunologic Diseases of the Lung , Edited by: Daniele , R. P. 33 London : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Godard , P. , Chaitrevel , J. , Damon , M. , Coupe , M. , Flandre , O. , Crastes De Paulet , A. and Michel , F. B. 1992 . Functional assessment of alveolar macrophages. Comparison of cells from asthmatics and normal subjects . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 70 : 88 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Greenstone , M. and Cole , P. J. 1995 . Ciliary function in health and disease . Br. J. Dis. Chest , 79 : 9 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Gregor , A. , Singh , S. , Turner‐Warwick , M. , Lawler , S. and Parkes , W. R. 1999 . Therole of histocompatibility (HLA) antigens in asbestosis . Br. J. Dis. Chest , 73 : 245 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Harmsen , A. G. , Muggenburg , B. A. , Snipes , M. B. and Bice , D. E. 1995 . The role of macrophages in particle translocation from lungs to lymph nodes . Science , 230 : 1277 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Hatch , T. F. 1991 . Distributionand deposition of inhaled particles in the respiratory tract: conference on airborne infection . Bacteriological Reviews , 25 : 237 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Hawthorne , V. M. 1995 . Tuberculosis and Cardio‐respiratory Mortality in the Renfrew District of Scotland , University of Glasgow .
   Google Scholar
• Herberman , R. B. , Djeu , J. Y. Kay , H. D. 1999 . Naturalkiller cells: characteristics and regulation of activity . Immunol. Rev. , 44 : 43 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Hers , J. F. P. 1996 . Disturbancesof the ciliated epithelium due to influenza virus . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 93 ( suppl 3 ) : 162 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch , J. A. , Swenson , E. W. and Warner , A. 1995 . Trachealmucous transport in beagles after long term exposure to 1 ppm sulfur dioxide . Arch. Environ. Health , 30 : 249 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Hunninghake , G. W. and Fauci , A. S. 1996 . Immunologicalreactivity of the lung, 1. A guinea pig model for the study of pulmonary mononuclear cell sub‐populations . Cell Immunol. , 26 : 89 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Hunninghake , G. W. , Gadek , J. , Kawanani , O. , Ferrans , V. J. and Crystal , R. G. 1999 . Inflammatory and immune processes in human lung in health and disease: Evaluation by bronchoalveolar lavage . Am. J. Pathol. , 97 : 149 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Huuskonen , M. S. , Tiilikainen , A. and Alanko , K. 1993 . HLA‐B18 antigen and protection from pulmonary fibrosis in asbestos workers . Br. J. Dis. Chest , 73 : 253 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Janetos , A. C. 1998 . “ General principles ” . In Variations in Susceptibility to Inhaled Pollutants , Edited by: Brain , J. D. , Beck , B. D. , Warren , A. J. and Shaik , R. A. 9 – 30 . Baltimore : John Hopkins Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jarstrand , C. , Camner , P. and Philipson , K. 1993 . Mycoplasmapneumoniae and tracheobronchial clearance . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 108 : 131 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Kauffmann , F. and Kleisbauer , J. P. 1993 . Genetic markers in chronic air flow limitation . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 127 : 263 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Kay , A. B. 1995 . Eosinophils as effector cells in immunity and hypersensitivity disorders . Clin. Exp. Immunol. , 62 : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Kilburn , K. H. . Clearance from alveoli to the ciliary escalator: implications for pulmonary diseases . Proceedings of Tenth Aspen Emphysema Conference . pp. 3 – 24 . U.S. Public Health Services Publication 1787 .
   Google Scholar
• Kilburn , K. H. 1998 . A hypothesis for pulmonary clearance and its implications . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 98 : 449 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Kolb , W. P. 1998 . “ The complement system of the lung ” . In Immunology and lmmunologic Diseases of the Lung , Edited by: Daniell , R. P. 127 – 57 . Oxford : Blackwell Scientific .
   Google Scholar
• Kueppers , F. “ Theeffect of smoking on the development of emphysema in alpha‐l‐antitrypsin deficiency ” . In The Role of Genetic Predisposition in Responses to Chemical Exposures , Edited by: Omen , G. S. and Gelboin , H. 345 – 58 . N.Y. : Cold Spring Harbor . Banbury Conference
   Google Scholar
• Landa , J. F. , Hirsch , J. A. and Lebeaux , Y. 1995 . Effects of topical and general anaesthetic agents on tracheal mucous velocity of sheep . J. Appl. Physiol. , 18 : 946 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Laurell , C. B. and Eriksson , S. 1993 . The electrophoretic α‐1‐globulin of serum α‐1‐deficiency . Scand. J. Clin. Lab Invest. , 15 : 132 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Laurenzi , G. A. and Guarneri , J. J. 1996 . A study of the mechanisms of pulmonary resistance to infection: the relationship of bacterial clearance to ciliary and alveolar macrophage function . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 93 ( suppl 3 ) : 134 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , E. C. , Blaese , R. M. , Martin , R. R. and Stevens , P. M. 1998 . Immunoglobulin secreting cells in normal human bronchial lavage fluids . J. Clin. Invest. , 62 : 832 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , E. C. , Fox , T. B. , Hall , B. T. and Martin , R. R. 1993 . Deleterious effects of cigarette smoking on expression of la antigens by human pulmonary alveolar macrophages . Clin. Res. , 31 ( 418A. )
   Google Scholar
• Lipscomb , M. F. , Lyons , C. R. , O'Hara , R.M. and Streilein , J. 1992 . The antigen‐induced selective recruitment of specific T lymphocytes to the lung . J. Immunol. , 128 : 111 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Lipsky , P. E. , Thomson , P. A. Rosenwaser , L. T. 1993 . The role of interleukin 1 in human B cell activation: inhibition of B cell proliferation and the generation of immunoglobulin secreting cells by an antibody against human leucocytic pyrogen . J. Immunol. , 130 : 2708 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , R. R. 1993 . Altered morphology and increased acid hydrolase content of pulmonary macrophages from cigarette smokers . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 107 : 596 – 601 .
   Google Scholar
• McNabb , P. C. and Tomasi , T. B. 1991 . Host defense mechanisms at mucosal surfaces . Ann. Rev. Microbiol. , 35 : 477 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Mentz , W. M. , Knowles , M. R. , Brown , J. B. , Gatzy , J. T. and Boucher , R. C. 1994 . Measurement of human airway surface liquid composition of normal human subjects . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 129 ( A315. )
   Google Scholar
• Merrill , W. W. , Goodenberg , D. , Strober , W. , Mathay , R. A. , Naegel , G. P. and Reynolds , H. Y. 1990 . Free secretory component and other proteins in human lavage . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 122 : 156 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Merrill , W. W. , Naegel , G. P. , Olchowski , J. J. and Reynolds , H. Y. 1995 . Immunoglobulin G Subclass proteins in serum and lavage fluid of normal subjects: quantification and comparison with immunoglobulins A and E. . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 131 : 584 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , W. K. C. and Seaton , A. 1994 . Occupation Lung Diseases , London : Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Morrow , P. E. 1990 . Some physical and physiological factors controlling the fate of inhaled substances. I. Deposition . Health Phys. , 2 : 366 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Nadel , J. A. 1993 . Mechanisms controlling airway size . Arch, Environ, Health , 7 : 179 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Nadel , J. A. 1998 . Mechanisms of airway response to inhaled substances . Arch. Environ, Health , 16 : 171 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• 1995 . “ NationalResearch Council Committee on the Epidemiology of Air Pollutants ” . In Epidemiology and Air Pollution , Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . “ NationalResearch Council Committee on Passive Smoking ” . In Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Measuring Exposures and Assessing Health Effects , Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Newhouse , M. , Sanchis , J. and Bienenstock , J. 1996 . Lung defense mechanisms. I. . New Engl. J. Med , 295 : 990 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Newhouse , M. T. , Sanches , J. Dolorich , M. 1993 . “ Mucociliary clearance in children with cystic fibrosis ” . In Fundamental Problems of Cystic Fibrosis and Related Diseases , Edited by: Margos , J. A. and Talamo , R. C. 319 – 44 . New York : Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• Ochs , H. D. and Wedgwood , R. J. 1997 . IgG subclass deficiencies . Ann. Rev. Med. , 38 : 325 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Oram , J. D. and Reiter , B. 1998 . Inhibition of bacteria by lactoferrin and other iron‐chelating agents . Biochim Biophys. Acta , 170 : 351 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Packe , G. E. and Ayres , J. G. 1996 . Aeroallergen skin sensitivity in patients with severe asthma during a thunderstorm . Lancet , 1 : 850
   Google Scholar
• Parkes , W. R. 1995 . Occupational Lung Disorders , London : Butterworth .
   Google Scholar
• Phelps , H. W. and Koike , S. 1992 . ‘Tokyo‐Yokohama Asthma’: the rapid development of respiratory distress presumably due to air pollution . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 86 : 55 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Repace , J. L. and Lowry , A. H. 1990 . Indoor air pollution, tobacco smoke and public health . Science , 208 : 464 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Reports on Public Health and Medical Reports 1994 Mortality and Morbidity During the London Fog of December 1952. Reports on public health and medical subjects No. 95. H.M.S.O.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , H. Y. 1996 . Lung immunology and its contribution to the immunopathogenesis of certain respiratory diseases . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 78 : 833 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , H. Y. 1997 . Bronchoalveolar lavage . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 135 : 250 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , C. D. and Gauldies , J. 1995 . IgA‐mediated phagocytosis by mouse alveolar macrophages . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 132 : 82 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , S. W. , Peterson , P. K. , Verburgh , H. A. , Nelson , R. D. , Hammerschmidt , D. E. and Hoidal , J. 1994 . Chemotactic and phagocytic response of human alveolar macrophages to activated complement components . Infection and Immunity , 43 : 775 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Rodney , G. E. , Fink , J. , Koethe , S. Schleuter , D. 1999 . Astudy of HLA‐ABC and DR specifities in pigeon breeder's disease . Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. , 119 : 755 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , A. S. 1990 . Regulationof the immune response ‐ role of the macrophage . New Engl. J. Med , 303 : 1153 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Rylander , R. 1990 . Studies of lung defense to infections in inhalation toxicology . Arch. Intern. Med , 126 : 496 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Sackner , M. A. , Lander , J. , Hirsch , J. and Zapata , A. 1995 . Pulmonary effects of oxygen breathing: a 6 hour study in normal man . Ann. Int. Med , 82 : 40 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Samet , J. M. , Marbury , M. C. and Spengler , J. D. 1987, 1988 . Health effects and sources of indoor air pollution . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 136 : 1486 – 1508 . (part 1); 137; 221–42(part 2).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santa Cruz , R. , Landa , J. Hirsch , J. 1994 . Tracheal mucous velocity in normal man and patients with obstructive lung disease: effects of terbutaline . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 109 : 458 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Schroter , R. C. and Sudlow , M. F. 1999 . Flow patterns in models of the human bronchial airways . Respir. Physiol. , 7 : 341 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz , D. P. and Buckley , R. H. 1991 . SerumIgE concentrations and skin reactivity to anti‐IgE antibody in IgA‐deficient patients . N. Engl. J. Med , 284 : 513 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Sloan , B. , Abrams , W. R. , Meranze , D. R. , Kimbel , P. and Weinbaum , G. 1991 . Emphysemainduced in vitro and in vivo in dogs by a purified elastase from homologous leucocytes . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 124 : 295 – 301 .
   Google Scholar
• Soutar , C. A. 1996 . Distribution of plasma cells and other cells containing immunoglobulin in the respiratory tract of normal man and class of immunoglobulin contained therein . Thorax , 31 : 158 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Spengler , J. D. and Soczek , M. L. 1994 . Evidencefor improved ambient air quality and the need for personal exposure research . Environ. Sci. Technol , 18 : 268A – 80A .
   Google Scholar
• Stone , P. J. , Calore , J. D. McGowan , S. E. 1993 . Functional alpha‐1‐protease inhibitor in the lower respiratory tract of cigarette smokers is not decreased . Science , 221 : 1187 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Sun , C. S. , Wyde , P. R. , Wilson , S. Z. and Knight , V. Cell‐mediatedcytotoxic responses in lungs of cotton rats infected with respiratory syncytial virus . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 127 460 – 4 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szalai , A. , ed. 1992 . The Use of Time , The Hague : Mouton .
   Google Scholar
• Tager , I. B. 1998 . Passive smoking‐bronchial responsiveness and atopy . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 138 : 507 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Talamo , R. C. , Allen , J. D. Kahan , M. G. 1998 . Hereditaryalpha1‐antitrypsin deficiency . N. Engl. J. Med. , 278 : 345 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Turner‐Warwick , M. T. and Haslam , P. L. 1997 . The value of serial bronchoalveolar lavages in assessing the clinical progress of patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis . Am. Rev.Respir,Dis. , 135 : 26 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Waldman , R. H. , Jurgensen , P. F. , Olsen , G. N. , Ganguly , R. and Johnson , J. E. III . 1993 . Immune response of the human respiratory tract. I. Immunoglobulin levels and influenza virus vaccine antibody response . J. Immunol. , 111 : 38 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Wanner , A. , Zarzecki , S. and Sackner , M. A. 1995 . Tracheal mucociliary transport in experimental canine asthma . Fed. Proc. , 34 : 427
   Google Scholar
• Ward , P. A. , Remold , H. G. and David , J. R. 1999 . Leukotactic factor produced by sensitized lymphocytes . Science , 163 : 1079 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Weill , H. , Ziskind , M. M. , Dickerson , R. C. and Derbes , V. J. 1994 . Epidemicasthma in New Orleans . JAMA , 190 : 811 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , R. C. and Gibbons , R. J. 1992 . Inhibition of bacterial adherence by secretory immunoglobulin A: a mechanism of antigen disposal . Science , 177 : 697 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Yeates , D. B. , Aspin , N. Levison , H. 1995 . Mucociliary transport rates in man . J. Appl. Physiol. , 39 : 487 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Dept. of Respiratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G3I 2ES, Scotland, UK.
   Google Scholar