Abandoning Iraq: Jordan's alliances and the politics of state identity

References

• Lynch , Marc . State Interests and Public Spheres: The International Politics of Jordan's Identity , New York : Columbia University Press . forthcoming
   Google Scholar
• Katzenstein , Peter J. 1996 . The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chafetz , Glenn , Spirtas , Michael and Frankel , Benjamin . 1998 . “Tracing the Influence of Identity on Foreign Policy” . Security Studies , 8 ( 2/3 ) winter : vii – xxii . /99‐spring 1999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzenstein , Peter J. 1996 . Cultural Norms and National Security: Police and Military in Postwar Japan , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wendt , Alexander . 1994 . “Collective Identity Formation and the International State” . American Political Science Review , 88 ( 2 ) June : 384 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Checkel , Jeffrey T. 1998 . “The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory” . World Politics , 50 ( 2 ) January : 324 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopf , Ted . 1998 . “The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory” . International Security , 23 ( 1 ) summer : 171 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler , Emmanuel . 1997 . “Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics” . European Journal of International Relations , 3 ( 3 ) September : 319 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermas , Jürgen . 1984 . Theory of Communicative Action vol. 1 Reason and the Rationalization of Society , Boston : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1987 . Theory of Communicative Action vol. 2 Lifeworld and System , Boston : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy , Cambridge : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Calhoun , Craig , ed. 1992 . Habermas and the Public Sphere , Cambridge : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bohman , James . 1996 . Public Deliberation , Cambridge : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chambers , Simone . 1996 . Reasonable Democracy: Jiirgen Habermas and the Politics of Discourse , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• El‐ster , Jon , ed. 1998 . Deliberative Democracy , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bohman , James and Reng , William , eds. 1997 . Deliberative Democracy , Cambridge : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rehg , Bohman , ed. “The Market and the Forum” . In Deliberative Democracy 3 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Somers , Margaret . 1993 . “Citizenship and the Place of the Public Sphere: Law, Community, and Political Culture in the Transition to Democracy” . American Sociological Review , 58 ( 4 ) October : 587 – 620 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermas , Jürgen . 1989 . Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere , Cambridge : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Habermas . 1992 . “Citizenship and National Identity: Some Reflections on the Future of Europe” . Praxis International , 12 ( 1 ) April : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Cronin , Bruce . 1998 . “From Balance to Community: Transnational Identity and Political Integration” . Security Studies , 8 ( 2/3 ) winter : 270 – 301 . /99‐spring 1999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett , Michael N. 1993 . “Institutions, Roles and Disorder: the Case of the Arab States System” . International Studies Quarterly , 37 ( 3 ) September : 271 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett . 1995 . “Sovereignty, Nationalism and Regional Order in the Arab States System” . International Organization , 49 ( 4 ) summer : 479 – 510 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdam , Doug , McCarthy , John D. and Zald , Mayer N. , eds. 1996 . Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tarrow , Sidney . 1994 . Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Klandermans , Bert , Kriesi , Hanspeter and Tarrow , Sidney . 1988 . From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research Across Cultures , Greenwich, Conn : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig , Franz . 1998 . “NATO's Enlargement: A Constructivist Explanation” . Security Studies , 8 ( 2/3 ) winter : 198 – 234 . /99‐sprmg 1999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand , Laurie A. 1994 . Jordan's Inter‐Arab Alliances: The Political Economy of Alliance Making , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brand . 1994 . “Economics and Shifting Alliances: Jordan's Relations with Syria and Iraq, 1975–81” . International Journal of Middle East Studies , 26 summer : 393 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sha'ir , Jamal . 1987 . A Politician Remembers , 270 – 72 . London : Riyad al‐Ris .
   Google Scholar
• Kanl , Colin . 1998 . “Constructing a Separate Peace: Constructivism, Collective Liberal Identity, and Democratic Peace” . Security Studies , 8 ( 2/3 ) winter : 94 – 144 . /99‐spring 1999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baram , Amatzia . 1991 . “Baathi Iraq and Hashemite Jordan: from hostility to alignment” . Middle East Journal , 45 ( 1 ) winter : 51 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiro , Dilip . 1992 . Desert Shield to Desert Storm , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Freedman , Lawrence and Karsh , Efraim . 1993 . The Gulf Conflict 1990–1991: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Khadduri , Majid and Ghareeb , Edmund . 1997 . War in the Gulf, 1990–91: The Iraq‐Kuwait Conflict and Its Implications , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Haykal's , Mohamed Hasanayn . 1992 . The Gulf Crisis , Cairo : al‐Ahram .
   Google Scholar
• Brand , Laurie A. 1991 . “Liberalization and Changing Political Coalitions: The Bases of Jordan's 1990–1991 Gulf Crisis Policy” . Jerusalem Journal of International Relations , 13 ( 4 ) : 1 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Nevo , Joseph . 1993 . “Jordan's Relations with Iraq: Ally or Victim?” . In Iraq's Road to War , Edited by: Baram , Amatzia and Rubin , Barry . 135 – 47 . New York : St. Martin's .
   Google Scholar
• Naqrash , Abdullah . 1994 . “The Official Jordanian Political Position in the Arab Gulf Crisis” . Dirasat , 21a ( 4 ) : 319 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Nahar , Ghazi Saleh . 1993 . Jordanian Foreign Policy Decisions Towards the Gulf Crisis , Amman : Dar al‐Majdlawi .
   Google Scholar
• Sayigh , Yezid . 1991 . “The Gulf Crisis: Why the Arab Regional Order Failed” . International Affairs , 67 ( 3 ) July : 487 – 507 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joffe , George . 1993 . “Middle Eastern Views of the Gulf Conflict and Its Aftermath” . Review of International Studies , 19 April : 177 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Ebert , Barbara . 1992 . “The Gulf War and Its Aftermath: An Assessment of Evolving Arab Responses” . Middle East Policy , 1 ( 4 ) : 77 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Walt , Stephen M. 1987 . The Origin of Alliances , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• David , Steven R. 1991 . “Explaining Third World Alignment” . World Politics , 43 ( 2 ) January : 233 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayoob , Mohammed . 1991 . “The Security Problematic in the Third World” . World Politics , 43 ( 3 ) January : 257 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Harknett , Richard and VanDenBerg , Jeffrey . 1997 . “Alignment Theory and Interrelated Threats: Jordan and the Persian Gulf Crisis” . Security Studies , 6 ( 3 ) spring : 112 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett , Michael N. “Identity and Alliances in the Middle East” . In The Culture of National Security Edited by: Katzenstein . 400 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , David . 1991 . Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spirtas , Michael . 1998 . “French Twist: French and British NATO Policies from 1949 to 1966” . Security Studies , 8 ( 2/3 ) winter : 302 – 46 . /99‐spring 1999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telhami , Shibley . 1993 . “Arab Public Opinion and the Gulf War” . Political Science Quarterly , 108 ( 3 ) fall : 437 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• al‐Masri , Taher . 1990 . “Speech to the Arab Professionals Conference” . al‐Dustur (Amman) , 14 May
   Google Scholar
• 1991 . The Gulf Crisis in Jordanian Political Thought , Amman : Dar al‐Sha'ab .
   Google Scholar
• Sharara , Randa . 1990 . “Israel in the Gulf Crisis: The Position on Jordan” . Majellah al‐Dirasat al‐Filastiniyya , 4 fall : 72 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Shindler , Colin . 1995 . Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream: Power, Politics, and Ideology from Begin to Netanyahu , London : I. B. Tauris .
   Google Scholar
• Lukacs , Yehuda . 1997 . Israel, Jordan and the Peace Process , Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lustick , Ian S. 1994 . Unsettled States, Disputed Lands: Britain and Ireland, France and Algeria, Israel and the West Bank‐Gaza , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lebow , R. Ned . 1981 . Between Peace and War: The Nature of International Crisis , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , James A. 1995 . The Politics of Diplomacy , 386 New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Susser , Leslie . 1994 . “Secret Route to Public Dialogue” . Jerusalem Report , 11 August : 21
   Google Scholar
• Israeli Foreign Relations , 12 372 – 73 . Document 153
   Google Scholar
• Badran , Prime Minister Mudar . 1991 . Jordan Times , 12 January : 1
   Google Scholar
• Fearon , James D. 1997 . “Signaling Foreign Policy Interests: Tying Hands versus Sinking Costs” . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 41 ( 1 ) February : 68 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand . “Liberalization and Changing Political Coalitions” . 2 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Reed , Stanley . 1990/91 . “Jordan and the Gulf Crisis” . Foreign Affairs , 69 ( 5 ) winter : 21 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand . Jordan's Inter‐Arab Relations 284 – 95 . chap. 2
   Google Scholar
• Baram . “Baathi Iraq and Hashemite Jordan” . 56
   Google Scholar
• Baram . “Baathi Iraq and Hashemite Jordan” . 58
   Google Scholar
• 1991 . “The Arab Individual that Washington Does Not Know” . al‐Dustur , 1 February : 1 15
   Google Scholar
• Nimri , Jamil . 1990 . “Husayn and the Diplomacy of the Arabist Position” . al‐Ahali , 5 September : 3
   Google Scholar
• Naqrash . “The official Jordanian Position in the Gulf Crisis” . 330 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . “Power and Legitimacy in Arab Alliances” . paper presented at the American Political Science Association annual meeting . August 1994 , Washington, D.C..
   Google Scholar
• Pollock , David . 1992 . The Arab Street'? Public Opinion in the Arab World , Paper no. 32 Washington, D.C. : Washington Institute for Near East Studies Policy .
   Google Scholar
• Brand . Jordan's Inter‐Arab Relations , 288
   Google Scholar
• Habermas . Between Facts and Norms , 361 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Fara'na , Hamada . 1991 . “Jordanians and Palestinians in One Trench” . al‐Dustur , 12 March : 25
   Google Scholar
• Sharif , Nabil , ed. 16 March 1995 . al‐Dustur 16 March , Amman
   Google Scholar
• Barakat , Marwan . 1992 . The Gulf War in the Jordanian Press , Amman : Mu'assisat Rum .
   Google Scholar
• al‐Rimawi , Fahd and Barakat . The Gulf War in the Jordanian Press , 129
   Google Scholar
• al‐Fanik , Fahd and Barakat . The Gulf War in the Jordanian Press , 25
   Google Scholar
• Reseller , Nicholas . 1993 . Pluralism: Against the Demand For Consensus , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Benhabib , Seyla , ed. 1996 . Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political , Princeton : Princteon University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lynch . 1998 . “Rightsizing Jordan: Moving Borders and the Politics of Identity” . paper presented to the annual meeting of the International Studies Association . February 19–22 1998 , Minneapolis, MN.
   Google Scholar
• 1997 . “Jordan: Clamping Down on Critics” . Human Rights Watch , 9 ( 12 ) October : 1 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim , Yousif . 1992 . “Jordan's King Urges Iraqis to Put an End to the Hussein Era” . New York Times , 8 November : A1 A20
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim . 1992 . “Jordan Finds Saudis Are Unwilling to Forgive” . New York Times , 31 December : A11
   Google Scholar
• Shahin , Mariam . 1992 . “The King Lashes Out” . Middle East International , 4 December : 3 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Masarweh , Tareq . 1994 . “Relations with the Gulf and Arab Interests” . al‐Ufuq , 119 14 September : 3 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Prime Minister Abd al‐Salam al‐Majali . 1994 . Jordan Times , 11 January
   Google Scholar
• Nima't , Salam'ah . 1995 . “Jordanian Fears of Iraqi Penetration” . al‐Hayat , 20 September : 1
   Google Scholar
• 1995 . al‐Hadath , 27 September
   Google Scholar
• 1995 . “Jordan and the Peace” . New Republic , 16 October : 9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1995 . al‐Dustur , 10 November : 1
   Google Scholar
• al‐Qadah , Mohammed . 1994 . “When Cohesion. When Opposition?” . al‐Majd , 7 November : 7
   Google Scholar
• 1995 . al‐Dustur , 24 August : 1 4
   Google Scholar
• Rentawi , Arib . 1995 . “The Second White Book on the Position Towards Iraq and the Gulf (in Arabic) . al‐Dustur , 27 August : 1 28
   Google Scholar
• Subayhi , Mohammed . 1995 . “Reading Husayn's Speech” (in Arabic) . al‐Dustur , 26 August : 1 43
   Google Scholar
• 1995 . “Iraq Emphasizes Its Close Relations to Jordan” . al‐Hayat , 29 August : 1
   Google Scholar
• 1995 . “Iraqi Letter to Prince Hassan: We Want to Preserve Our Strong Relations with Jordan” (in Arabic) . al‐Hayat , 9 September : 1
   Google Scholar
• 1995 . “Tariq Aziz: The Claims of an Iraqi Threat Are an American Invention” (in Arabic) . al‐Dustur , 12 August : 1
   Google Scholar
• 1995 . Al‐Hayat , 20 August : 4
   Google Scholar
• al‐Udwan , Taher . 1995 . “Iraqi Threat?” (in Arabic) . al‐Dustur , 13 August : 25
   Google Scholar
• Ka'oush , Mohammed . 1995 . “Us and Iraq and America” (in Arabic) . al‐Dustur , 18 August : 25
   Google Scholar
• Minister of Information Marwan Mu'asher told . 1996 . al‐Sharq al‐Awsat , 6 May : 1
   Google Scholar
• 1995 . “Rapid Jordanian Movement to an ‘Understanding’ with the Iraqi Opposition” (in Arabic) . al‐Sharq al‐Awsat , 30 November : 4
   Google Scholar
• al‐Husayni , Huda . 1995 . Iraqi Opposition Looks to Jordanian Desire for Confederation” (in Arabic) . al‐Sharq al‐Awsat , 7 December : 8
   Google Scholar
• Prime Minister Kabariti . 1996 . “Kabariti: Jordan Will Not Be Used As a Base for Striking Iraq” (in Arabic) . al‐Hayat , 28 March : 4
   Google Scholar
• al‐Mayateh , Samih . 1996 . “Report on Kabariti's First 90 Days” (in Arabic) . al‐Sabil , 9 April : 24
   Google Scholar
• al‐Qullab , Saleh . 1996 . “Tensions Grow in the White Revolution” (in Arabic) . al‐Sharq al‐Awsat , 13 July : 4
   Google Scholar
• Mansour , Hamza . 1996 . “The Government We Want” (in Arabic) . al‐Sabil , 5 February : 15
   Google Scholar
• Daghi , Kamron . 1996 . “The Meaning of the Change” (in Arabic) . al‐Hayat , 11 February : 13
   Google Scholar
• al‐Fanik , Fahd . 1996 . “Kabariti's Government” (in Arabic) . al‐Ra'i , 26 October http://www.accessme.com/Al‐Ra'i
   Google Scholar
• 17 August 1995 . “Jordan: We Have Many Alternatives to Iraqi Oil” . 17 August , 1
   Google Scholar
• 23 August 1995 . “Kuwait Offers to Compensate Jordan for Iraqi Oil” . 23 August , 1
   Google Scholar
• 1 September 1995 . “Washington Announces Continuation of International Blockade of Iraq; Expects Deterioration of Jordanian‐Iraqi Relations” . 1 September , 1
   Google Scholar
• 3 September 1995 . “Iraq Offers Jordan Oil at Concessionary Prices” . 3 September , 1
   Google Scholar
• 18 September 1995 . “United States Reservations about Jordan‐Iraq Oil Deal” . 18 September , 1
   Google Scholar
• Nassar , Salim . 1996 . “Kabariti's Cabinet Establishes Change in the Style of Government” (in Arabic) . al‐Hayat , 10 February : 12
   Google Scholar
• Ka'oush , Mohammed . 1995 . “Us and Iraq and America” (in Arabic) . al‐Dustur , 15 August : 25
   Google Scholar
• Shoursh , Sami . 1995 . “Change in Policy and Practice in the Middle East” (in Arabic) . al‐Hayat , 9 September : 19
   Google Scholar
• Saghiya , Hazim . 1995 . “Jordan and the ‘Struggle for Iraq'” (in Arabic) . al‐Hayat , 10 September : 13
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . “Two Hundred Suits before the Courts on the Charge of Slandering the King” (in Arabic) . Al‐Sharq al‐Awsat , 19 June http://www.asharqalawsat.com
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . “To the Prime Minister” (in Arabic) . Shihan , 30 June : 3
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . “All Jordanian Prisoners in Kuwait Freed!” (in Arabic) . al‐Dustur , 17 February : 1
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . “Jordan and Kuwait Decide on Normalization” (in Arabic) . al‐Hayat , 15 February : 1
   Google Scholar
• 1995 . Al‐Hayat , 19 September : 1
   Google Scholar
• al‐Qaq , Abdullah . 1995 . “In Whose Interest Opening Old Wounds?” (in Arabic) . al‐Dustur , 30 August : 1
   Google Scholar
• al‐Hasban , Ahmad . 1995 . “Our Diplomatic Discourse Will Remain Level” (in Arabic) . al‐Dustur , 31 August : 1
   Google Scholar
• al‐Asmar , Hilmi . 1995 . “Norms” (in Arabic) . al‐Sabil , 29 August : 24
   Google Scholar
• Shubaylat , Layth . 1995 . “Open Letter” (in Arabic) . al‐Ahali , 7 September
   Google Scholar
• Rimawi , Fahd . 1995 . “Who Benefits from Dividing Iraq?” (in Arabic) . al‐Majd , 4 December : 12
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . “Jordanian Delegation to Baghdad to Express Support for Its Position” (in Arabic) . al‐Sharq al‐Awsat , 13 June
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . “The Jordanian Delegation Expresses Its Solidarity with Iraq” . al‐Sharq al‐Awsat , 16 June
   Google Scholar
• al‐Udwan , Taher . 1996 . “The Jordanian Solidarity Delegation” (in Arabic) . al‐Dustur , 14 June : 26
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . “Kabariti Attacks Baghdad Regime” (in Arabic) . Al‐Hayat , 5 March : 4
   Google Scholar
• al‐Masri , Taher . 1996 . “Taher al‐Masri Calls to Not Build ‘Blockade Policies’ towards Iraq” (in Arabic) . al‐Hayat , 3 March : 5
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . “Upheaval on Kabariti Led by Members of the Senate!” (in Arabic) . al‐Sabil , 26 March : 1
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . “Kabariti: Jordan Will Not Be Used as a Base for Striking Iraq” (in Arabic) . al‐Hayat , 28 March : 4
   Google Scholar
• Cockburn , Patrick . 1998 . “Jordan at Risk of Becoming Cockpit for Proxy Wars” . Independent , 24 January : 12 http://www.independent.co.uk
   Google Scholar
• Shubaylat , Layth . 1998 . Shihan , 26 January http://www.alarab‐alyawm.com.jo/shihan
   Google Scholar
• 1998 . al‐Rai , 12 February : 1 http://www.accessme. com/Al‐Ra'i/
   Google Scholar
• 1998 . al‐Sabil , 11 February http://www.assabeel.com
   Google Scholar