Personality Disorder: Struggles with Definition and Determining its Prevalence

References

• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, , Fourth Edition , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association .
   Google Scholar
• Blackburn , R. and Renwick , S. 1996 . Rating scales for measuring the interpersonal circle in forensic psychiatric patients . Psychological Assessment , 8 ( 1 ) : 76 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterfield , F. 1995 . All God's Children , New York : Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Cleckley , H. R. 1976 . The Mask of Sanity , St. Louis. : Mosby .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health, Home Office . 1994 . Report of the Working Group on Psychopathic Disorder , London : Department of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health . 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• Derogatis , L. , Lipman , R. and Covi , L. 1973 . SCL-90 an outpatient psychiatric rating scale: preliminary report . Psychopharmacology Bulletin , 9 : 13 – 27 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dick D. Shuttleworth B. Charlton J. ( 1991 ) Report of the Panel of Inquiry Appointed to Investigate the Case of Kim Kirkman . West Midlands Regional Health Authority .
   Google Scholar
• Farrington , D. P. 1993 . “ The psychosocial milieu of the offender ” . In Forensic Psychiatry. Clinical Legal and Ethical Issues , Edited by: Gunn , J. and Taylor , P.J. 252 – 285 . Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Felker , B. , Yazel , J. J. and Short , D. 1996 . Mortality and medical co-morbidity among psychiatric patients: a review . Psychiatric Services , 47 : 1356 – 1363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn , J. , Maden , A. and Swinton , M. 1991 . Treatment needs of prisoners with psychiatric disorders . British Medical Journal , 303 : 338 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn , J. Maden|A. and Swinton , M. 1991b . Mentally Disordered Prisoners , London : Home Office .
   Google Scholar
• Home Office, Department of Health . 1999 . Managing Dangerous People with Severe Personality Disorder. Proposals for Policy Development , London : Department of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , S. D. , Hare , R. D. and Forth , A. E. 1996 . “ Psychopathy as a risk marker for violence: development and validation of a screening version of the Revised Psychopathy Check List ” . In Violence and Mental Disorder. Developments in Risk Assessment , Edited by: Monahan , J. and Steadman , H. 81 – 98 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Howard League for Penal Reform . 1999 . Desperate Measures: Prison Suicides and their Prevention , London : Howard League .
   Google Scholar
• Hyler , S.E. , Rieder , R.O. , Williams , J.B. , Spitzer , R.L. , Hendler , J. and Lyons , M. 1988 . The Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire: Development and Preliminary Results . Journal of Personality Disorders , 2 : 229 – 237 .
   Google Scholar
• Lees J. Manning N. Rawlings B ( 1999 ) Therapeutic Community Effectiveness . A systematic international review of therapeutic community treatment for people with personality disorders and mentally disordered offenders . University of York NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination.
   Google Scholar
• Lermontov , M. 1840 . A Hero of our Time , Edited by: Foote , P. Harmondsworth : Penguin Classics .
   Google Scholar
• Maden , A. , Taylor , C. J. A. , Brooke , D. and Gunn , J. 1995 . Mental Disorder in Remand Prisons , London : Home Office .
   Google Scholar
• Maier , G. J. 1990 . Psychopathic disorders: beyond countertransference . Current Opinion in Psychiatry , 3 : 766 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , J. 1990 . The Journalist and the Murderer , New York : Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Millon , T . 1981 . Disorders of Personality DSM III: Axis II , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Phillips M. ( 1998 ) Forget psychiatry, stop psychopaths . The Sunday Times , 1st November 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Reiss , D. , Grubin , D. and Meux , C. 1999 . Institutional performance of male ‘psychopaths’ in a high-security hospital . The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 10 : 290 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singleton , N. , Meltzer , H. , Gatward , R. , Coid , J. and Deasy , D. 1998 . Psychiatric morbidity among prisoners in England and Wales , London : The Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Steadman , H. J. , Mulvey , E. P. , Monahan , J. , Robbins , P. C. , Appelbaum , P.S. , Grisso , T. , Roth , L. H. and Silver , E. 1998 . Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighbourhoods . Archives of General Psychiatry , 55 : 393 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straw J. ( 1998 ) Letter to The Times , 31.10.98.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , P. J. , Leese , M. , Williams , D. , Butwell , M. , Daly , R. and Larkin , E. 1998 . Mental disorder and violence: A special hospital (high security) study . British Journal of Psychiatry , 172 : 218 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truax , C. B. and Carkhuff , R. R. 1967 . Toward Effective Counselling and Psychotherapy , 23 – 79 . Chicago : Aldine Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Wessely S. ( 1998 ) You can't just lock up psychopaths. The Thursday Review. The Independent 29.10.98.
   Google Scholar
• Westen , D. 1997 . Divergences between clinical and research methods for assessing personality disorders: Implications for research and the evolution of Axis II . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 895 – 903 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westen , D. and Shedler , J. 1999 . Revising and assessing Axis II . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 258 – 272 . Part I: Developing a clinically, and empirically valid assessment method; Part II: Toward an empirically based and clinically useful classification of personality disorders, 273–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation . 1992 . The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders , Geneva : World Health Organisation .
   Google Scholar