Avicenna on Knowledge (ʿILM), Certainty (Yaqīn), Cause (ʿILLA/SABAB) and the Relative (MUḌĀF)Footnote¹

1 This study was conducted for the project Major issues and controversies of Arabic logic and philosophy of language, run by Ruhr-Universität Bochum and the University of Cambridge with the financial support of the DFG and the AHRC. I wish to thank T. Street and two anonymous referees for their comments on an earlier draft of this paper. I am responsible for any shortcomings.

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