The story of the “now-women”: changing gender norms in rural West Africa

References

• Alim, A. 2009. “Changes in Villagers’ Knowledge, Perceptions, and Attitudes Concerning Gender Roles and Relations in Bangladesh.” Development in Practice 19 (3): 300–310. doi: 10.1080/09614520902808001
   Google Scholar
• Bajaj, M., B. Cislaghi, and G. Mackie. 2016. “Advancing Transformative Human Rights Education.” In The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the 21st Century, edited by G. Brown. Cambridge: OPB.
   Google Scholar
• Bhalotra, S., and S. B. Rawlings. 2011. “Intergenerational Persistence in Health in Developing Countries: The Penalty of Gender Inequality?” Journal of Public Economics 95 (3–4): 286–299. doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.10.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosson, J. K., D. J. Parrott, S. C. Swan, S. L. Kuchynka, and A. T. Schramm. 2015. “A Dangerous Boomerang: Injunctive Norms, Hostile Sexist Attitudes, and Male-to-Female Sexual Aggression.” Aggressive Behavior 41 (6): 580–593. doi: 10.1002/ab.21597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. 2006. Constructing Grounded Theory. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Chung, A., and R. N. Rimal. 2016. “Social Norms: A Review.” Review of Communication Research 2016 (4): 1–28.
   Google Scholar
• Cislaghi, B. 2016. “Why do People’s Values Matter in International Development?” In Transition Humanitaire Au Sénégal, edited by R. Fouquet, 191–205. Paris: Karthala.
   Google Scholar
• Cislaghi, B., D. Gillespie, and G. Mackie. 2016. Values Deliberation and Collective Action: Community Empowerment in Rural Senegal. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cislaghi, B. 2017. Human Rights and Community-led Development: Lessons From Tostan. Oxford: EUP.
   Google Scholar
• CRDH. 2010. Évaluation de l’Impact du Programme de Renforcement des Capacités des Communautés mis en œuvre par Tostan en milieu rural sénégalais dans les régions de Tambacounda et de Kolda, en 2009. Dakar: Centre de Recherche pour le Développement Humain (CRDH).
   Google Scholar
• Diop, N. J., M. M. Faye, A. Moreau, J. Cabral, H. Benga, F. Cissé, and M. Melching. 2004. The TOSTAN Program. Evaluation of a Community Based Education Program in Senegal. Dakar: Population Council, GTZ. and Tostan.
   Google Scholar
• Diop, N. J., A. Moreau, and H. Benga. 2008. Evaluation of the Long-Term Impact of the TOSTAN Programme on the Abandonment of FGM/C and Early Marriage – Results From a Qualitative Study in Senegal. Washington, DC: Population Council.
   Google Scholar
• Donnelly, J. 2003. Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin, S. L., P. J. Fleming, and C. J. Colvin. 2015. “The Promises and Limitations of Gender-Transformative Health Programming with men: Critical Reflections From the Field.” Culture, Health, and Sexuality 17 ( Suppl 2): S128–S143. doi: 10.1080/13691058.2015.1035751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easton, P., K. Monkman, and R. Miles. 2009. “Breaking Out of the Egg.” In Transformative Learning in Practice: Insights From Community, Workplace, and Higher Education, edited by J. Mezirow and E. W. Taylor. 227–239. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Edström, J., A. Hassink, T. Shahrokh, and E. Stern. 2015. Engendering Men. A Collaborative Review of Evidence on Men and Boys in Social Change and Gender Equality. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, Promundo-US and Sonke Gender Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Freire, P. 1970. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Gillespie, D., and M. Melching. 2010. “The Transformative Power of Democracy and Human Rights in Nonformal Education: The Case of Tostan.” Adult Education Quarterly 60 (5): 477–498. doi: 10.1177/0741713610363017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glick, P., and S. T. Fiske. 2001. “An Ambivalent Alliance: Hostile and Benevolent Sexism as Complementary Justifications for Gender Inequality.” American Psychologist 56 (2): 109–118. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.56.2.109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanmer, L., and J. Klugman. 2016. “Exploring Women’s Agency and Empowerment in Developing Countries: Where do we Stand?” Feminist Economics 22 (1): 237–263. doi: 10.1080/13545701.2015.1091087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heise, L., and B. Cislaghi. under review. “Transforming Gender Norms to Achieve Gender Equity: What is the Role of Social Norms Theory?”.
   Google Scholar
• Jewkes, R., M. Flood, and J. Lang. 2015. “From Work with men and Boys to Changes of Social Norms and Reduction of Inequities in Gender Relations: a Conceptual Shift in Prevention of Violence Against Women and Girls.” The Lancet 385 (9977): 1580–1589. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61683-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuenzi, M. 2005. “The Role of Nonformal Education in Promoting Democratic Attitudes: Findings From Senegal.” Democratization 12 (2): 223–243. doi: 10.1080/13510340500069386
   Google Scholar
• Mackie, G., and J. LeJeune. 2009. Social Dynamics of Abandonment of Harmful Practices: a New Look at the Theory (Vol. 2009-06). Florence: Innocenti Research Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Mackie, G., F. Moneti, H. Shakya, and E. Denny. 2015. What are Social Norms? How are They Measured? New York: UNICEF and UCSD.
   Google Scholar
• Mbaye, A. 2007. Outcomes and Impact of Adult Literacy Programs in Senegal: Two Case Studies. College Park: University of Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Merry, S. E. 2006. Human Rights and Gender Violence – Translating International Law Into Local Justice. Chicago: University of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, M. W., Y.-Y. Hong, C.-Y. Chiu, and Z. Liu. 2015. “Normology: Integrating Insights About Social Norms to Understand Cultural Dynamics.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 129: 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussbaum, M. 2000. Women and Human Development: the Capabilities Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oakley, A. 2015. Sex, Gender and Society. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Osmani, S., and A. Sen. 2003. “The Hidden Penalties of Gender Inequality: Fetal Origins of ill-Health.” Economics and Human Biology 1 (1): 105–121. doi: 10.1016/S1570-677X(02)00006-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryle, R. 2015. Questioning Gender: A Sociological Exploration. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Sen, G., and A. Mukherjee. 2014. “No Empowerment Without Rights, no Rights Without Politics: Gender-Equality, MDGs and the Post-2015 Development Agenda.” Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 15 (2-3): 188–202. doi: 10.1080/19452829.2014.884057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen, G., and P. Östlin. 2008. “Gender Inequity in Health: why it Exists and how we can Change it.” Global Public Health 3 (sup1): 1–12. doi: 10.1080/17441690801900795
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• West, C., and D. H. Zimmerman. 1987. Doing Gender. Gender and Society 1 (2): 125–151.
   Google Scholar
• Wegs, C., A. A. Creanga, C. Galavotti, and E. Wamalwa. 2016. “Community Dialogue to Shift Social Norms and Enable Family Planning: An Evaluation of the Family Planning Results Initiative in Kenya.” PLoS One 11 (4): e0153907. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, W., and A. H. Eagly. 2010. “Gender.” In Handbook of Social Psychology, Volume 1, edited by S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, and G. Lindzey, 629–667. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar