Notes
- Ackelsberg Martha A. Free Women of Spain:anarchism and the struggle for the emancipation of women Indiana University Press Bloomington 1991
- Haaland Bonnie Emma Goldman:sexuality and the impurity of the state Black Rose Montréal 1993
- For an example of a more old--fashioned approach to anarchism, see Hutton John Camille Pissarro's Turpitudes sociales and late nineteenthcentury French anarchist anti-feminism History Workshop 24 32 61 As a reply to this article has been published, I will not analyse its ideas in detail. See Berg H. van den Pissarro and anarchism History Workshop 32 226 228 Hutton has since produced a longer analysis of anarchist cultural politics in his (1994) Neo-impressionism and the Search for Solid Ground: art, science and anarchism in fin-de-siècle France (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press). As this second work only comments in passing on anarchism and the politics of gender, it is of little relevance to this article
- For a useful analysis of the ‘classical’ anarchist tradition, see Crowder George Classical Anarchism:the political thought of Godwin, Proudhon, Bakunin and Kropotkin Oxford University Press Oxford 1991 Unfortunately, this work does not include considerations of the anarchists' sexual politics
- For a good example of a social history style approach, see Levy Carl Italian anarchism, 1870-1926 For Anarchism Goodway D. Routledge London 1991 24 78
- On the historiography of anarchism see D.Goodway, Introduction, in his For Anarchism, pp. 1-23, and Casanova Julián Anarchism, revolution and 438civil war in Spain;the challenge of social history International Review of Social History 1992 37 398 404
- Woolsey Gamel Death's Other Kingdom Virago, first published 1939 London 1988 5 reprint edition
- Woolsey Death's Other Kingdom 11 12 Salud! is a colloquial Spanish expression that could be translated as ‘your health!’ In this passage Woolsey does not specify workmen's political allegiance, although later in the work she does identify the workers in her area as anarchist.On the Andalusian anarchist movement, see Jacques Maurice (1990)El Anarquismo Andaluz: campesinos y sindicalistas, 1868-1936 (Barcelona:Editorial Crítica)
- See for example, the polemic against monarchy and the standing army in Wollstonecraft Mary A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Everyman; first published 1792 London 1965 reprint edition For critical readings of the liberal feminist tradition, see Brown L. Susan The Politics of Individualism: liberalism, liberal feminism and anarchism Black Rose Montréal 1993 and Val Plumwood (1995)Feminism, privacy and radical democracy, Anarchist Studies 3, pp. 97-120
- Pankhurst Christabel The great scourge and how to end it Suffrage and the Pankhursts Marcus J. Routledge & Kegan Paul, first published 1913 London 1987 reprint edition
- On the symbolic importance of the state, see Hodge Joanna Women and the Hegelian state Women in Western Political Philosophy Kennedy E. Mendus S. Wheatsheaf Brighton 1987 127 158
- Davies Margaret Llewelyn Maternity:letters from working women collected by the women's co-operative guild Virago, first published 1915 London 1989 16 reprint edition
- This dichotomy forms the conceptual basis for Roberts M. J. D> Feminism and the state in later Victorian England Historical Journal 38 85 110
- On women's relationship to the state, see Gemie S. Women and Schooling:gender, authority and identity in the female schooling sector: France, 1815-1914 Keele University Press Keele 1995 A useful survey of feminist debates on the state is provided by Connell R. W. The state, gender and sexual politics Power/Gender: social relations in theory and practice Radkte H. L. Stam H. J. Routledge London 1994 136 173 Connelldoes note – in passing – the potential relevance of the anarchist tradition on p. 145.Other key works in the recent feminist debate on the state include: Franzway Suzanne Court Dianne Connell R. W. Staking a Claim: feminism, bureaucracy and the state Polity Press Cambridge 1989 Elshtain Jean B. Public Man, Private Woman:women in social and political thought Robertson Oxford 1981 MacKinnon Catherine A. Toward a Feminist Theory of the State Harvard University Press Cambridge 1989 and Pateman Carole The Sexual Contract Polity Press Oxford 1989
- See, for example, McIntosh Mary The state and the oppression of women Feminism and Materialism Kuhn A. Wolpe A. Routledge & Kegan Paul London 1979 254 289 and Fraser Nancy What's critical about critical theory?– the case of Habermas and gender Feminist Interpretations and Political Theory Shanley M. L. Pateman C. Polity Press Cambridge 1991 253 276
- Guin Ursula le revised version of Is gender necessary?in her The Language of the Night:essays on fantasy and science fiction Virago London 1989 141
- Nietzsche Friedrich Ecce Homo in On the Genealogy of Morals and Ecce Homo edited and translated by Walter Kaufmann Vintage New York 1969 267 reprint edition On Nietzsche's sexual politics, see Ellen Kennedy (1987) Nietzsche:woman as Untermensch, in Kennedy Mendus Woman in Western Political Philosophy 179 201
- See,, for example, Junco José Alvarez La ideologica politica del anarquismo espanol (1868-1910) Istmo Madrid 1976
- On the concept of ‘counter community’ see Gemie S. Counter community:an aspect of anarchist political culture Journal of Contemporary History 29 349 367
- For a fuller survey of anarchist theorists and movements, see Marshall Peter Demanding the Impossible:a history of anarchism Fontana London 1993
- Rocker Rudolf Anarcho-Syndicalism Freedom Press, first published in 1938 London 1989 31 reprint edition
- For a useful and insightful discussion of Bolshevik sexual politics, see Goldman Wendy Z. Women, the State and Revolution:Soviet family policy and social life, 1917-1936 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
- Malatesta Errico Articles politiques Union Gánárale d'Editions; essay originally published in 1900 Paris 1979 reprint edition 51 edited and translated by Israël Renof
- For further discussions of ‘free love’ see Mintz Jerome R. The Anarchists of Casas Viejas Indiana University Press; first published 1982 Bloomington and Indianapolis 1994 reprint edition and Ackelsberg, Free Women of Spain
- Proudhon Pierre-Joseph De la justice dans la révolution et dans l 'église Stock Paris 1858 III 432 3 vols
- Proudhon Pierre-Joseph La Pornocratie ou les femmes dans les temps modernes Oeuvres ccomplètes Slatkine, first published in 1863 Geneva 1982 XI reprint edition 349
- Proudhon De la justice III 194
- Proudhon La Pornocratie 335
- For a useful discussion of Proudhon's influence on the labour movement see Fitzpatrick Maria Proudhon and the French Labour movement European History Quarterly 1985 15 407 430
- Maurice El Anarquismo Andaluz 79 80 see also Mintz, The Anarchists of Casas Viejas
- Devance Louis Femme, famille, travail et morale sexuelle dans l'idáologie de 1848 Romantisme 1976 13-14 79 103 96
- Perrot Michelle Workers on Strike:France, 1871-1890 Berg Leamington Spa 1987 104 106 tr. C. Turner
- Smith Angel Social conflict and trade union organization in the Catalan cotton textile industry, 1890-1914 International Review of Social History 1991 36 331 376 345
- Sorel Georges Réflexions sur la violence Riviáre, first published 1908 Paris 1972 reprint edition 309
- Frader Laura L. Peasants and Protest:agricultural workers, politics and unions in the Aude, 1850-1914 Oxford University Press Oxford 1991 117
- Kaplan Temma Anarchists of Andalusia, 1868-1903 Princeton University Press Princeton 1977 136 138
- Ackelsberg Free Women 25 87 95
- [pseudonym of Helen and Olivia Rossetti] Meredith Isabel A Girl Among the Anarchists Nebraska University Press, first published 1903 Lincoln 1992 233 reprint edition
- Mitchell Barbara The Practical Revolutionaries;a new interpretation of the French anarcho-syndicalists Folio Westport 1987 85 87 111 115
- Halperin Joan U. Félix Fénéon:aesthete and anarchist in de-siècle Paris Yale University Press Yale 1988 324 325
- Hutton Camille Pissarro 41
- Drevet J. P. Le Socialisme pratique, 1850 Pa Parole ouvriàre Faure A. Rancière J. 10/18, first published 1850 Paris 1976 reprint edition 396 426 404
- Berneri Camillo Guerra de clases en Espana, 1936-1937 Rama C. M. Istmo; essay first published 1937 Barcelona 1977 159
- Grave Jean Quarante Ans de Propagande Anarchiste Flammarion, first published 1930 Paris 1973 reprint edition 129 130 The ‘public meetings’ to which Grave refers are those which marked the rebirth of the workers' movement during the last years of the Second Empire (1852-70).For further information see Faure Alain The public meeting movement in Paris from 1866 to 1870 Voices of the People Rifkin A. Thomas R. Routledge & Kegan Paul London 1980 181 234 tr. J. Moore
- LefranÇais Gustave Souvenirs d 'un révolutionaire Société Encyclopédique Française et Editions de la Tête de Feuilles, first published 1886 Paris 1972 reprint edition 242 245
- Rancière Jacques Vauday Patrick Going to the Expo: the worker, his wife and machines Voices of the People Rifkin Thomas 1988 23 24 40
- For a useful analysis of the politics of nineteenth--century feminism see Offen Karen Defining feminism:a comparative historical approach Signs 1988 14 119 157
- Auclert Hubertine La Cityonne:articles de 1881 à 1891 Syros, essay first published 1885 Paris 1982 reprint edition 106 edited by Edith Taieb
- Pelloutier Fernand Les Origines du syndicalisme d'action directe Seuil, essay originally published 1893 Paris 1971 reprint edition 393 edited by Jacques Juillard
- For a useful study of the ambiguity and latent patriarchalism in the notion of ‘protection’ in a British context,, see Jane Humphries (1981)Protective legislation, the capitalist state and working class men:The case of the 1842 Mines Regulation Act, Feminist Review 7, pp. 1-34
- See Juillard Jacques Fernand Pelloutier et les Origines du syndicalisme d'action directe Seuil Paris 1971 178 182
- Jennings Jeremy Syndicalism in France:a study of ideas St Martin's Press New York 1990 123 126 On changes in anarchist attitude to women workers, see alsoJeremy Jennings (1991) The CGT and the Couriau Affair;syndicalist responses to female labour in France before 1914, European History Quarterly, 21, pp. 321-337
- Sorel Georges La Révolution dreyfusienne Trident, first published 1906 Paris 1988 reprint edition 33
- Michel Louise La Commune Stock and Plus, first published 1898 Paris 1978 reprint edition 208
- Adam Paul Lettres de Malaisie Georges Crés, first published 1896 Paris 1922 reprint edition 30 57
- Litvak Lily Musa libertaria:arte, literatura y vida cultural del anarquismo español (1880-1913) Antoni Bosch Barcelona 1981 91
- Leighton Patricia Re-ordering the Universe:Picasso and anarchism, 1897-1914 Princeton University Press Princeton 1989 33 35
- For a wider discussion of this point see Kaplan Temma Red City, Blue Period:social movements in Picasso's Barcelona University of California Press Berkeley 1992 74 77 79 81 106 125
- See the discussion in Corbin Alain Les Filles de noce:misère sexuelle et prostitution (19e et 20e siècles) Flammarion Paris 1978 353 360
- See the discussion of Paul Robin's work in McLaren Angus Sexuality and Social Order:the debate over the fertility of women and workers in France, 1770-1920 Holmes & Meier New York 1983 92 108
- Elinor Accampo (1995)Gender, social policy and the foundation of the Third Republic:an introduction, in Gender and the Politics of Social Reform in France, 1870-1914 Accampo Elinor Fuchs Rachel Stewart Mary Lynn 1 27 24
- See Cleminson Richard First steps towards mass sex-economic therapy? – Wilhelm Reich and the Spanish Revolution Anarchist Studies 1993 1 25 39 See also Cleminson Richard Eugenics by name or by nature? – the Spanish anarchist sex reform of the 1930s History of European Ideas 1994 18 729 740
- Reclus Elisée L'homme et la terre, 2 vols Giblin B. Maspero, originally published 1900 Paris 1982 II reprint edition 141 142
- L'Homme et la Terre 142
- Stirner Max The Ego and his Own Fifield, first published 1844 New York 1963 reprint edition 63
- SeeElinor Accampo (no date [1994?])Anarchism and gender relations;the birth control movement in France, 1890-1920 (unpublished ms)
- Wilde Oscar The soul of man under socialism De Profundis and Other Writings Penguin, first published 1891 Harmondsworth 1980 reprint edition 17 54 27
- See for example, the account of Mirbeau's reaction to Wilde's imprisonment in Michel Pierre Nivet Jean François Octave Mirbeau:imprécateur au coeur fidèle Séguier Paris 1990 527 528
- Ackelsberg Free Women 130 140
- Montseny Federica La mujer nueva La Revista Blanca 15 May 1926 72 24 25
- Faure Sèbastien Ecrits pèdagogigues Editions du Monde Libertaire; essay first published 1910 Paris 1992 reprint edition 80
- Frader Peasants and Protest 155
- Hilden Patricia Working Women and Socialist Politics in France, 1880-1914;a regional study Oxford University Press Oxford 1986 240 242
- Kaplan Anarchists of Andalusia 159
- Ackelsberg Free Women 3 14 119 140
- For further information on Federica Montseny see Fredericks Shirley Feminism:the essential ingredient in Federica Montseny's anarchist theory European Women on the Left Slaughter Jane Kern Robert Connecticut University Press Connecticut 1981 125 145 Thomas Edith Louise Michel Black Rose Montréal 1981 tr. P. Williams
- MacKinnon Toward a Feminist Theory of the State 15
- Nochlin Linda The Politics of Vision Thames & Hudson London 1991 62
- Leighten Picasso and Anarchism 82
- Montseny Federica La mujer nueva La Revista Blanca 15 May 1926 72 24 25 La mujer, problema de hombre La Revista Blanca 15 December 86 423 426 425
- Lasowski Octave Calvaire Le Les Romans autobiographiques Lasowski R. Lasowski P. Mercure de France, first published 1886 Paris 1991 reprint edition For further information on Mirbeau 's politics, see S.Gemie (1994)Mirbeau and anarchism, Anarchist Studies, 2, pp. 3-24
- For further information on Goldman, see Haaland, Emma Goldman.Goldman 's polemical attack on other forms of feminism can be found in (1972 reprint edition)The tragedy of woman's emancipation, in Red Emma Speaks Shulman A. K. Vintage; first published 1911 New York 133 142
- Haaland Emma Goldman 91
- See Kaplan, Red City, Blue Period for an informative study of just such a network
- Hilden, Working Women
- For information on Malon, see Vincent K. Steven Between Marxism and Anarchism:Benoït Malon and French reformist socialism University of California Press Berkeley 1992
- For further information on Pelletier, seeFelicia Gordon (1990) The Integral Feminist:Madeleine Pelletier, 1874-1939: feminism, socialism and medicine(Cambridge: Polity Press)
- Boos F. Boos W. The Utopian Communism of William Morris History of Political Thought 1986 7 489 510
- Lèo André La femme et les moeurs:monarchie ou liberté Lèrot; first published 1869 Tusson 1990 reprint edition 104
- Hutton Camille Pissarro 41 Indeed, looking at Hutton's examples, it would be possible to reverse his formulation and assert that the misogyny was the veneer, the appeal to equality the deep substance of anarchism
- Hutton Camille Pissarro 54