References
- Abu-Sahlieh, S. A. A. 1994. “To Mutilate in the Name of Jehovah or Allah: Legitimization of Male and Female Circumcision.” Medicine and Law 13 (7-8): 575–622.
- Abusharaf, R. M., ed. 2007. Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Ako, M. A., and P. Akweongo. 2009. “The Limited Effectiveness of Legislation Against Female Genital Mutilation and the Role of Community Beliefs in Upper East Region, Ghana.” Reproductive Health Matters 17 (34): 47–54. doi: 10.1016/S0968-8080(09)34474-2
- Asmani, I. L., and M. Sheikh Abdi. 2008. Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam. New York: Population Council.
- Balz, K. 1998. “Human Rights, the Rule of Law, and the Construction of Tradition: The Egyptian Supreme Administrative Court and Female Circumcision. Appeal no. 5257/43, 28 Dec. 1997.” Egypte/Monde Arabe Première Série, No. 34.
- Barsoum, G., N. Rifaat, O. El-Gibaly, N. Elwan, and N. Forcier. 2011. “National Efforts toward FGC-free Villages in Egypt: The Evidence of Impact, Poverty, Gender and Youth.” Working Paper 22. Population Council, West Asia and North Africa Office.
- Boyle, E., E. Heger Boyle, F. Songora, and G. Foss. 2001. “International Discourse and Local Politics: Anti-Female-Genital-Cutting Laws in Egypt, Tanzania, and the United States.” Social Problems 48 (4): 524–544. doi: 10.1525/sp.2001.48.4.524
- Gemignani, R., M. Sojo, and Q. Wodon. 2014. “What Drives the Choice of Faith-inspired Schools by Households? Qualitative Evidence from Two African Countries.” Review of Faith & International Affairs 12 (2): 66–76. doi: 10.1080/15570274.2014.918748
- Gemignani, R., C. Tsimpo, and Q. Wodon. 2014. “Making Quality Care Affordable for the Poor: Faith-inspired Health Facilities in Burkina Faso.” Review of Faith & International Affairs 12 (1): 30–44. doi: 10.1080/15570274.2013.876732
- Gemignani, R., and Q. Wodon. 2015. “Female Genital Mutilation and the Law: A Qualitative Case Study.” In Law and Social Economics: Essays in Ethical Values for Theory, Practice, and Policy, edited by M. D. While, 99–121. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Gruenbaum, E. 2001. The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Jackson, E. F., P. Akweongo, E. Sakeah, A. Hodgson, R. Asuru, and J. F. Phillips. 2003. “Inconsistent Reporting of Female Genital Cutting Status in Northern Ghana: Explanatory Factors and Analytical Consequences.” Studies in Family Planning 34 (3): 200–210. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2003.00200.x
- Johansen, R.E.B., N.J. Diop, G. Laverack, and E. Leye. 2013. “What Works and What Does Not: A Discussion of Popular Approaches for the Abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation.” Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2013, article ID 348248, 1–10.
- McChesney, K. Y. 2015. “Successful Approaches to Ending Female Genital Cutting.” Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare 12 (1): 3–24.
- Michaelson, R. 2016. “Egypt’s Tougher Penalties for FGM Will Have Little Impact, Says Rights Groups.” The Guardian, September 1. Accessed January 15, 2017. www.theguardian.com/society/2016/sep/01/egypts-tougher-penalties-for-fgm-will-have-little-impact-say-rights-groups.
- OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, and WHO. 2008. Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation: An Interagency Statement. Geneva: WHO.
- Olivier, J., C. Tsimpo, R. Gemignani, M. Shojo, H. Coulombe, F. Dimmock, M. Cong Nguyen, et al. 2015. “Understanding the Roles of Faith-based Healthcare Providers in Africa: Review of the Limited Evidence with a Focus on Magnitude, Reach, Cost, and Satisfaction.” The Lancet 386 (10005): 1765–1775. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60251-3
- Rahlenbeck, S., W. Mekonnen, and Y. Melkamu. 2010. “Female Genital Cutting Starts to Decline among Women in Oromia, Ethiopia.” Reproductive BioMedicine Online 20 (7): 867–872. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.01.009
- Renders, M. 2005. “Political-Social Movements: Islamist Movements and Discourses, Sub-Saharan Africa.” In Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures, Volume II, Family, Law and Politics, edited by S. Joseph, 611–614. Leiden: Brill.
- Shell-Duncan, B. 2001. “The Medicalization of Female ‘Circumcision’: Harm Reduction or Promotion of a Dangerous Practice?” Social Science and Medicine 52: 1013–1016. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00208-2
- UNFPA. 2004. Working from Within: Culturally Sensitive Approaches in UNFPA Programming. New York: UNFPA.
- UNFPA, and NORAD. 2016. Religion, Women’s Health and Rights: Points of Contention and Paths of Opportunities. New York: UNFPA.
- UNICEF. 2005. Changing a Harmful Social convention: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting. Italy: Innocenti Digest.
- UNICEF. 2010. The Dynamics of Social Change: Towards the Abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Five African Countries. Florence: UNICEF.
- UNICEF. 2013. Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change. New York: UNICEF.
- Van Raemdonck, A. 2016. “Female Genital Cutting and the Politics of Islamicate Practices in Egypt: Debating Development and the Religious/Secular Divide.” PhD diss., Ghent University.
- Von der Osten-Sacken, T., and T. Uwer. 2007. “Is Female Genital Mutilation an Islamic Problem?” Middle East Quarterly 14: 29–36.
- WHO. 2006. “Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetric Outcome: WHO Collaborative Prospective Study in Six African Countries.” The Lancet 367: 1835–1841. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68805-3
- WHO. 2016. WHO Guidelines on the Management of Health Complications from Female Genital Mutilation. Geneva: WHO.
- Wodon, Q. 2015a. The Economics of Faith-based Service Delivery: Education and Health in sub-Saharan Africa. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Wodon, Q. 2015b. “Islamic Law, Women’s Rights, and State Law: The Cases of Female Genital Cutting and Child Marriage.” Review of Faith & International Affairs 13 (3): 81–91. doi: 10.1080/15570274.2015.1075762
- Wodon, Q., J. Olivier, C. Tsimpo, and M. Cong Nguyen. 2014. “Market Share of Faith-inspired Health Care Providers in Africa.” Review of Faith & International Affairs 12 (1): 8–20. doi: 10.1080/15570274.2013.876739